عناصر چهارگانه (آب، خاک، هوا و آتش)، الگویی ایرانی برای طراحی پارک شهری
محورهای موضوعی : طراحی محیط زیستفرناز ناظم 1 , فرشته حبیب 2 , کیانوش سوزنچی 3
1 - کارشناس ارشد مهندسی طراحی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.
2 - استادیار، معماری، واحد پردیس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، پردیس، ایران.* (مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران
کلید واژه: خاک, آتش, هوا, آب, الگوی ایرانی, پارک شهری,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف : چهار عنصر آب، خاک، هوا و آتش در گذشته مبنای تعریف همه پدیده های طبیعی بوده و در دوره های مختلف در ایران مورد احترام بوده است. این چهار عنصر یکی از ابعاد و وجوه مشترک بین اساطیر و باورهای ایرانیان بوده. لذا با هدف تاکید بر ارزش های فرهنگ ایرانی و با بازشناساندن مفاهیم این چهار عنصر طبیعی به باززنده سازی ارزش های طبیعت و ارائه مبانی کلی برای طراحی پارک های شهری پرداخته شد. در واقع هدف تحقیق حاضر ارائه راهکارهائی جهت ایجاد ارتباط با طبیعت از طریق عناصر چهارگانه و آشنایی بازدید کنندگان از پارک های شهری با مفهوم عناصر چهارگانه می باشد. روش بررسی: مفاهیم چهار عناصر آب، خاک، هوا و آتش در گذشته تاریخی ایران از دوران باستان و دوران اسلامی (دوره ابن سینا و شکوفایی طب ایرانی اسلامی) بررسی شده و ویژگی ها و نمادهای استفاده شده برای چهار عنصر مطالعه شده است. سپس با جمع بندی مفاهیم یاد شده و استفاده از نمونه های اجرا شده داخل و خارج از ایران شاخص ها و نمادهایی برای بیان این عناصر در طراحی ارایه و با کمک پرسشنامه از مردم شهرضا به عنوان نمونه موردی برای طراحی چنین پارکی، مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. یافته ها: کاربری های متناسب فضاهای آب، خاک، هوا و آتش با توجه به شاخص ها و نمادهایی که برای نمایش این عناصر ارائه گردیده در چهار دسته یاد شده تقسیم بندی گردید. نهایتا با تحلیل روابط این عناصر در ایجاد سازمان دهی فضایی چهارچوبی برای طراحی پارک عناصر چهارگانه ارائه گردید. بحث و نتیجه گیری : مفاهیم بسیاری در پیشینه علمی، فرهنگی و تاریخی ایران قابلیت تبدیل شدن به عناصر فضایی را دارند. بحث عناصر چهارگانه یکی از مفاهیمی است که با توجه به قابلیت نماد سازی آن می تواند در طراحی پارک ها مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. بازدید از چنین پارکی می تواند در اموزش ارزش ها وباززنده سازی هویت ایرانی تاثیرگذار باشد.
Background and Objective: Four elements of Water, Earth, Air and Fire have been considered as the foundation for describing all natural science phenomena since bygone era and have been respected during different periods in Iran. These four elements have been thought as one of the common aspects between Iranian myths and beliefs in different eras. By emphasis on the values of the past culture, this research tries to reintroduce the values of nature and present the general pattern for designing the four elements park through reminding the concepts of these four elements. Method: The concept of four elements, Earth, Water, Fire and Air have been studied in the historical record of Iran since prehistoric era, ancient times of Iran and Islamic era ( Avicenna's era and traditional – Islamic medicine) and the characteristics and symbols of four elements have been surveyed. Then by summarizing these concepts and using some parks and gardens in Iran and other countries, some symbols and parameters were presented for describing these elements in the design and then this data was evaluated by using the questionnaire in Shahreza as the case study. Findings: According to the symbols and parameters used for representing these elements, amenities are divided into four groups. Finally by analyzing the connection between these four elements in arranging spatial organization, a pattern for designing the four elements park is presented. Discussion and Conclusion: There are a lot of concepts in scientific, cultural and historical records of Iran that can be turned into spatial elements. According to the symbolism characteristic of four elements, this issue is one of the concepts that can be used in park design. Visiting this park is influential in reminding Iranians of their identity.
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- Naghizadeh, Mohammad, 1393. Persian Garden (from imagination to reality), Jahad Daneshgahi Publication, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Shahcheraghi, 1389, Paradigms of Paradise, Jahad Daneshgahi Publication, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Bolkhari, Hasan, 1384. The Relationship of the four elements and its Effects on the Art of Sacred Architecture, Proceedings of Contemplation of Art and Elements of Nature Symposium. (In Persian)
- Bolkhari, Hasan, 1382. The Story of Art in Islamic Civilization (Music and Architecture, in Farsi Hosnafra Publication, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Kabipoor, Mahbubeh, 1384. Historical Study of Four Elements in Ancient Iran and Symbols of Water element in Achaemenid period( Takhte Jamshid and Naghshe Rostam), Proceedings of Contemplation of Art and four Elements of Nature Symposium, Academy of Art, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Jamali, 1384. Historical and symbolic expression of Four Elements in the Design of Prehistoric Pottery in Iran, Proceedings of Contemplation of Art and four Elements of Nature Symposium, Academy of Art, Tehran,Iran. (In Persian)
- Azad, Mitra, and Purjafar, Mohammad Reza, 1384. Historical study of the presence of Fire in the Inscriptions and Exhibitions of Ancient Iran, Proceedings of Contemplation of Art and four Elements of Nature Symposium, Academy of Art, Tehran,Iran. (In Persian)
- Hoeppe, Gotz, 2007. Why the Sky Is Blue. Princeton University Press.
- Sparavigna, Amelia Carolina, 2012. The Four Elements in Robert Grosseteste. Department of Applied Science and Techology, Politecnico Di Torino, Italy.
- Afrasiyabiyan, Hamidollah and Hakimi Asad, 1391. Temperament Survey, Hakim Teb International Scientific Educational and Cultural Institute, Separ Andish Publication, Tehran, Iran Ahmadkhanimaleki, Bahram, 2011. Traditional sustainable solutions in Iranian desert architecture to solve the energy problem, International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering, vol.3, no. 1, pp. 84-91. (In Persian)
- Ahmadkhanimaleki, Bahram, 2011. Traditional sustainable solutions in Iranian desert architecture to solve the energy problem, International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering, vol.3,no. 1, pp. 84-91
- Arjmandi, Honey. MohdTahir, Hoda. Shabankareh, Hoda. Shabani, Mohamad Mahdi and Mazaheri, Fereshteh, 2011. Psychological and spiritual effects of light and color from Iranian traditional houses on dwellers, Social.Sciences and Humanities, vol.6, no. 2, pp. 288-301.
- http://hyperallergic.com/91947/the-water-gardens-of-otherworldly-modernism/
- https://www. rhs.org.uk/shows-events/rhs-flower-show-tatton- park/exhibitors/Archive/2014/ Gardens/elemental
- Sullivan, Chip, 2002. Garden and Climate, McGrow-Hill Companies, New York, United States of America.
- Hsu, H., Chang, Y., and Lin, H., 2015., Emotional Architecture - A Study of Tadao Ando’s Genius Loci Design Philosophy and Design Syntax, International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS), Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 3.
- http://www.tishineh.com/touritem/897-225/Ab-o-Atash-Park-(-Water-and-fire-Park---Ibrahim-Park-)
- Gandomkar, Amir and Ghasemi, Nushin, 1392. Investigating the role or wind direction and ramp direction in locating recreational flight sites, Case Study: Isfahan Province, Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies,Volume 2, No. 5, 30-38. (In Persian)
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- Choudhuri, Indra Nath, 1384. Nature, Indian Art, Literature Culture, Development of Aesthetics Culture, Paving the way for cultural ecology, translated in Farsi by Parvin Moghaddam.
- Naghizadeh, Mohammad, 1393. Persian Garden (from imagination to reality), Jahad Daneshgahi Publication, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Shahcheraghi, 1389, Paradigms of Paradise, Jahad Daneshgahi Publication, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Bolkhari, Hasan, 1384. The Relationship of the four elements and its Effects on the Art of Sacred Architecture, Proceedings of Contemplation of Art and Elements of Nature Symposium. (In Persian)
- Bolkhari, Hasan, 1382. The Story of Art in Islamic Civilization (Music and Architecture, in Farsi Hosnafra Publication, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Kabipoor, Mahbubeh, 1384. Historical Study of Four Elements in Ancient Iran and Symbols of Water element in Achaemenid period( Takhte Jamshid and Naghshe Rostam), Proceedings of Contemplation of Art and four Elements of Nature Symposium, Academy of Art, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Jamali, 1384. Historical and symbolic expression of Four Elements in the Design of Prehistoric Pottery in Iran, Proceedings of Contemplation of Art and four Elements of Nature Symposium, Academy of Art, Tehran,Iran. (In Persian)
- Azad, Mitra, and Purjafar, Mohammad Reza, 1384. Historical study of the presence of Fire in the Inscriptions and Exhibitions of Ancient Iran, Proceedings of Contemplation of Art and four Elements of Nature Symposium, Academy of Art, Tehran,Iran. (In Persian)
- Hoeppe, Gotz, 2007. Why the Sky Is Blue. Princeton University Press.
- Sparavigna, Amelia Carolina, 2012. The Four Elements in Robert Grosseteste. Department of Applied Science and Techology, Politecnico Di Torino, Italy.
- Afrasiyabiyan, Hamidollah and Hakimi Asad, 1391. Temperament Survey, Hakim Teb International Scientific Educational and Cultural Institute, Separ Andish Publication, Tehran, Iran Ahmadkhanimaleki, Bahram, 2011. Traditional sustainable solutions in Iranian desert architecture to solve the energy problem, International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering, vol.3, no. 1, pp. 84-91. (In Persian)
- Ahmadkhanimaleki, Bahram, 2011. Traditional sustainable solutions in Iranian desert architecture to solve the energy problem, International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering, vol.3,no. 1, pp. 84-91
- Arjmandi, Honey. MohdTahir, Hoda. Shabankareh, Hoda. Shabani, Mohamad Mahdi and Mazaheri, Fereshteh, 2011. Psychological and spiritual effects of light and color from Iranian traditional houses on dwellers, Social.Sciences and Humanities, vol.6, no. 2, pp. 288-301.
- http://hyperallergic.com/91947/the-water-gardens-of-otherworldly-modernism/
- https://www. rhs.org.uk/shows-events/rhs-flower-show-tatton- park/exhibitors/Archive/2014/ Gardens/elemental
- Sullivan, Chip, 2002. Garden and Climate, McGrow-Hill Companies, New York, United States of America.
- Hsu, H., Chang, Y., and Lin, H., 2015., Emotional Architecture - A Study of Tadao Ando’s Genius Loci Design Philosophy and Design Syntax, International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS), Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 3.
- http://www.tishineh.com/touritem/897-225/Ab-o-Atash-Park-(-Water-and-fire-Park---Ibrahim-Park-)
- Gandomkar, Amir and Ghasemi, Nushin, 1392. Investigating the role or wind direction and ramp direction in locating recreational flight sites, Case Study: Isfahan Province, Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies,Volume 2, No. 5, 30-38. (In Persian)
- Vunakat Tomas H. and Roland J. Vunakat, 1364. Basic Statics, Translated in Farsi by Meshkati, Mohammad Reza, First Volume, University Publication Center, Tehran, Iran.