بررسی فصلی غلظت فلز روی موجود در گردو غبار های اتمسفری شهر تهران و بررسی ریسک سلامت
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی هوا
مریم سامانی
1
,
احمد گلچین
2
,
حسینعلی علیخانی
3
,
احمد بایبوردی
4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استاد، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.
3 - استاد، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی خاک، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
4 - استادیار، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی، استان آذربایجان شرقی،سازمان تحقیقات آموزش وترویج کشاورزی خسروشهر، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/08/14
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/09/08
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/09/01
کلید واژه:
ارزیابی ریسک سلامت,
تهران,
فلزات سنگین,
گردوغبار اتمسفری,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: عوامل متعددی در آلودگی هوا نقش دارند که ذرات معلق یکی از مهم ترین آن هاست. و اثرات سلامت آن به عوامل مختلف از قبیل اندازه، غلظت، ترکیب شیمیایی و سمیت آن ها بستگی دارد. ذرات گرد و غبار به عنوان یکی از مضرترین اجزای محیط زیست شناخته شده اند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف تعیین غلظت فلز روی در گردوغبارهای اتمسفری و ارزیابی ریسک سلامت آن ، طی زمستان 1397 تا پاییز 1398در مناطق 9، 10، 11 و 12 شهرداری تهران انجام گرفته است..روش بررسی: برای این منظور دو نقطه در غرب و شرق منطقه 9 و یک نقطه در شرق مناطق 11،10 و 12 (نقاط غرب مناطق 10، 11 و 12 هم مرز با شرق منطقه مجاور بود) تعیین و گردوغبارهای اتمسفری به صورت ماهانه در طی یک سال جمع آوری شدند. یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل مکان نمونه برداری و زمان(فصول) نمونه برداری بود. غلظت روی بعد از عصاره گیری با اسید کلریدریک و اسید نیتریک غلیظ (با نسبت 3:1) تعیین شد.یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد کمترین غلظت فلز روی در فصل زمستان و در نقطه 9W (تهرانسر) و 23/558 و بیشترین غلظت فلز روی در فصل پاییز و در نقطه 11E (خیابان وحدت اسلامی) 3/1835 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. غلظت روی و مقدار گردوغبارهای اتمسفری از غرب به شرق و با عبور از زمستان به سمت پاییز افزایش یافت. ارزیابی ریسک سلامت بر پایه روش توسعه یافته آژانس حفاظت محیط زیست EPA ایالات متحده آمریکا صورت گرفت.بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد بلعیدن گردوغبارهای اتمسفری اصلی ترین راه قرار گرفتن در معرض روی بوده است و بیش از 90 درصد از شاخص خطر بیماری های غیر سرطانی فلز روی، مربوط به HQ[1](معادله خطر) بلع بوده است. در فصل زمستان مقدار HQ و HI[2] (شاخص تجمعی خطر بیماری های غیر سرطانی) برای روی و برای افراد بالغ و کودکان کمتر از حد مجاز بود و خطری سلامت افراد را تهدید نمی کرد.[1]- Hazard Quitient[2]- Hazard Index
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and objective: The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of zinc metal in atmospheric dust and to assess its health risk during the winter of 1397 to the fall of 1398 in areas 9, 10, 11 and 12 of Tehran Municipality.Material and Methodology: For this purpose, two points in the west and east of region 9 and one point in the east of regions 11, 10 and 12 (the western parts of regions 10, 11 and 12 were adjacent to the east of the adjacent region) were determined and atmospheric dust was collected monthly for one year. A factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors included sampling location and sampling time (seasons). The concentration of zinc was determined after extraction with hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid (3: 1 ratio). Finding: The results showed that the lowest concentration of zinc metal in winter and at point 9W (Tehransar) and 558.23 and the highest concentration of zinc metal in autumn and at point 11E (Vahdat-e-Islami Street) was 1835.3 mg / kg. The concentration of zinc and the amount of atmospheric dust increased from west to east and with the passage of winter to autumn. The health risk assessment was based on the US Environmental Protection Agency's EPA development method.Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that swallowing atmospheric dust was the main route of exposure to zinc, and more than 90% of the risk index for non-cancerous zinc metal diseases was related to HQ (ingestion risk equation). In winter, the amount of HQ and HI (cumulative risk index for non-cancerous diseases) was lower than safe level for zinc and for adults and children, and did not pose a health risk.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Alahmr, F.O. M., Othman, M., Wahid, N. B. A., Halim, A. A. Latif, M. T. 2012. Compositions of dust fall around Semi-Urban Areas in Malaysia. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 12: 629-642.
Ozaki, H., Watanabe, I. Kuno, K. 2004. As, Sb and Hg distribution and pollution sources in the roadside soil and dust around Kamikochi, Chubu Sangaku National Park, Japan. Geochemical Journal. 38: 473–484.
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Safavi, Y., Alijani, B. Investigation of geographical factors in air pollution in Tehran, geographical researches, 58: 1-99 (In Persian)
Sparks, D. L., A. L. Page, P. A. Helmke, R. H. Loeppert, P. N. Soltanpour, M. A. Tabatabai, M. E. Sumner. 1996.
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Lu, X.W.; Wang, L.J.; Lei, K.; Huang, J.; Zhai, Y. 2009. Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in street dust of Baoji, NW China. J. Hazard. Mater, 161, 1058–1062.
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Ma, Y., Egodawatta, P., Mcgree, J., Liu, A., Goonetilleke, A. 2016. Human health riskassessment of heavy metals in urban stormwater. Total Environ. 557: 764-772.
Weerasundara, L., Amarasekara, R., Magana-Arachchi, D., Ziyath, A.M., Karunaratne, D., Goonetilleke, A., Vithanage, M. 2018. Microorganisms and heavy metals associated with atmospheric deposition in a congested urban environment of a developing country: Sri Lanka. Sci. Total Environ. 584: 803-812.
Gao, P., Liu, S., Ye, W.Y., Lin, N., Meng, P., Feng, Y., Zhang, Z., Cui, F., Lu, B. Xing, B. 2015.Assessment on the occupational exposure of urban public bus drivers to bio accessible trace metals through re suspended fraction of settled bus dust. Total Environ., 508: 37–45.
Shi, G.T., Chen, Z.L., Bi, C.J., Wang, L., Teng, J., Li, Y., Xu, S. A. 2011. comparative study of health risk of potentially toxic metals in urban and suburban road dust in the most populated city of China. Environ., 45:764–771.
Noorpour, A., Sadri Jahanshahi, A. 2013. Assessing the risk of heavy metal pollution in the air of Tehran (Case study: Enghelab Street). Ecology 39 (4). 181-192. (In Persian)
Li, k., Liang, T., Wang, L., Yang, Z. 2015. Contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dust in Bayan Obo mining region in Inner Mongolia, North China. J. Georg. Sci. 25(12): 1439-1451.
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Health and Environment in Europe: 2010. Progress Assessment, World Health Organization; WHO Regional Office Europe, Copenhagen.
Pérez N, Pey J, Querol X, Alastuey A, López JM, & Viana M. 2008. Partitioning of major and trace components in PM10–PM2.5–PM1 at an urban site in Southern Europe. Atmospheric Environment 42(8): 1677–1691.
Rai, P.K. 2013. Environmental magnetic studies of particulates with special reference to biomagnetic monitoring using roadside plant leaves. Environ, 72:113–129.
Rashki, A., Eriksson, P.G., Rautenbach, C.J.W., Rautenbach, C.J.W., Kaskaoutis, D.G., Grote, W., & Dykstra, J. 2013. Assessment of chemical and mineralogical characteristics of airborne dust in the Sistan region, Iran. Chemosphere, 90: 227–236.
Duran, A. C. & Gonzalez, A. (2009). Determination of lead, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene in street dust. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 6 (4): 663-670
Awadhi, J. M. and AlShuaibi, A. A. 2013. Dust fallout in Kuwait City: Deposition and characterization. Science of the Total Environment. 461: 139-148.
Alahmr, F.O. M., Othman, M., Wahid, N. B. A., Halim, A. A. Latif, M. T. 2012. Compositions of dust fall around Semi-Urban Areas in Malaysia. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 12: 629-642.
Ozaki, H., Watanabe, I. Kuno, K. 2004. As, Sb and Hg distribution and pollution sources in the roadside soil and dust around Kamikochi, Chubu Sangaku National Park, Japan. Geochemical Journal. 38: 473–484.
Yang, Z., Ge, H., Lu, W., Long, Y. 2010. Assessment of heavy metals contamination in near-surface dust. Pollution Journal of Environment Study. 24: 1817–1829.
Absalon D. and Slesak B. 2010.The effects of changes in cadmium and lead air pollution on cancer incidence in children. Sci Total Environ; 408(20): 4420-4428.
Hosseinpour, A., Forouzanfar, M., Yunesian, M., Asghari, F., Naieni, K., Farhood, D. 2005. Air pollution and hospitalization due to angina pectoris in Tehran, Iran: A time-series study. Environmental Research. 99:126–13.
Safavi, Y., Alijani, B. Investigation of geographical factors in air pollution in Tehran, geographical researches, 58: 1-99 (In Persian)
Sparks, D. L., A. L. Page, P. A. Helmke, R. H. Loeppert, P. N. Soltanpour, M. A. Tabatabai, M. E. Sumner. 1996.
Karimi, N., S. M. Ghaderian, H. Maroofi, H. Schat. 2009. Analysis of arsenic in soil and vegetation of a contaminated area in Zarshuran, Iran. J. Phytorem. 12: 159-173.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1981. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A); EPA/540/1–89/002; USEPA: Washington, DC, USA, Volume 1.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2001. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Process for conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment (Part A); EPA 540-R-02-002; USEPA: Washington, DC, USA, Volume 3.
Qing X, Yutong Z, Shenggao L. 2015. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city (Anshan), Liaoning, Northeast China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.120:377-85.
Wei, X., Gao, B., Wang, P., Zhou, H., Lu, J. 2015. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 112:186-92.
Li, X.P.; Feng, L.N.; Huang, C.C.; Yan, X.Y. Zhang, X. 2014. Chemical characteristics of atmospheric fallout in the south of Xi’an during the dust episodes of 2001–2012 (NW China). Atmos. Environ. 83: 109–118.
Zheng, N., Liu, J.S., Wang, Q.C., Liang, Z.Z. 2010. Health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district, Northeast of China, Science of the Total Environment. 408: 726–733.
Cheng S. 2003. Effects of heavy metals on plants and resistance mechanisms. A state-of-the-art report with special reference to literature published in Chinese journals. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int; 10(4): 256-64.
Weerasundara, L., Amarasekara, R., Magana-Arachchi, D., Ziyath, A.M., Karunaratne, D., Goonetilleke, A., Vithanage, M., 2017. Microorganisms and heavy metals associated with atmospheric deposition in a congested urban environment of a developing country: Sri Lanka. Sci. Total Environ. 584, 803-
Duan, J., Tan, J., 2013. Atmospheric heavy metals and arsenic in China: situation, sources and control policies. Atmos. Environ. 74, 93-101.
Sun, Y., Hu, X., Wu, J., Lian, H., Chen, Y. 2014. Fractionation and health risks of atmospheric particle-bound as and heavy metals in summer and winter. Total Environ. 493: 487-494.
Wue, S., Peng, S., Zhang, X., Wu, D., luo, W., Zhang, T., Zhuo, S., Yang, G., Wan, H., Wu, L., 2015. Level and risk assessment of heavy metals in urbun soil in Dongguan, China. Geochem Explor, 108, 27-38.
Lu, X.W.; Wang, L.J.; Lei, K.; Huang, J.; Zhai, Y. 2009. Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in street dust of Baoji, NW China. J. Hazard. Mater, 161, 1058–1062.
Du, Y., Gao, B., Zhou, H., Ju, X., Hao, H., Yin, S., 2013. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dusts in urban parks of Beijing, China. Procedia Environ. Sci. 18: 299-
Ferreira-Baptista, L., and De Miguel, E., 2005. Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: a tropical urban environment. Environ. 39: 4501-4512.
Kurt-Karakus, P.B., 2012. Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from Istanbul, Turkey: estimation of the health risk. Environ. Int. 50, 47-55.
Ma, Y., Egodawatta, P., Mcgree, J., Liu, A., Goonetilleke, A. 2016. Human health riskassessment of heavy metals in urban stormwater. Total Environ. 557: 764-772.
Weerasundara, L., Amarasekara, R., Magana-Arachchi, D., Ziyath, A.M., Karunaratne, D., Goonetilleke, A., Vithanage, M. 2018. Microorganisms and heavy metals associated with atmospheric deposition in a congested urban environment of a developing country: Sri Lanka. Sci. Total Environ. 584: 803-812.
Gao, P., Liu, S., Ye, W.Y., Lin, N., Meng, P., Feng, Y., Zhang, Z., Cui, F., Lu, B. Xing, B. 2015.Assessment on the occupational exposure of urban public bus drivers to bio accessible trace metals through re suspended fraction of settled bus dust. Total Environ., 508: 37–45.
Shi, G.T., Chen, Z.L., Bi, C.J., Wang, L., Teng, J., Li, Y., Xu, S. A. 2011. comparative study of health risk of potentially toxic metals in urban and suburban road dust in the most populated city of China. Environ., 45:764–771.
Noorpour, A., Sadri Jahanshahi, A. 2013. Assessing the risk of heavy metal pollution in the air of Tehran (Case study: Enghelab Street). Ecology 39 (4). 181-192. (In Persian)
Li, k., Liang, T., Wang, L., Yang, Z. 2015. Contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dust in Bayan Obo mining region in Inner Mongolia, North China. J. Georg. Sci. 25(12): 1439-1451.
