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  • جایگاه معاهده در نظام حقوقی ایران با نگاهی به نحوه اجرای معاهدات زیست محیطی در ایران

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کد مقاله : JEST-1801-4124 (R2) بازدید : 212 صفحه: 269 - 284

10.22034/jest.2020.33284.4124

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

جایگاه معاهده در نظام حقوقی ایران با نگاهی به نحوه اجرای معاهدات زیست محیطی در ایران

محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیست

سید عباس پورهاشمی 1 , مجتبی سبحانی نیا 2

1 - استادیار و عضو هیأت علمی گروه حقوق محیط زیست دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران و رئیس موسسه تخصصی حقوق بین‌الملل کانادا، تورنتو، کانادا
2 - دانشجوی مقطع دکتری حقوق محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران. * نویسنده مسئول

تاریخ دریافت : 1396/07/30 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/02/11 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/09/01

کلید واژه: معاهدات زیست‌محیطی, معاهده خود اجرا, نظام داخلی ایران, اجرای حقوق بین‌الملل, حقوق بین‌الملل محیط‌زیست,

چکیده مقاله :

یکی از معضلات و مشکلات حقوقی اجرای حقوق بین‌الملل به طور عام و حقوق بین‌الملل محیط‌زیست به طور خاص در ایران، عدم تعریف مشخص حقوقی برای جایگاه معاهدات بین‌المللی در نظام حقوقی است. معاهدات بین‌المللی هنجارهایی هستند که جایگاه آن در سلسله مراتب نظام‌های حقوقی مختلف (براساس رابطه میان حقوق داخلی و بین‌المللی) یکسان و واحد نیست و در برخی کشورها از قوانین عادی برتر بوده و در برخی دیگر هم عرض قوانین عادی تلقی شده و در برخی دیگر در جایگاهی پایین‌تر از قانون عادی به حساب می‌آید. در نظام حقوقی ایران با توجه به ابهام موجود در قوانین نسبت به جایگاه معاهده، هر کدام از سه نظریه اشاره شده مورد حمایت عده‌ای از حقوقدانان بوده است. برآیند مقاله حاضر، با بررسی و تحلیل رویه‌های عملی اتخاذ شده از سوی قوای سه‌گانه جمهوری اسلامی ایران، آن است که نظام حقوقی ایران رهیافت برابری حقوق معاهدات بین‌المللی (و نه کل نظام حقوق بین‌الملل) با نظام حقوقی داخلی را برگزیده است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

One of the legal problems of the implementation of international law in general and international environmental law in particular in Iran is the lack of a clear legal definition of the place of international treaties in the legal system. International treaties are norms that have no place in the hierarchy of different legal systems (based on the relationship between domestic and international law) and in some countries are superior to ordinary laws, in others they are considered the breadth of ordinary laws, and in others it is considered a lower position than the normal law. In the Iranian legal system, due to the ambiguity in the laws regarding the status of the treaty, each of the three mentioned theories has been supported by some jurists. The result of the present article, by examining and analyzing the practical procedures adopted by the three powers of the Islamic Republic of Iran, is that the Iranian legal system has chosen the approach of equality of international treaty law (and not the entire international legal system) with the domestic legal system.

منابع و مأخذ:


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_||_

  1. Katozian, Nasser, «Civil law in the contemporary legal order», First Edition, Tehran, Mizan legal foundation, 2008, p. 31. (In Persian)
    2.
  2. Ziaei Bigdeli, Mohamad Reza, «Public International Law», 40th Edition, Tehran, Ganjedanesh Publication, 2010, p. 84. (In Persian)
    3.
  3. Khomamizadeh, Farhad, «Applying and Interpretation of treaties in domestic law», Private law journal, 2009, Vol. 16, pp. 33-52. (In Persian)
    4.
  4. Habibzadeh, Tavakol, Khalaf Rezaei, Hossein, «The limits of jurisdiction of Executive and Legislative powers in approving international agrements», Public Law Journal, 2012, vol. 1, p. 119. (In Persian)
    5.
  5. Khalaf Rezaei, Hossein, «International agreements in Iranian legal order», First Edition, Tehran, Gurdian Council Research Center, 2014, P. 29. (In Persian)
    6.
  6. Quoc Dinh, Nguyen, Habibbi, Hassan (Translator), «Public International Law», First Edition, Tehran, Ettelat Publication, 2003, p. 462. (In Persian)
    7.
  7. Ebrahimi, Nasrollah, «Private International Law», Fifth Edition, Tehran, Samt Publication, 2003, p. 74. (In Persian)
    8.
  8. http://www.unhcr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/bb5e6edae249b576802567d1003a0bb?Opendocument
    9.
  9. crc/c/sr.1016, 28 Jan 2005, Para 43.
    10.
  10. Hashemi, Hamid, «Application of international Agreements in Iranian judiciary system: Limits and Capacities», Legal Research Journal, 2008, Vol. 15, pp. 229-258. (In Persian)
    11.
  11. Poorhashemi, Seyed Abbas, «International Environmental Law», First Edition, Tehran, Dadgostar Publication, 2012, p. 66. (In Persian)
    12.
  12. Mousazadeh, Reza, «Concise of Public Internatioal Law», 23th Edition, Tehran, Mizan Legal Foundation, 2013, p. 26. (In Persian)
    13.
  13. Malcolm, Shaw, Vaghar, Mohammad hossein, (Translator), Third Edition, Tehran, Ettelat Publication, p. 119. (In Persian)
    14.
  14. Azari, Hajar, «Iranian Legal Syatems challenges in accepting international conventions», Comparative Law Studies Jouranal, 2016, Vol. 1, pp. 1-24. (In Persian)
    15.
  15. Robinson, Nicolas, Hosseini, Mohammad Mahdi (Translator), «Basics of international environmental law», First Edition, Mizan Legal Foundation, 2011, p. 87. (In Persian)
    16.
  16. Ziaei Bigdeli, Mohamad Reza, «Public International Law», 40th Edition, Tehran, Ganjedanesh Publication, 2010, pp. 80-72. (In Persian)
    17.
  17. Wallace, Rebecca, Zamani, Ghasem (Translator), «International Law», Fourth Edition, Tehran, Shahre Danesh Institue of Law, 2014, p.95. (In Persian)
    18.
  18. Vazquez, Carlos Manuel, 1995, The Four Doctrine of Self-Executing Treaties, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 89, pp. 695-723.
    19.
  19. Grimmett, Richard ,2001, Treaties and Other International Agreements: The Role of United States Senate, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress,pp. 4.
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  20. Izadi, Ali, «Comparative Research on Application of International Law in Domestic Courts», Public Law Studies Journal, 2015, Vol. 3, pp. 497-529. (In Persian)
    21.
  21. Akbari, Hassan, «The Status of International Conventions in the Practice of Islamic Republic of Iran», Master Thesis, Faculty of Law and Political Sicence Tehran University, 2013. P. 33. (In Persian)
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    1. https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/ir/ir-nr-05-en.pdf
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  24. Heydari, Ismaeil, «Iranian Departement of Environment’s Mesures at International Field», Tehran, Honar Abi Publication, 2003, p. 21. (In Persian)
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  25. Decision XVIII/27 (2006), and Decision XIX/27 (2007) Meeting of the Parties of the Montreal Protocol.
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  26. Statement by the Head of I.R. Iran’s deligation to the 24th MoP of the Montreal Protocol, 12-16 Nov 2012. Available at: http://conf.montreal-protocol.org/meeting/mop/mop-24/presentations/statements%20from%20Heads%20of%20Delegations%20%20Highlevel%20Se/c_Iran-Statement.doc
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  27. Decision XVI/20: Potential non-compliance in 2003 with consumption of the controlled substance in Annex B, group III (methyl chloroform) by Parties operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5, and request for plans of action, 16th Meeting of the Parties, 2004.
    28.
  28. Decision XVII/27: Potential non-compliance in 2005 with the control measures of the Montreal Protocol governing consumption of the controlled substance in Annex B group II, (carbon tetrachloride) by the Islamic Republic of Iran and request for a plan of action, 18th Meeting of the Parties, 2006. And Decision XIX/27: Compliance with the Montreal Protocol by Islamic Republic of Iran, 19th Meeting of the Parties, 2007.
    29.
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    30.

 

 

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