ارزیابی مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی استفاده از مواد یخ‌زدا در عملیات زمستانی (مطالعه کیفیت هیدروشیمیایی آبخوان دشت همدان-بهار)

محورهای موضوعی : آب و محیط زیست

امیر جمشیدی ¹ ( دانشجوی دوره دکتری مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد همدان، همدان، ایران. )
امیررضا گودرزی ² ( دانشیار، گروه عمران، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد همدان همدان، ایران. *(مسئول مکاتبات) )
پریسا رزم‌آرا ³ ( استادیار، گروه عمران، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد همدان، همدان، ایران. )

تاریخ دریافت : 1397/05/06 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/11/17 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/07/01

کلید واژه: عملیات زمستانی, مواد یخ‌زدا, آلودگی منابع آب زیرزمینی, مخاطرات اکولوژیکی, همدان,

چکیده مقاله :

زمینه و هدف: با وجود کاربرد گسترده مواد یخ زدا در معابر، پسآب حاصل از آن می تواند به اکوسیستم آسیب وارد نماید. لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر، ارزیابی تاثیر نمک پاشی در عملیات زمستانی محدوده شهری همدان بر کیفیت آب های زیرزمینی منطقه است. همدان از مراکز مهم گردشگری و جزء قطب های کشاورزی ایران بوده و آلودگی منابع آب آن سلامت کل کشور را به خطر می اندازد. روش بررسی: مدل سازی جریان های زیرسطحی محدوده مورد مطالعه نشان می دهد حرکت پسآب های حاصل از بارش در سطح شهر عمدتاً به سمت آبخوان دشت همدان-بهار (به عنوان یکی از منابع اصلی تأمین آب شرب و کشاورزی منطقه) است. لذا با انتخاب 24 ایستگاه در نواحی مختلف این آبخوان و انجام نمونه گیری طی ده سال گذشته (1386، 1395)، مشخصات هیدورشیمیایی آنها اندازه گیری و روند تغییرات تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: نتایج بیانگر افزایش تدریجی املاح و مواد جامد محلول در آب زیرزمینی دشت بوده که با توجه به همبستگی معنادار (89/0R2 ≥) بین شوری و غلظت سدیم و کلر، علت آن ناشی از مجاورت با مواد یخ زدا ارزیابی شد. میزان مواد آلاینده در تعدادی از چاه ها فراتر از حد مجاز استاندارد ملی و رهنمودهای بین المللی بوده و بعضاً تا 10 برابر مقدار مطلوب برای شرب است. بر پایه معیار ویلکوکس، آب اغلب ایستگاه ها در محدوده C3S1 (باعث کاهش توان حاصل خیزی خاک و اختلال اکوفیزیولوژیکی در محصولات زراعی) و حتی برخی از موارد در رده C4S1 (کاملاً مضر برای آبیاری) می باشد. همچنین توزیع مشابهی از پراکندگی ترکیبات یخ زدا و میزان آرسنیک در جریان های زیرسطحی دشت مشاهده شد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: روند انباشت آلودگی و افت شاخص های هیدروشیمیایی در آبخوان مورد مطالعه بر اثر تماس با مواد یخ زدا، علاوه بر آثار مستقیم مخرب بر سلامتی افراد و زمین های کشاورزی، تهدیدی خطرناک برای افزایش تحرک فلزات سنگین در پیکره های خاکی-آبی منطقه به شمار می رود. لذا بایستی با اتخاد شیوه های نوین، مانند: برنامه پیشگیرانه مقابله با یخ زدگی، مواد یخ زدای دوست دار طبیعت، آسفالت حاوی ترکیبات ضدیخ و روسازی با سیستم گرمایشی، عملیات زمستانی شهر همدان با حداقل تاثیرات منفی زیست محیطی صورت پذیرد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background and Objective: Despite the wide application of de-icing substances to the roadways, the sewage produced can have negative impacts on local ecosystems. Hence, the present study was conducted for assessing the effects of road salt use throughout the winter in Hamedan on the hydro-chemical quality of Hamedan-Bahar basin. Hamedan is one of the major tourist destinations and one of the main agricultural poles in Iran, and thus, its water resources contamination may pose serious risk to the health of the whole country. Method: The modeling of under-ground water flow paths in the study area revealed that the flow of rain and snow water in the city is mainly towards Hamedan-Bahar basin (as one of the main drinking water and agricultural water supplies in the region). Therefore, the 24 wells in the study area were sampled and the hydro-chemical characteristics of the obtained water samples as well as their changing trends over the past 10 years were determined and analyzed.    Findings: The results indicated a gradual increase in the minerals and solid materials in the water of the basin. This, considering the meaningful correlation values obtained (R2≥0.89) between the salt contents and Cl- and Na+ concentrations, could be attributed to the use of de-icing materials. The rate of pollutants in some of the samples was found to be 10 times as much as the permissible national standard and international values. Moreover, based on the Wilcox diagram, the water in most stations could be classified as C3S1 (decreasing the soil fertility and resulting in ecophysiological abnormalities in crops) and even as C4S1 (completely harmful for irrigation). A similar distribution of de-icing compounds and arsenic were observed in the under-ground water of the basin.  Discussion and Conclusion: The increase in the pollution and the decline in hydro-chemical properties of the basin due to the accumulation of de-icing materials, not only pose direct hazardous effects to human health and agricultural lands but can also intensify the mobility of the heavy metals in soil-water profiles of the region. Therefore, it is suggested that winter operations in the city be planned and carried out using modern methods and facilities (such as anti-icing program, eco-friendly deicers, asphalt mixture with anti-icing additives, hydronic heating pavement), so that the negative environmental impacts can be controlled as much as possible.

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