تببین شرایط آسایش اقلیمی در الگوهای فضایی – کالبدی بافت محلات سنتی (مطالعه موردی: محلات سنتی شهر همدان)
محورهای موضوعی :
محیط زیست شهری
محمد معتقد
1
,
حسن سجادزاده
2
1 - دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان.
2 - دانشیار، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان.* (مسوول مکاتبات)
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/07/26
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/11/29
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/12/01
کلید واژه:
آسایش اقلیمی,
فرم شهری,
الگوهای فضایی- کالبدی,
محلات سنتی شهر همدان,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: گسترش شهرها طی دهه های اخیر، موجب افت میزان آسایش اقلیمی در آنها شده است. یکی از اهداف این پژوهش تحلیل هندسه فضایی و الگوهای ساختاری فضایی محلات سنتی اقلیم سرد و خشک در راستای بهره گیری از این الگو در توسعه بافت های مسکونی جدید و همچنین بررسی نقش و الگوی کاشت و گونه های فضاهای سبز در محلات گذشته می باشد.روش بررسی: در ابتدا مولفه های موثر بر آسایش اقلیمی با مطالعه و بررسی دیدگاه صاحب نظران به دست آمده است. برای تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها از روش شبیه سازی و نرم افزار Ecotect Autodesk در سه محله سنتی شهر همدان مورد تحقیق قرار گرفت. تحلیل ها در ساعات صبح و عصر روزهای 1 تیر و 1 دی ماه سال 98 ، انجام شده است.یافته ها: الگوی محله های مرکزگرا نسبت به محله های خطی در فصول سرد سال از شرایط بهره گیری بیشتر از آفتاب در ساعات صبح و عصر برخوردار است ، اما در الگوی محلات خطی در فصول سرد باید تمهیدات بیشتر را برای بهره گیری از میزان نور خورشید به کار گرفت. با توجه به آن که میزان سایه اندازی در الگوی محلات خطی در فصل سرما به میزان بیشتری از محله های مرکزگرا می باشد ، برای ایجاد شرایط آسایش اقلیمی نیازمند تمهیدات ویژه ای هستند.بحث و نتیجه گیری: استفاده از الگوهای مرکز گرا در ایجاد محلات می تواند باعث بالا رفتن میزان آسایش اقلیمی در محلات گردد. همچنین با توجه به نوع اقلیم سرد و خشک محلات یاد شده، وجود درختان کهنسال در مراکز محله ضمن فراهم کردن موجبات عدم نفوذ بادهای سرد غالب در محیط پیرامون، بستری برای ایجاد خنکی و آسایش اقلیمی به خصوص در فصول گرم در این مناطق شده است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: The unbridled expansion of cities during the recent decades has gradually led to the decline of their climatic comfort. One of the objectives of this study is to analyze the spatial geometry and structural-spatial patterns of traditional neighborhoods in the cold and dry climate to use the results for optimization of new residential fabrics. This study also aims to investigate the role, plantation pattern and species of the plants in the green spaces of old neighborhoods.Material and Methodology: First the factors that affect climatic comfort were identified by examining expert viewpoints. Then, Ecotect Autodesk software was used to simulate the conditions and analyze the data in three traditional neighborhoods of Hamedan City.Findings: certain measures are required in linear neighborhoods to increase their exposure to sunlight during the cold seasons because they have more shading compared to centrifugal neighborhoods during the cold periods of the year.Discussion and Conclusions: using centrifugal models can help optimize these spaces and improve climatic conditions in them. In addition to preventing the prevailing cold winds from blowing into the neighborhoods from the surrounding environments, the old trees at the center of the neighborhoods selected in this study improve coolness and climatic comfort in these spaces, especially during the hot seasons of the year.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L., Stone, A. (1992). Public space, Combridge, Combridge University Press.
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Shamaei, A., Pourahmad, A. (2005). Urban improvement and renovation from the perspective of geography. Tehran: University of Tehran. (persian)
Taleghani, M., Kleerekoper, L., Tenpierik, M., Dobbelsteen, A . (2015). Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands, Building and Environment, Volume 83, PP. 65–78.
Escourrou B(2013). Self-medication in children by parents: a real risk? A cross-sectional descriptive study. La Revue du praticien, 60(6 Suppl):5-34.
Moughtin, c. (2008). A Review to Urban Design: Green Dimensions. An Specialized informative & Critical Monthly book review. Iran Book House.
Marcus, L., and J. Colding. (2014). Toward an integrated theory of spatial morphology and resilient urban systems. Ecology and Society 19(4): 55.
Madanipour, A. (2011). Social exclusion and space. In: LeGates, R, Stout, F (eds) City Reader, 5th ed. London: Routledge, pp. 186–194.
Gehl, J. (2013). New City Life, The Danish Architectural Press, Denmark.
Thorsson ,s.,Lindqvist , M.,Lindqvist ,s. (2004).Thermal view climatic conditions and pattern of behavior in and urban park in Goteborg, International journal of Biometeorology ,48.
Mitchell, G.D, & Tim, c. (2008). Disaster Resistant New Urban Communities: The Merging of New Urbanist and Disaster Resistant Community Paradigms to Create Better Communities, Kingston, Ontario: Unpublished Masters Dissertation, Queen's University.
Nikolopoulou M.(2011). The effect of climate on the use of open space in the Urban environment relation to tourism. Proceeding of the Int. workshop on climate, Tourism and Recreation Int. Society of Biometeorology. commission on climate tourism and pre operation.
Jamei, E., Rajagopalan, P., Seyedmahmoudian, M., & Jamei, Y. (2016). Review on the impact of urban geometry and pedestrian level greening on outdoor thermal comfort. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1002-1017.
Eliasson, I. (2000). The use of climate knowledge in urban planning. Landscape and urban planning, 48(1), 31-44.
Bourbia, F., Awbi, H. (2004). Building cluster and shading in urban canyon for hot dry climate: part 2: shading simulations. Renew Energy; 29: 291–301.
Gulyás, Á., Unger, J., & Matzarakis, A. (2006). Assessment of the microclimatic and human comfort conditions in a complex urban environment: modelling and measurements. Building and Environment, 41(12), 1713-1722.
Watkins, R., Palmer, J., & Kolokotroni, M. (2007). Increased temperature and intensification of the urban heat island: implications for human comfort and urban design. Built Environment, 33(1), 85-96.
Oke, T. R.. (2012). Simulation of surface urban heat islands under ‘ideal’conditions at night Part 2: Diagnosis of causation. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 56(4), 339-358.
Lenzholzer, S. (2013). Engrained experience—a comparison of microclimate perception schemata and microclimate measurements in Dutch urban squares, Int J Biometeorol 54, PP.141–150.
Lawson, B. (2013). Design and the evidence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 105, PP.30-37.
Kantzioura A. Kosmopoulos P. and Zoras S., (2012). Urban surface temperature and microclimate measurements in Thessaloniki, Energy and Buildings, 44, 63-72.
Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L., Stone, A. (1992). Public space, Combridge, Combridge University Press.
Holman, J. P. (2011) Heat Transfer, Eighth SI Metric Edition. McGraw-Hill.
Erell, E., Pearlmutter, D., and Williamson, T. (2011). Urban microclimate designing the space between buildings, Earth scan, London, Washington DC.
Purdihimi, Shahram. (2011). Climate language in sustainable environmental design. Tehran: Beheshti University Press. (In Persian)
Rafieian, Mojtaba, Arman Fatah Jalali, and Hashem Dadashpour. (2014). Investigation and feasibility study of the effect of form and density of residential blocks on energy consumption, Armanshahr (6): 107-116. (In Persian)
Madanipour, Ali. (2005). Urban space design, an attitude towards social and spatial process. Translated by Farhad Rezaei. Tehran: Urban Planning and Processing Company. (In Persian)
Kasmaei, Morteza. (2013). Climate and architecture. Print 7. Iran Housing Investment Company. (In Persian)
Lynch, K. 1981. A Theory of Good City Form. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Jabareen, Y. R. 2006. Sustainable Urban Forms: Their Typologies, Models, and Concepts, Journal of Planning Education and Research 26(1): P. 38-52.
Gómez, F.; Cueva, A. P.; Valcuende, M. & Matzarakis, A. (2013). “Research on ecological design to enhance comfort in open spaces of a city )Valencia , Spain(”. Utility of the physiological equivalent temperature (PET). Ecological Engineering, 57, 27–39.
Alcoforado, M.; Andrade, H.; Lopes, A. & Vasconcelos, J., 2009, “Landscape and Urban Planning Application of climatic guidelines to urban planning The example of Lisbon Portugal, 90, 56–65.
