کمی سازی معیارهای بصری پوشش اراضی با استفاده از سنجههای سیمای سرزمین (مطالعه موردی: جنگلهای دو هزار سه هزار تنکابن)
محورهای موضوعی : آمایش سرزمینکبری مل حسینی دارانی 1 , ثمر مرتضوی 2 , سید محسن حسینی 3 , کامران شایسته 4 , سامره فلاحتکار 5
1 - دکترای محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران.
2 - استادیار، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست ، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران. * (مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استاد، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران.
4 - استادیار، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست ، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران
5 - استادیار، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران.
کلید واژه: ارزیابی اثرات محیط زیستی, معیارهای بصری, بوم شناسی سیمای سرزمین,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: در ایران با وجود روند فزاینده فعالیت های توسعه ای که سبب تغییر ساختار و در نهایت تغییر یا از بین بردن عملکردها و فرآیندهای سیمای سرزمین می شوند، لزوم در نظرگیری اثرات بصری در مطالعات EIA به ویژه در اکوسیستم های شمالی کشور احساس می شود. این مطالعه با هدف کمی سازی معیارهای بصری پوشش اراضی با استفاده از سنجه های سیمای سرزمین انجام شده است. روش بررسی: این مطالعه در سال 1395، با هدف کمی سازی معیارهای بصری طبیعی بودن و پیچیدگی با استفاده از سنجه های SHDI، SHEI، PLAND، LPI، PR، PD و NP در حوزه آبخیز دو هزار و سه هزار تنکابن از دو نقطه دید ناظر صورت گرفت. پس از تهیه نقشه کاربری اراضی و تولید DSM و انتقال نقاط دید به GIS با استفاده از دستور Visibility در GIS، محدوده قابل دید به دست آمد و مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته ها: با توجه به شاخص PLAND که بیشترین مقدار آن مربوط به کاربری جنگل بود و مقادیر آن برای کاربری های جنگل، کشاورزی و مرتع به ترتیب 1499/0، 0001/0 و 0021/0 به دست آمد ، مشخص شد که طبیعی بودن در محدوده دید نقطه اول بیشتر از نقطه دوم است و این منطقه دید، کمتر دستخوش مداخلات انسانی بوده است. در نقطه دوم به جز ارزش SHEI که کمتر از نقطه اول (0927/0) بود، مقادیر شاخص های SHDI (0927/0)، PR (70000)، PD (507/2)، NP (2058000) بیش از نقطه دوم به دست آمد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: استفاده از متریک های سیمای سرزمین با توجه به قابلیت های آن ها، می تواند گامی مفید در راستای شناسایی زود هنگام اثرات توسعه بر ساختار سیمای سرزمین باشد. رویکرد ارائه شده می تواند پایه ای برای توسعه یک روش جدید در درک اثرات تغییر سیمای سرزمین در زمینه برنامه ریزی و مدیریت باشد.
Background and Objective: Despite the increasingly trend of developmental activities that are likely to change the structure and change or eliminate landscape functions and processes in Iran ultimately, it seems necessary to consider the visual effect in EIA studies especially in northern ecosystem of the country. Methods: This study aimed to quantify the visual criteria of naturalness and complexity using SHDI, SHEI, PLAND, LPI, PR, PD, and NP measurements in the area of Tonekabon's Dohezar-Sehezar watershed from two viewpoints. The visible range, after land use mapping and production of DSM and transmitting of visibility points to GIS, was obtained using the Visibility instruction in GIS, which analyzed the visible range at two points. Findings: According to the PLAND index, the highest amount pertained to forest land use, and their amounts for forest, agriculture, and rangeland land uses found 0.1499, 0.0001, and 0.0021 respectively that detected the naturalness in the first- viewpoint was more than the second viewpoint, and this area has been less affected by human interferences. At the second point, except for the SHEI value which was less than the first point ( 0.0927), the amount of SHDI (0.0927), PR(7000), PD (2.507), and NP(2058000) indices grater than second point obtained. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of landscape metrics with regard to their capabilities can be a useful step to early identification of the impacts of development on the structure of landscape. The proposed approach can be the basis for developing a new method to understanding the effects of landscape changing in planning and management fields.
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- Kıvanç Ak, M. (2013). Visual Quality Assessment Methods in Landscape Architecture Studies, Advances in Landscape Architecture, Dr. Murat Ozyavuz (Ed.), InTech.
- Hosseini, S. M., Rostami, S. (2017). Lansscape Ecology. Jihad University Press, 295 P. (In Persian)
- Gökyer, E. (2013). Understanding Landscape Structure Using Landscape Metrics, Advances in Landscape Architecture, Dr. Murat Ozyavuz (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-1167-2, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/55758. Available :http://www.intechopen.com /books/advances-in-landscape- architecture/ visuquality- assessment -methods-in-landscape-architecture-studies
- EIA Study Brief No. ESB-168/(2007)
- Rehfisch, A., Reid, A. (2011). Wind Farms: Planning and Approval. Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe). 16P.
- Karami, A; Feghhi, J.(2011). Investigation of Quantitative metrics to protect the landscape in land use by sustainable pattern (Case study: Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad). Journal of Environmental Studies, 37(60): 77-89. (In Persian)
- Fry, G. Tveit, M.S. Ode, A. Velarde, M.D. (2009). The ecology of visual landscapes: Exploring the conceptual common ground of visual and ecological landscape indicators. J: Ecological Indicator9 (2009), 93 3 – 947.
- Ode, A., Mari, S., Tveit and Fry, G. (2008). Capturing Landscape Visual Character Using Indicators: Touching Base with Landscape Aesthetic Theory. J: Landscape Research. V (33) 1, 89-117.
- Ulrich, R. S. (1983) Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment, in: I. Altmann & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds) Behavior and the Natural Environment, pp. 83 – 125 (New York: Plenum).
- Yosefi, A; Abedi Kopayi, J.(2012). From Land Ecology Assessment to Landscape Assessment in Environmental Design. The 1STInternational Conference of IALE-IRAN. 30-31 OCT 2013. Isfahan University of Technology. 14p. (In Persian)
- Salajeghe, B; Monavari, S.M; Karbasi, A.(2014). Analysis of Land degradation by detecting changes and landscape metrics (Case study: Kish Island).Environmental Researche. 5(10) , 99-110. (In Persian)
- Talebi Amiri, SH. Azari Dehkordi, F; Sadeghi, H; Soofbaf, R. (2009). Analysis of the degradation of the Neka watersheds using the landscape metrics. Environmental Sciences. 6(3).133-144. (In Persian)
- Shahparian, M; Mehdipour, N; Shafiee zadeh, M; Fakheran, S. (2015). Evaluation of Spatial Patterns of landscape ecology in the Zayandehrud River in the Past Decades (2003-2014). Second National Conference on Climate Change and Engineering for Sustainable Development of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 15p. (In Persian)
- Rehfisch, A., Reid, A. (2011). Wind Farms: Planning and Approval. Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe). 16P.
- Jozi, a; Rezaeeian, S; Nabavian, S. (2014). Investigating the socioeconomic effects of the destruction of of Dohezar Sehezar forests. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 1(3). 27-40. (In Persian)
- Sofyanian, A; Maleki, S; Rahdari, V. (2009). Investigation of Two Indicators of Quantification of Landscape Patterns Using RS and GIS in Protected Area of Muteh. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences (Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences and Technology). 13(49). 141-150. (In Persian)
- Fathizad, H; Nohegar, A; Faramarzi, M; Tazeh, M (2013). An Investigation of Changes in land Use According to the Analysis of Landscape Ecology Metrics by Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Arid and Semi-arid Region of Dehloran.Town and Country Planning. 5(1). 77-99.(In Persian)
- Mirzayi M, Riyahi Bakhtiyari A, Salman Mahini A, Gholamalifard M. Investigating the Land Cover Changes in Mazandaran Province Using Landscape Ecology’s Metrics Between 1984 - 2010. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology. 2013; 2 (4) :37-55. (In Persian)
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- Stevenson, j., Francis, j., O'Connor, M., Turnbull, M and van Grieken., M. (2013). Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, 3rd edition. Book Published By Landscape Institute, I.E.M.A. 170p.
- Kıvanç Ak, M. (2013). Visual Quality Assessment Methods in Landscape Architecture Studies, Advances in Landscape Architecture, Dr. Murat Ozyavuz (Ed.), InTech.
- Hosseini, S. M., Rostami, S. (2017). Lansscape Ecology. Jihad University Press, 295 P. (In Persian)
- Gökyer, E. (2013). Understanding Landscape Structure Using Landscape Metrics, Advances in Landscape Architecture, Dr. Murat Ozyavuz (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-1167-2, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/55758. Available :http://www.intechopen.com /books/advances-in-landscape- architecture/ visuquality- assessment -methods-in-landscape-architecture-studies
- EIA Study Brief No. ESB-168/(2007)
- Rehfisch, A., Reid, A. (2011). Wind Farms: Planning and Approval. Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe). 16P.
- Karami, A; Feghhi, J.(2011). Investigation of Quantitative metrics to protect the landscape in land use by sustainable pattern (Case study: Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad). Journal of Environmental Studies, 37(60): 77-89. (In Persian)
- Fry, G. Tveit, M.S. Ode, A. Velarde, M.D. (2009). The ecology of visual landscapes: Exploring the conceptual common ground of visual and ecological landscape indicators. J: Ecological Indicator9 (2009), 93 3 – 947.
- Ode, A., Mari, S., Tveit and Fry, G. (2008). Capturing Landscape Visual Character Using Indicators: Touching Base with Landscape Aesthetic Theory. J: Landscape Research. V (33) 1, 89-117.
- Ulrich, R. S. (1983) Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment, in: I. Altmann & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds) Behavior and the Natural Environment, pp. 83 – 125 (New York: Plenum).
- Yosefi, A; Abedi Kopayi, J.(2012). From Land Ecology Assessment to Landscape Assessment in Environmental Design. The 1STInternational Conference of IALE-IRAN. 30-31 OCT 2013. Isfahan University of Technology. 14p. (In Persian)
- Salajeghe, B; Monavari, S.M; Karbasi, A.(2014). Analysis of Land degradation by detecting changes and landscape metrics (Case study: Kish Island).Environmental Researche. 5(10) , 99-110. (In Persian)
- Talebi Amiri, SH. Azari Dehkordi, F; Sadeghi, H; Soofbaf, R. (2009). Analysis of the degradation of the Neka watersheds using the landscape metrics. Environmental Sciences. 6(3).133-144. (In Persian)
- Shahparian, M; Mehdipour, N; Shafiee zadeh, M; Fakheran, S. (2015). Evaluation of Spatial Patterns of landscape ecology in the Zayandehrud River in the Past Decades (2003-2014). Second National Conference on Climate Change and Engineering for Sustainable Development of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 15p. (In Persian)
- Rehfisch, A., Reid, A. (2011). Wind Farms: Planning and Approval. Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe). 16P.
- Jozi, a; Rezaeeian, S; Nabavian, S. (2014). Investigating the socioeconomic effects of the destruction of of Dohezar Sehezar forests. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 1(3). 27-40. (In Persian)
- Sofyanian, A; Maleki, S; Rahdari, V. (2009). Investigation of Two Indicators of Quantification of Landscape Patterns Using RS and GIS in Protected Area of Muteh. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences (Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences and Technology). 13(49). 141-150. (In Persian)
- Fathizad, H; Nohegar, A; Faramarzi, M; Tazeh, M (2013). An Investigation of Changes in land Use According to the Analysis of Landscape Ecology Metrics by Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Arid and Semi-arid Region of Dehloran.Town and Country Planning. 5(1). 77-99.(In Persian)
- Mirzayi M, Riyahi Bakhtiyari A, Salman Mahini A, Gholamalifard M. Investigating the Land Cover Changes in Mazandaran Province Using Landscape Ecology’s Metrics Between 1984 - 2010. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology. 2013; 2 (4) :37-55. (In Persian)