ارزیابی ریسک آلودگی BTEX (بنزن، تولوئن، اتیل بنزن و زایلن) در هوای منطقه صنعتی زرقان (اسفند 1390)
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی هواناهید گلستانه 1 , محمد مهدی تقی زاده 2
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی محیط زیست دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد استهبان.
2 - استادیارگروه محیط زیست دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد استهبان.٭ (مسوول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: ارزیابی ریسک, BTEX, زرقان,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: منطقة صنعتی زرقان (شمال شرق شیراز) تحـت تأثیر منابع متعدد آلودگی هوا قرار دارد. در این پژوهش، ارزیابی ریسـک سـلامت سـاکنین دایم زرقان و تخمین میزان ابتلا به بیماری های سرطانی و غیرسرطانی ناشی از تنفس هـوای آلـوده به BTEX، انجام شده و نتایج آن با مطالعات مشابه و استانداردهای بینالملی در این زمینه مقایسه شده است. روش بررسی: با استفاده از اندازهگیری های BTEX که از هوای زرقان، در مطالعات قبلی انجام شده، ارزیابی ریسک سرطانی و غیرسرطانی با استفاده از روش های معتبر علمی (IRIS-USEPA) در ساکنین دایم زرقان انجام شده است. یافتهها: بالاترین ریسک سرطانی بنزن در ایستگاه های پالایشگاه (4-10×61/1) و میدان امام (5-10×39/5) محاسبه شده است. همچنین، بالاترین ریسک سرطانی اتیل بنزن در ایستگاه های شهرک صنعتی 1 (6-10×47/6) و پالایشگاه (6-10×23/6) بدست آمده است. با درنظر گرفتن میانگین غلظت های BTEX درایستگاه هایداخل شهر زرقان، نسبت مخاطره (HQ) برای همه آلایندهها در این پژوهش، به صورت مجزا و مجموع (HI) کم تر از "یک" بدست آمده است. بحث و نتیجه گیری: این آلایندهها در غلظت های موجود خطر غیرسرطانی آشکار برای مردم زرقان ندارند. بالاترین ریسک سرطانی مربوط به بنزن 5-10×81/3 و اتیل بنزن 6-10×32/4 میباشد. برای کاهش ریسک سرطان به تعداد "قابل قبول" برای آلایندههای سرطان زا در این مطالعه (بنزن، اتیل بنزن) از نظر WHO (5-10×1) غلظت بنزن میبایست ازg/m3µ10/5 (میانگین غلظت اندازهگیری شده) به g/m3µ 34/1 کاهش یابد.
Background and Objective: Zarghan Industrial Zone (Northeast of Shiraz) is under the influence of various sources of air pollution. In this study, the health risk assessment of permanent residents of Zarghan and the estimation of the incidence of cancer and non-cancerous diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with BTEX, and the results have been compared with similar studies and international standards in this field. Method: Using BTEX measurements from Zarghan air in previous studies, cancer and non-cancer risk assessments have been performed using valid scientific methods (IRIS-USEPA) in permanent residents of Zarghan. Findings:The highest cancer risk of benzene has been calculated in refinery stations (1.61 4 4-10) and Imam Square (5.39 -10 5-10). Also, the highest cancer risk of ethylbenzene was obtained in the stations of Industrial Town 1 (6.47 -10 6-10) and refinery (6.23 -10 6-10). Considering the average concentrations of BTEX in Haydan station inside Zarghan city, the hazard ratio (HQ) for all pollutants in this study, separately and in total (HI) is less than "one". Discussion and Conclusion: These contaminants in the present concentrations do not pose an obvious non-cancerous risk to the people of Zarghan. The highest cancer risk is related to 3.81 -10 5-10 benzene and 4.32 -10 6-10 -10 ethyl benzene. In order to reduce the risk of cancer to an "acceptable" number for carcinogenic pollutants in this study (benzene, ethylbenzene) according to the WHO (1-10-10) benzene concentration should be from 5.10 g / m3 (mean measured concentration) to g / m3µ 1.34 is reduced.
- Demirel, G., Özden, O., Gero Glu, T.D., Gaga, E.O., 2014. Personal exposure of primary school children to BTEX, NO2 and ozone in Eski şehir, Turkey: Relationship with indoor/outdoor concentrations and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 473–474, pp. 537–548.
- Barletta, B., Meinardi, S., Simpson, I.J., Zou, S., Rowland, F.S., 2008. Ambient mixing ratios of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in two major urban centers of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region: Guangzhou and Dongguan. Atmospheric Environment. Vol. 42, pp. 4393-4408.
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- Aksoy, M., Dincol, K., Erdem, S., Dinkol, G., 1972. Details of blood changes in 32 patients with pancytopenia associated with long-term exposure to benzene. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 29, Issue 1, pp. 56–64.
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- Young, N.S., Scheinberg, P., and Calado, R.T., 1995. Aplastic anaemia. Lancet. Vol. 346, pp. 228–23.2
- Smith, M.T., 1996. Overview of benzene-induced aplastic anaemia. European Journal of Hematology. Vol. 60, pp. 107-110.
- Dutta, C., Som, D., Chatterjee, A., Mukherjee, A.K., Jana, T.K., Sen, S., 2009. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and BTEX in ambient air of Kolkata, India and their associated health risk. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Vol. 148, Issue 1-4, pp. 97–107.
- European Union Parliament and Council: Directive 2000/69/CE of the European Parliament and Council of the 16 November 2000 concerning the limit values for benzene and carbon monoxide in environmental air, 2000. Official Journal European Communication. Lex. 313, pp. 12–21.
- -LaGrega, M.D., Buckingham, P.L., Evans, J.C., 1994. Hazardous Waste Management. McGraw Hill. New York.
- Botkin, D.B., Keller, E.A, 2007. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet. Wiley. New York.
- Absalon, D., Ślesak, B. 2010. The effects of changes in cadmium and lead air pollution on cancer incidence in children. Science water sources. Science of The Total Environment. Vol. 408, , Issue 20, pp. 4420–4428.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 1995. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Vol. 62, pp. 336-349.
- Zhang, Y., Mu,Y.,Liu, J., Mellouki, A., 2012. Levels، sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing، China. Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 24, pp. 124–130.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2009a. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) online database. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm
- -IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 2000. Environmental Health criteria 214: Human Exposure Assessment. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www. inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc214.htm.
- Dehghani,M,Taghizadeh ,MM., Rastgoo E” GIS-Assisted Investigation on Dispersion of BTEX in Industrial Regions of Zarghan, Iran “Journal of Environmental Studies 03/2014; 39(4):125-136.
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- Demirel, G., Özden, O., Gero Glu, T.D., Gaga, E.O., 2014. Personal exposure of primary school children to BTEX, NO2 and ozone in Eski şehir, Turkey: Relationship with indoor/outdoor concentrations and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 473–474, pp. 537–548.
- Barletta, B., Meinardi, S., Simpson, I.J., Zou, S., Rowland, F.S., 2008. Ambient mixing ratios of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in two major urban centers of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region: Guangzhou and Dongguan. Atmospheric Environment. Vol. 42, pp. 4393-4408.
- Grosjean, D., Grosjean, E., Moreira, L., 2002. Speciated ambient carbonyls in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 36, pp. 1389-1395.
- Aksoy, M., Dincol, K., Erdem, S., Dinkol, G., 1972. Details of blood changes in 32 patients with pancytopenia associated with long-term exposure to benzene. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 29, Issue 1, pp. 56–64.
- Li, L., Li, H., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Xu, L., Wang, X., Yu, Y., Zhang, Y., Cao,.G., 2014. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of benzene homologues in ambient air in the northeastern urban area of Beijing, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences. Vol. 26, pp. 214–223.
- Young, N.S., Scheinberg, P., and Calado, R.T., 1995. Aplastic anaemia. Lancet. Vol. 346, pp. 228–23.2
- Smith, M.T., 1996. Overview of benzene-induced aplastic anaemia. European Journal of Hematology. Vol. 60, pp. 107-110.
- Dutta, C., Som, D., Chatterjee, A., Mukherjee, A.K., Jana, T.K., Sen, S., 2009. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and BTEX in ambient air of Kolkata, India and their associated health risk. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Vol. 148, Issue 1-4, pp. 97–107.
- European Union Parliament and Council: Directive 2000/69/CE of the European Parliament and Council of the 16 November 2000 concerning the limit values for benzene and carbon monoxide in environmental air, 2000. Official Journal European Communication. Lex. 313, pp. 12–21.
- -LaGrega, M.D., Buckingham, P.L., Evans, J.C., 1994. Hazardous Waste Management. McGraw Hill. New York.
- Botkin, D.B., Keller, E.A, 2007. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet. Wiley. New York.
- Absalon, D., Ślesak, B. 2010. The effects of changes in cadmium and lead air pollution on cancer incidence in children. Science water sources. Science of The Total Environment. Vol. 408, , Issue 20, pp. 4420–4428.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 1995. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Vol. 62, pp. 336-349.
- Zhang, Y., Mu,Y.,Liu, J., Mellouki, A., 2012. Levels، sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing، China. Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 24, pp. 124–130.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2009a. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) online database. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm
- -IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 2000. Environmental Health criteria 214: Human Exposure Assessment. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www. inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc214.htm.
- Dehghani,M,Taghizadeh ,MM., Rastgoo E” GIS-Assisted Investigation on Dispersion of BTEX in Industrial Regions of Zarghan, Iran “Journal of Environmental Studies 03/2014; 39(4):125-136.