موانع و چالشهای اجرای رویه‌های نوین حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست در حقوق ایران
الموضوعات :
فاطمه سادات اجاق زاده محمدی
1
,
علی مشهدی
2
,
علیرضا آرش پور
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل عمومی، گروه حقوق، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - دانشیار گروه حقوق، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: موانع و چالشها, اجرای رویه‌های نوین, حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست, حقوق ایران.,
ملخص المقالة :
معاهدات و رویه‌های بین المللی فراوانی در حفاظت از محیط زیست وجود دارد که مشمول اصول و قواعد حقوقینوینی هستند که می تواند به گسترش حقوق بین الملل زیست محیطی، کمک وافری کنند. رویه اکثر معاهدات نوین مبتنی بر جبران خسارات زیست محیطی بوده است به گونه ای که حتی معاهدات و کنوانسیون‌هایی که در گذشته بحث جبران خسارت را نیز مطرح ننموده اند در نسخه‌ها و نشستهای بعدی اصلاح گردید. ایران نیز همانند بسیاری از کشورها عضو پروتکل‌ها و کنوانسیون‌ها و معاهدات زیست محیطی مانند کنوانسيون تغيير آب و هوایی، کنوانسيون رامسر، کنوانسيون وين براي حفاظت از لايه ازن، کنوانسيون بازل، پروتکل کارتاهینا، کنوانسيون جلوگيري از آلودگي دريايي و ... می باشد. اما در قوانین زیست محیطی و اجرای رویه‌های حقوقی در حفاظت از محیط زیست چندان موفق عمل نکرده است به گونه ای که الزام آوری چندانی در خصوص حفاظت از محیط زیست وجود ندارد و در مواردی که دولت خود آسیب زننده به محیط زیست است اشخاص حقیقی و یا سازمان‌های خصوصی غیردولتی سمتی در دفاع و شکایات زیست محیطی علیه دولت ندارند. سیاست حقوق ایران نیز برای جبران خسارات زیست محیطی مبتنی بر نظریه تقصیر است و عملا مشکلات زیادی برای اثبات تقصیر پیش پای زیان دیده وجود دارد. بنابراین دلیل اصلی مشکلات اجرای رویه‌های نوین حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست در حقوق ایران، ناشی از ضعف و تصویب قوانین زیست محیطی و همچنین عدم الزام دولت و موسسات به اجرای کنوانسیون‌های بین المللی است.
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