ارزیابی تغییرات پارامترهای فیزیکوشیمیایی و وضعیت تروفی تالاب بین المللی انزلی بر اساس شاخص کارلسون (TSI )
محورهای موضوعی :
اکوسیستم ها
رباب احمد زاده
1
,
محمد دهدار درگاهی
2
,
نعمت ا... خراسانی
3
,
فروغ فرساد
4
,
محمد رضا رحیمی بشر
5
1 - دکتری، ارزیابی و آمایش محیط زیست، گروه علوم محیط زیست و جنگل ، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست ، ،واحد علوم و تحقیقات ،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران ، ایران.
2 - استادیار، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لاهیجان، لاهیجان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استاد، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
4 - استادیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، تهران، ایران.
5 - استادیار، گروه بیولوژی دریا، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لاهیجان، لاهیجان، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/09/24
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/11/09
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/10/01
کلید واژه:
شاخص تروفی,
تالاب بین المللی انزلی,
کارلسون,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: تالاب بین المللی انزلی مهمترین تالاب حوضه جنوبی دریای کاسپین است و عواملی مانند حجم زیاد ازت و فسفر ورودی، آن را به سمت پرغذایی سوق داده است، هدف اصلی در این مقاله بررسی روند پرغذایی تالاب انزلی و بررسی تغییرات سطح تروفی در فصول و بخشهای مختلف تالاب می باشد .روش بررسی: در این تحقیق طی سال 1397 در 5 ایستگاه به طور فصلی فاکتورهای نیتروژن کل، فسفر کل، عمق دید سکشی و کلروفیل a نمونه برداری و اندازه‌‌گیری شد و با استفاده از شاخص تروفی کارلسون ،سطح تروفی بخشهای مختلف تالاب محاسبه گردید.یافته ها: بر اساس آزمون ANOVA یکطرفه و توکی، میانگین داده های pH از نظر مکانی و فاکتورTN از نظر زمانی دارای تفاوت معنی دار می باشند (05/0 >p). فاکتورTP از نظر زمانی و مکانی، تفاوت معنی داری را نشان نمی دهد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل تمامی بخشهای تالاب انزلی در حالت یوتروف است و بیشترین مقادیر TSI (TN/TP) در بخش مرکزی 49/70 تالاب گزارش شده است که بر اساس شاخص کارلسون و استانداردOECD در مرحله هایپرتروف قرار دارد، با توجه به شاخص تروفی کارلسـون بر اسـاس فسـفر کل(TP) تمامی بخشهای تالاب، در شرایط هایپرتروف قرار گرفته اند که بالاترین مقدار آن در بخش شرقی تالاب 36/93 به ثبت رسیده است و بیشترین مقدار 18 /19 = TN/TP در کل تالاب در فصل تابستان گزارش شده است.بحث و نتیجه گیری : روند پرغذایی تالاب انزلی در سال 1397 مانند گذشته روند رو به رشدی را داشته و در بسیاری از بخشهای تالاب در مرحله نهایی ( هایپرتروف ) قرار دارند. نظارت بر بار ورودی رودخانه ها، ترویج کشاورزی پایدار، جلوگیری از تغییر کاربری زمینها، میتواند از این روند رو به رشد جلوگیری کند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Anzali international wetland is the most important wetland in the southern part of Caspian Basin and factors have led it to become hypertrophic such as large quantities of input nitrogen and phosphorus.Material and Methodology: In this study during one year and at five stations, seasonal physicochemical factors such as (total nitrogen (2.34 ± 0.62 mg / l), total phosphorus (2.2 ± 0.29). 0 mg / l), Secchi disk (SD) transparency (0.56 ± 0.5 m) and chlorophyll a (9.49 ± 7.49 μg / l) were measured and, using Carlson Trophic Index, trophic level of different parts of the wetland in The different seasons were calculated.Findings: According to the analysis of variance (Tukey's test in one-way ANOVA), p values of <0.05 were statistically significant. The differences in pH and time of TN were significant. TP did not show significant differences in time and location. According to the results of the study, all parts of Anzali wetland are in eutrophic state and the highest values of TSI (TN / TP=70.49) were reported in central part of wetland, according to Carlson Trophic Index based on total phosphorus (TP=93.36) of all wetlands Hypertrophes are located, the highest of which is recorded in the eastern part of the wetland.Discussion and Conclusion: The eutrophication process of the Anzali wetland ecosystem in the year under study shows a growing trend. And in many parts of the wetland they are in the final stages of eutrophication (hypertrophy). Monitoring the inflow of rivers leading to the wetland, promoting sustainable agriculture, preventing the change in the use of the margins of the wetland, can be considered as effective strategies to control the progressive process.
منابع و مأخذ:
Brito A, Newton A, Tett P, Fernandes T. Sedimentwater interactions in a coastal shallow lagoon, Ria Formosa (Portugal): Implications within the Water Framewor Directive. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2010; 12: 318-28.
Pereira P, Botelho MJ, Cabrita MT, Vale C, Moita MT, Gonçalves C. Winter–summer nutrient composition linkage to algae-produced toxins in shellfish at a eutrophic coastal lagoon (Óbidos lagoon, Portugal). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2012; 112: 61-72.
Pérez-Ruzafa A, Marcos C, Pérez-Ruzafa I, Barcala E, Hegazi M, Quispe J. Detecting changes resulting from human pressure in a naturally quick-changing and heterogeneous environment: spatial and temporal scales of variability in coastal lagoons. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2007; 75(1-2):175-88.
Bassi N, Kumar MD, Sharma A, Pardha-Saradhi P. Status of wetlands in India: A review of extent, ecosystem benefits, threats and management strategies. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 2014; 2: 1-19.
Verhoeven J, Koerselman W, Meuleman A. Nitrogen-or phosphorus-limited growth in herbaceous, wet vegetation: relations with atmospheric inputs and management regimes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 1996; 11(12): 494-7.
Wetzel R. Limnology: Rivers and Lakes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2001.
Brito AC, Quental T, Coutinho TP, Branco MAC, Falcão M, Newton A, et al. Phytoplankton dynamics in southern Portuguese coastal lagoons during a discontinuous period of 40 years: an overview. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 56-110: 147; 2012.
Christia C, Giordani G, Papastergiadou E. Assessment of ecological quality of coastal lagoons with a combination of phytobenthic and water quality indices. Marine pollution bulletin. 2014; 86(1-2):411-23.
Coelho S, Gamito S, Pérez-Ruzafa A. Trophic state of Foz de Almargem coastal lagoon (Algarve, South Portugal) based on the water quality and the phytoplankton community. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2007; 71(1-2):218-31.
Scheren P, Kroeze C, Janssen F, Hordijk L, Ptasinski K. Integrated water pollution assessment of the Ebrié lagoon, Ivory Coast, West Africa. Journal of marine systems. 2004; 44(1-2):1-17.
González FUT, Herrera-Silveira JA, Aguirre-Macedo ML. Water quality variability and eutrophic trends in karstic tropical coastal lagoons of the Yucatán Peninsula. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2008;76(2):418-30.
Loureiro S, Newton A, Icely J. Effects of nutrient enrichments on primary production in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon (Southern Portugal). Hydrobiologia. 2005;550(1):29-45.
Beeby A. Applying ecology: Chapman & Hall Ltd; 1993.
Marsden M, Smith M, Sargent R. Trophic status of rivers in the Forth catchment, Scotland. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 1997;7(3):211-21.
Sukumaran P. Aquatic microflora in a perennial tank in Bangalore. Environment and Ecology. 2002; 20(1): 8-12.
Howarth RW, Marino R. Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: evolving views over three decades. Limnology and Oceanography. 2006; 51 (1part2): 364-76.
Devlin M, Painting S, Best M. Setting nutrient thresholds to support an ecological assessment based on nutrient enrichment, potential primary production and undesirable disturbance. Marine pollution 2007; 55(1-6):65-73.
Edwards V, Tett P, Jones K. Changes in the yield of chlorophyll a from dissolved available inorganic nitrogen after an enrichment event—applications for predicting eutrophication in coastal waters. Continental Shelf Research. 2003; 23(17-19):1771-85.
Hayn M, Howarth R, Marino R, Ganju N, Berg P, Foreman KH, et al. Exchange of nitrogen and phosphorus between a shallow lagoon and coastal waters. Estuaries and coasts. 2014; 37(1):63-73.
Monteiro MC, Jiménez JA, Pereira LCC. Natural and human controls of water quality of an Amazon estuary (Caeté-PA, Brazil). Ocean & coastal management. 2016;124:42-52.
Cloern JE. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Marine ecology progress series. 53-210: 223;1.
Cutrim MVJ, Ferreira FS, dos Santos AKD, Cavalcanti LF, de Oliveira Araújo B, de Azevedo-Cutrim ACG, et al. Trophic state of an urban coastal lagoon (northern Brazil), seasonal variation of the phytoplankton community and environmental variables. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2019; 216:98-109.
Glibert PM, Allen JI, Bouwman A, Brown CW, Flynn KJ, Lewitus AJ, et al. Modeling of HABs and eutrophication: status, advances, challenges. Journal of marine systems. 2010; 83(3-4):262-75.
Kimmel K, Kull A, Salm J-O, Mander Ü. The status, conservation and sustainable use of Estonian wetlands. Wetlands ecology and management. 2010;18(4):375-95.
Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological applications. 1998; 8(3): 559-68.
Turner RE, Rabalais NN. Changes in Mississippi River water quality this century. BioScience. 1991;41(3):140-7.
Carlson RE. A trophic state index for lakes1. Limnology and oceanography. 1977; 22(2):361-9.
Vollenweider R, Giovanardi F, Montanari G, Rinaldi A. Characterization of the trophic conditions of marine coastal waters with special reference to the NW Adriatic Sea: proposal for a trophic scale, turbidity and generalized water quality index. Environmetrics: The official journal of the International Environmetrics Society. 1998; 9(3): 329-57.
Jamalzad F, Darvishsefat Aa, nezami SA. Anzali Wetland Trophy Status (TSI) Using GIS. Journal of environmental studies 1999;25(23( (In Persian)
JICA DM. The Study on Integrated Management for Ecosystem Conservation of the Anzali Wetland in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Draft final report. 2005;2.
Kimball J, Kimball S. Limnology studies of Anzali Wetland. Iran Fisheries Joint Stock Company and Iran Environmental Protection Agency Translation of Anzali Lagoon Revitalization Project in Gilan Province: 1974.
Abedini A, Mirzajani A, Fallahi M. Physicochemical conditions and trophic levels of the Anzali Wetland. (In Persian)
Fallah M, Pirali A, Ebrahimi E. Investigation of the trophic state of Anzali international wetland, using TSI. Iranian Water Research Journal. 2018;12(28):21 . (In Persian)
Fallah M, Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi R. Assessment of water quality in Iran’s Anzali Wetland, using qualitative indices from 1985, 2007, and 2014. Wetlands ecology and management. 2017;25(5):597-605.
Mirzajani AR, Kiabi B, Jamalzadeh F, Fallahi M, Kamali A, Abdollahpour H, et al. Limnological survey of Anzali Wetland data during 1990-2003 by use of GIS system. 2009. (In Persian)
TahirAlp M, Fakioğlu YE, Özbay Ö, Koçer MAT. A study on water quality and trophic state of Akgöl Lagoon (Mersin, Turkey). Aquatic ecosystem health & management. 2016;19(1):58-63.
Acquavita A, Aleffi IF, Benci C, Bettoso N, Crevatin E, Milani L, et al. Annual characterization of the nutrients and trophic state in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: The Marano and Grado Lagoon (northern Adriatic Sea). Regional Studies in Marine Science. 2015;2:132-44.
Kumar P, Mahajan AK, Meena NK. Evaluation of trophic status and its limiting factors in the Renuka Lake of Lesser Himalaya, India. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2019;191(2):105.
Pełechata A, Pełechaty M, Pukacz A. An attempt to the trophic status assessment of the lakes of Lubuskie Lakeland. Limnological review. 2006;6:239-46.
Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi R, Esmaili-Sari A, Mohammadi J, Bakhtiari AR, Savabieasfahani M. Spatial distribution of cadmium and lead in the sediments of the western Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran). Marine pollution bulletin. 2013;74(1):464-70.
STANDARD methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2005.
Eutrophication of Waters: Monitoring, Assessment and Control: Paris, OECD; 1982.
Carlson RE, Simpson J. A coordinator’s guide to volunteer lake monitoring methods. North American Lake Management Society. 1996; 96:305.
Abedini A, Mirzajani AR, Fallahi M. Physicochemical state of water and nutrition level of Anzali Wetland. Iranian Fisheries 2017;26(6):113-23. (In Persian)
Coelho S, Pérez-Ruzafa A, Gamito S. Phytoplankton community dynamics in an intermittently open hypereutrophic coastal lagoon in southern Portugal. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2015;167:102-12.
Fallahi M, Peerali AR, Ebrahimi I. Assessment of trophic state of Anzali International Wetland using Carlson Index (TSI ) Iranian Water Research Journal. 2018;12(28):21. (In Persian)
Mirzajani A, Babaei H, Abedini A, Dadi GA. Eutrophication trend of Anzali wetland based on 1992-2002 data. 2010. (In Persian)
Boyd CE. Water quality management for pond fish culture: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.; 1982.
Anzali Wetland Ecological Management Project P. Monitoring of water salinity in August 2017: https://anzaliwetland.com/fa, (persian)
Smith VH, Tilman GD, Nekola JC. Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental pollution. 1999;100(1-3):179-96.
Vahidi F, Nodushan RM, Fatemi SM, Jamili S, Khaji NK. Investigation of Valasht Lake Trophic State Based on TSI Index. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST). 2016;18(2):445-53. (In Persian)
Gholamipour M, Rahimibashar MR, Zamini AA. Spatial and temporal variations of nutrients and chlorophyll in estuaries of Anzali wetland in relation to aquaculture: Islamic Azad University of Lahijan; 2016. (In Persian)
Akbarzadeh A, Arbabi M. Field Studies to Investigate Nutrition Phenomena in Anzali Wetland. Health System Research. 2010;6(4). (In Persian)
Osgood RA. Using Differences Among Carlson's Trophic State Index Values in Regional Water Quality Assessment 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 1982;18(1):67-74.
Rahmati R, Pourgholam R, Doostdar M. Trophic state of natural seal of Marzabad Babool based on Carlson index. New Technologies in Aquaculture Development. 2012;6(1 ). (In Persian)
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Brito A, Newton A, Tett P, Fernandes T. Sedimentwater interactions in a coastal shallow lagoon, Ria Formosa (Portugal): Implications within the Water Framewor Directive. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2010; 12: 318-28.
Pereira P, Botelho MJ, Cabrita MT, Vale C, Moita MT, Gonçalves C. Winter–summer nutrient composition linkage to algae-produced toxins in shellfish at a eutrophic coastal lagoon (Óbidos lagoon, Portugal). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2012; 112: 61-72.
Pérez-Ruzafa A, Marcos C, Pérez-Ruzafa I, Barcala E, Hegazi M, Quispe J. Detecting changes resulting from human pressure in a naturally quick-changing and heterogeneous environment: spatial and temporal scales of variability in coastal lagoons. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2007; 75(1-2):175-88.
Bassi N, Kumar MD, Sharma A, Pardha-Saradhi P. Status of wetlands in India: A review of extent, ecosystem benefits, threats and management strategies. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 2014; 2: 1-19.
Verhoeven J, Koerselman W, Meuleman A. Nitrogen-or phosphorus-limited growth in herbaceous, wet vegetation: relations with atmospheric inputs and management regimes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 1996; 11(12): 494-7.
Wetzel R. Limnology: Rivers and Lakes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2001.
Brito AC, Quental T, Coutinho TP, Branco MAC, Falcão M, Newton A, et al. Phytoplankton dynamics in southern Portuguese coastal lagoons during a discontinuous period of 40 years: an overview. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 56-110: 147; 2012.
Christia C, Giordani G, Papastergiadou E. Assessment of ecological quality of coastal lagoons with a combination of phytobenthic and water quality indices. Marine pollution bulletin. 2014; 86(1-2):411-23.
Coelho S, Gamito S, Pérez-Ruzafa A. Trophic state of Foz de Almargem coastal lagoon (Algarve, South Portugal) based on the water quality and the phytoplankton community. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2007; 71(1-2):218-31.
Scheren P, Kroeze C, Janssen F, Hordijk L, Ptasinski K. Integrated water pollution assessment of the Ebrié lagoon, Ivory Coast, West Africa. Journal of marine systems. 2004; 44(1-2):1-17.
González FUT, Herrera-Silveira JA, Aguirre-Macedo ML. Water quality variability and eutrophic trends in karstic tropical coastal lagoons of the Yucatán Peninsula. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2008;76(2):418-30.
Loureiro S, Newton A, Icely J. Effects of nutrient enrichments on primary production in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon (Southern Portugal). Hydrobiologia. 2005;550(1):29-45.
Beeby A. Applying ecology: Chapman & Hall Ltd; 1993.
Marsden M, Smith M, Sargent R. Trophic status of rivers in the Forth catchment, Scotland. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 1997;7(3):211-21.
Sukumaran P. Aquatic microflora in a perennial tank in Bangalore. Environment and Ecology. 2002; 20(1): 8-12.
Howarth RW, Marino R. Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: evolving views over three decades. Limnology and Oceanography. 2006; 51 (1part2): 364-76.
Devlin M, Painting S, Best M. Setting nutrient thresholds to support an ecological assessment based on nutrient enrichment, potential primary production and undesirable disturbance. Marine pollution 2007; 55(1-6):65-73.
Edwards V, Tett P, Jones K. Changes in the yield of chlorophyll a from dissolved available inorganic nitrogen after an enrichment event—applications for predicting eutrophication in coastal waters. Continental Shelf Research. 2003; 23(17-19):1771-85.
Hayn M, Howarth R, Marino R, Ganju N, Berg P, Foreman KH, et al. Exchange of nitrogen and phosphorus between a shallow lagoon and coastal waters. Estuaries and coasts. 2014; 37(1):63-73.
Monteiro MC, Jiménez JA, Pereira LCC. Natural and human controls of water quality of an Amazon estuary (Caeté-PA, Brazil). Ocean & coastal management. 2016;124:42-52.
Cloern JE. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Marine ecology progress series. 53-210: 223;1.
Cutrim MVJ, Ferreira FS, dos Santos AKD, Cavalcanti LF, de Oliveira Araújo B, de Azevedo-Cutrim ACG, et al. Trophic state of an urban coastal lagoon (northern Brazil), seasonal variation of the phytoplankton community and environmental variables. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2019; 216:98-109.
Glibert PM, Allen JI, Bouwman A, Brown CW, Flynn KJ, Lewitus AJ, et al. Modeling of HABs and eutrophication: status, advances, challenges. Journal of marine systems. 2010; 83(3-4):262-75.
Kimmel K, Kull A, Salm J-O, Mander Ü. The status, conservation and sustainable use of Estonian wetlands. Wetlands ecology and management. 2010;18(4):375-95.
Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological applications. 1998; 8(3): 559-68.
Turner RE, Rabalais NN. Changes in Mississippi River water quality this century. BioScience. 1991;41(3):140-7.
Carlson RE. A trophic state index for lakes1. Limnology and oceanography. 1977; 22(2):361-9.
Vollenweider R, Giovanardi F, Montanari G, Rinaldi A. Characterization of the trophic conditions of marine coastal waters with special reference to the NW Adriatic Sea: proposal for a trophic scale, turbidity and generalized water quality index. Environmetrics: The official journal of the International Environmetrics Society. 1998; 9(3): 329-57.
Jamalzad F, Darvishsefat Aa, nezami SA. Anzali Wetland Trophy Status (TSI) Using GIS. Journal of environmental studies 1999;25(23( (In Persian)
JICA DM. The Study on Integrated Management for Ecosystem Conservation of the Anzali Wetland in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Draft final report. 2005;2.
Kimball J, Kimball S. Limnology studies of Anzali Wetland. Iran Fisheries Joint Stock Company and Iran Environmental Protection Agency Translation of Anzali Lagoon Revitalization Project in Gilan Province: 1974.
Abedini A, Mirzajani A, Fallahi M. Physicochemical conditions and trophic levels of the Anzali Wetland. (In Persian)
Fallah M, Pirali A, Ebrahimi E. Investigation of the trophic state of Anzali international wetland, using TSI. Iranian Water Research Journal. 2018;12(28):21 . (In Persian)
Fallah M, Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi R. Assessment of water quality in Iran’s Anzali Wetland, using qualitative indices from 1985, 2007, and 2014. Wetlands ecology and management. 2017;25(5):597-605.
Mirzajani AR, Kiabi B, Jamalzadeh F, Fallahi M, Kamali A, Abdollahpour H, et al. Limnological survey of Anzali Wetland data during 1990-2003 by use of GIS system. 2009. (In Persian)
TahirAlp M, Fakioğlu YE, Özbay Ö, Koçer MAT. A study on water quality and trophic state of Akgöl Lagoon (Mersin, Turkey). Aquatic ecosystem health & management. 2016;19(1):58-63.
Acquavita A, Aleffi IF, Benci C, Bettoso N, Crevatin E, Milani L, et al. Annual characterization of the nutrients and trophic state in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: The Marano and Grado Lagoon (northern Adriatic Sea). Regional Studies in Marine Science. 2015;2:132-44.
Kumar P, Mahajan AK, Meena NK. Evaluation of trophic status and its limiting factors in the Renuka Lake of Lesser Himalaya, India. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2019;191(2):105.
Pełechata A, Pełechaty M, Pukacz A. An attempt to the trophic status assessment of the lakes of Lubuskie Lakeland. Limnological review. 2006;6:239-46.
Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi R, Esmaili-Sari A, Mohammadi J, Bakhtiari AR, Savabieasfahani M. Spatial distribution of cadmium and lead in the sediments of the western Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran). Marine pollution bulletin. 2013;74(1):464-70.
STANDARD methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2005.
Eutrophication of Waters: Monitoring, Assessment and Control: Paris, OECD; 1982.
Carlson RE, Simpson J. A coordinator’s guide to volunteer lake monitoring methods. North American Lake Management Society. 1996; 96:305.
Abedini A, Mirzajani AR, Fallahi M. Physicochemical state of water and nutrition level of Anzali Wetland. Iranian Fisheries 2017;26(6):113-23. (In Persian)
Coelho S, Pérez-Ruzafa A, Gamito S. Phytoplankton community dynamics in an intermittently open hypereutrophic coastal lagoon in southern Portugal. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2015;167:102-12.
Fallahi M, Peerali AR, Ebrahimi I. Assessment of trophic state of Anzali International Wetland using Carlson Index (TSI ) Iranian Water Research Journal. 2018;12(28):21. (In Persian)
Mirzajani A, Babaei H, Abedini A, Dadi GA. Eutrophication trend of Anzali wetland based on 1992-2002 data. 2010. (In Persian)
Boyd CE. Water quality management for pond fish culture: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.; 1982.
Anzali Wetland Ecological Management Project P. Monitoring of water salinity in August 2017: https://anzaliwetland.com/fa, (persian)
Smith VH, Tilman GD, Nekola JC. Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental pollution. 1999;100(1-3):179-96.
Vahidi F, Nodushan RM, Fatemi SM, Jamili S, Khaji NK. Investigation of Valasht Lake Trophic State Based on TSI Index. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST). 2016;18(2):445-53. (In Persian)
Gholamipour M, Rahimibashar MR, Zamini AA. Spatial and temporal variations of nutrients and chlorophyll in estuaries of Anzali wetland in relation to aquaculture: Islamic Azad University of Lahijan; 2016. (In Persian)
Akbarzadeh A, Arbabi M. Field Studies to Investigate Nutrition Phenomena in Anzali Wetland. Health System Research. 2010;6(4). (In Persian)
Osgood RA. Using Differences Among Carlson's Trophic State Index Values in Regional Water Quality Assessment 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 1982;18(1):67-74.
Rahmati R, Pourgholam R, Doostdar M. Trophic state of natural seal of Marzabad Babool based on Carlson index. New Technologies in Aquaculture Development. 2012;6(1 ). (In Persian)
