موانع و چالشهای اجرای رویه‌های نوین حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست در حقوق ایران
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیست
فاطمه سادات اجاق زاده محمدی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل عمومی، گروه حقوق، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران.)
علی مشهدی
2
(دانشیار گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
علیرضا آرش پور
3
(دانشیار گروه حقوق، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.)
کلید واژه: موانع و چالشها, اجرای رویه‌های نوین, حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست, حقوق ایران.,
چکیده مقاله :
معاهدات و رویه‌های بین المللی فراوانی در حفاظت از محیط زیست وجود دارد که مشمول اصول و قواعد حقوقینوینی هستند که می تواند به گسترش حقوق بین الملل زیست محیطی، کمک وافری کنند. رویه اکثر معاهدات نوین مبتنی بر جبران خسارات زیست محیطی بوده است به گونه ای که حتی معاهدات و کنوانسیون‌هایی که در گذشته بحث جبران خسارت را نیز مطرح ننموده اند در نسخه‌ها و نشستهای بعدی اصلاح گردید. ایران نیز همانند بسیاری از کشورها عضو پروتکل‌ها و کنوانسیون‌ها و معاهدات زیست محیطی مانند کنوانسيون تغيير آب و هوایی، کنوانسيون رامسر، کنوانسيون وين براي حفاظت از لايه ازن، کنوانسيون بازل، پروتکل کارتاهینا، کنوانسيون جلوگيري از آلودگي دريايي و ... می باشد. اما در قوانین زیست محیطی و اجرای رویه‌های حقوقی در حفاظت از محیط زیست چندان موفق عمل نکرده است به گونه ای که الزام آوری چندانی در خصوص حفاظت از محیط زیست وجود ندارد و در مواردی که دولت خود آسیب زننده به محیط زیست است اشخاص حقیقی و یا سازمان‌های خصوصی غیردولتی سمتی در دفاع و شکایات زیست محیطی علیه دولت ندارند. سیاست حقوق ایران نیز برای جبران خسارات زیست محیطی مبتنی بر نظریه تقصیر است و عملا مشکلات زیادی برای اثبات تقصیر پیش پای زیان دیده وجود دارد. بنابراین دلیل اصلی مشکلات اجرای رویه‌های نوین حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست در حقوق ایران، ناشی از ضعف و تصویب قوانین زیست محیطی و همچنین عدم الزام دولت و موسسات به اجرای کنوانسیون‌های بین المللی است.
There are many international treaties and modern procedures in environmental protection which are subject tothe modern legal principles and rules that can contribute greatly to the expansion of International Environmental Laws. The procedure of most modern treaties has been based on compensation for environmental damages in a way that even the treaties and conventions that did not mention compensation for damages in the past were amended in the following editions and sessions. Iran, likemany other countries, is a member of Protocols, Conventions, and Environmental Treaties such as Climate Change Convention, Ramsar Convention, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Basel Convention, Cartagena Protocol, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution, but it (Iran) has not been very successful in Environmental Laws and implementation of Legal Practices in Environmental Protection in such a way that there is not much obligation regarding Environmental Protection and in cases where the government itself is the damaging party (side) to the environment, Real Entities or Private Non-Governmental Organization are in no position to defend or make Environmental Complaints against the Government. Also, Iran’s Legal Policy for the Environmental Compensation of environmental damagesis based on the Theory of Fault and practically there are a lot of problems for the injured party to prove the fault. Therefore, the primary reason for the difficultiesof implementing the Modern Practices of International Environmental Law in Iranian Law is due to the infirmity andapproval of Environmental Laws as well as the lack of obligation of the Government and Institutions to implement the international convention.
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