مدل‌سازی تنوع بتا در گرادیان آشفتگی و عوامل محیطی جنگل‌های هیرکانی- خیرود کنار نوشهر
محورهای موضوعی :
تنوع زیستی
ملیحه عرفانی
1
(استادیار، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران (مسئوول مکاتبات))
افشین دانه کار
2
(استاد تمام، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران)
عبدالرسول سلمان ماهینی
3
(استاد تمام، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران)
وحید اعتماد
4
(دانشیار، گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران)
تاریخ دریافت : 1394/12/12
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/12/04
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/01/01
کلید واژه:
ناهمگنی محیطی,
تنوع گونه‌ای,
آشفتگی,
مدل‌سازی,
تنوع بتا,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: آگاهی از الگوهای توزیع و سازوکار‌های نگهدارنده تنوع زیستی در گرادیان محیطی و آشفتگی برای توسعه راهبرد‌های حفاظت از تنوع زیستی ضروری است. در این مطالعه تنوع زیستی بتا در جنگل‌های خیرود کنار نوشهر در قالب مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری بررسی شد.روش بررسی: جهت مدل‌سازی تنوع بتا از سازه‌های آشفتگی با هفت نمایه، ناهمگنی محیطی با چهار نمایه، خاک با ده نمایه، پوشش زمین و درصد تاج پوشش با پنج نمایه استفاده گردید. تمامی گونه‌های گیاهی آوندی در 100 پلات و 6 پهنه همگن مکانی در قالب نمونه‌برداری خوشه‌ای در گرادیان آشفتگی آماربرداری شد. نمایه‌های تنوع بتا برای هر خوشه محاسبه گردید و به همراه نمایه‌های سایر سازه‌ها وارد مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری گردید.یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که نمایه‌های باقی مانده در مدل به خوبی قادر به تبیین تنوع بتا (R2=0.761) هستند. همچنین، قدرت پیش‌بینی مدل برای سازه تنوع بتا بسیار قوی (Q2= 0.422) بدست آمد.بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: مهم‌ترین نمایه‌های آشفتگی در این مدل به ترتیب میزان دسترسی، تعداد دوره‌های مدیریتی بهره‌برداری از جنگل، عکس فاصله از آخرین سال بهره‌برداری از جنگل، تعداد روزهای چرا و تراکم دام بود. نمایه‌های خاک اثرگذار بر تنوع بتا به ترتیب شامل درصد مواد‌آلی، میزان نیتروژن، درصد آهک، تراکم موثر خاک و میزان پتاسیم بود. اثر درصد تاج پوشش و پوشش لاشبرگ بر تنوع بتا در پژوهش حاضر منفی بود و ناهمگنی محیطی نقش تعدیل‌گری معنی‌دار بر کاهش اثر سازه آشفتگی بر تنوع بتا داشت. با توجه به مقیاس سازه آشفتگی و ناهمگنی مکانی، بررسی تنوع بتا می‌تواند جهت مقایسه بین جوامع مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Introduction: Knowledge of distribution patterns and maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity along environmental and disturbance gradients is essential to develop biodiversity conservation strategies. In this study, modeling of beta diversity construct was performed at Kheyrud forests of Noshahr.Material and Methods: Modeling of beta diversity was conducted using 7 indicators for disturbance construct, 4 indicators for environmental heterogeneity, 10 indicators for soil, and 5 indicators for land cover and crown percent construct. All species of vascular plants at 100 plots and 6 homogeneous zones were recorded along disturbance gradients in cluster sampling. Beta diversity indices were calculated for each cluster and with other indicators of constructs were entered in structural equation modeling.Results: Results showed that the remaining indicators in the model were able to explain the variation in beta diversity (R2= 0.761). The predictive relevance of the model for the beta diversity construct was very large (Q2= 0.422).Discussion and Conclusions: The most important disturbance indicators were area accessibility, number of management plans for harvest, reverse of the years since last harvest, number of grazing days per year and livestock density per hectare, respectively. Effective soil indicators for beta diversity were soil organic matter content, nitrogen and percentage of calcium carbonate of the soil, effective bulk density and soil potassium levels, respectively. Canopy cover and litter cover had negative influence on beta diversity. Environmental heterogeneity had a significant moderator role in reduction of disturbance influence on beta diversity. Because of the scale of disturbance and environmental heterogeneity, beta diversity is useful for comparing communities.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Koleff, P., Gaston, K.J., Lennon, J.J., 2003. Measuring beta diversity for presence-absence data. Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 72, pp.367-382.
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_||_
Salmanmahiny, A., 2012. Fundamental of Environmental Protection (Dey Negar) (In persian).
Magurran, A.E., 2016. How ecosystems change. Science, Vol. 351, pp. 448- 449.
Pandolfi, J. M., Lovelock, C. E., 2014. Novelty Trumps Loss in Global Biodiversity. Science, Vol. 344, pp. 266-267.
Jurasinski, G., Retzer, V., Beierkuhnlein, C., 2009. Inventory, differentiation, and proportional diversity: a consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity. Oecologia, Vol. 159, pp. 15-26.
Sfenthourakis, S., Panitsa, M., 2012. From plots to islands: species diversity at different scales. Journal of Biogeography, Vol. 39, pp. 750–759.
Vellend, M., 2010. Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. Q. Rev. Biol., Vol. 85, pp. 183-206.
Anderson, M.J., Crist, T.O., Chase, J.M., Vellend, M., Inouye, B.D., et al. 2010. Navigating the multiple meanings of beta diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist. Ecology Letters, Vol. 14, pp. 19-28.
Zhang, Q., Hou, X., Li, F. Y., Niu, J., Zhou, Y., Ding, Y., 2014. Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity Differ in Response to Precipitation in the Inner Mongolia Grassland, Vol.9.
Lee, C.B., Chun, J.H., 2016. Environmental drivers of patterns of plant diversity along a wide environmental gradient in Korean temperate forests. Forests, Vol. 7, pp16.
Mirzaei, J., Akbarinia, M., Hosseini, S.M., Sohrabi, H., Hosseinzade, J., 2008. Biodiversity of herbaceous species in related to physiographic factors in forest ecosystems in central Zagros. Iranian Journal of Biology, Vol. 20, pp. 382-375 (In persian).
Shakeri, Z., Marvi-Mohadjer, M.R., Simberloff, D., Etemad, V., Assadi, M., Donath, T. W., Otte, A., Eckstein, R.L., 2012. Plant community composition and disturbance in Caspian Fagus orientalis forests: which are the main driving factors?. Phytocoenologia, Vol. 4, pp. 247- 263.
Arekhi, S., Heydari, M., Pourbabaei, H., 2010. Vegetation-environmental relationships and ecological species groups of the Ilam oak forest landscape, Iran. Caspian J. Env. Sci., Vol. 8, pp. 115-125.
Mirdavoodi, H.R., 2014. Effect of grazing and environmental factors on the structure of Brant`s oak stands of Zagros (Case study: Dalab Park, Ilam). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol. 22, pp. 461-472 (In persian).
Donath, T.W., Eckstein, R.L., 2008. Grass and oak litter exert different effects on seedling emergence of herbaceous perennials from grasslands and woodlands. Journal of ecology, Vol. 96, pp. 272-280.
Rodríguez-Calcerrada, J., Mutke, S., Alonso, J., Gil, L., Pardos, J.A., Aranda, I., 2008.Influence of overstory density on understory light, soil moisture, and survival of two underplanted oak species in a Mediterranean montane Scots pine forest. Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For., Vol. 17, pp. 31-38.
Royo, A.A., Collins, R., Adams, M.B., Kirschbaum, C., Carson, W.W. 2010. Pervasive interactions between ungulate browsers and disturbance regimes promote temperate forest herbaceous diversity. Ecology, Vol. 91, pp. 93- 105.
Biaou, S.H., Sterck, I.F.J., Holmgren, M., Tree recruitment in West African dry woodlands. The interactive effects of climate, soil, fire and grazing. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, 2009;182 p.
Castleberry, S.B., Ford, W.M., Miller, K.V., Smith, W.P., 2000. Influences of herbivory and canopy opening size on forest regeneration in a southern bottomland hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 131, pp. 57-64.
Bouahim, S., Rhazi, L., Amami, B., Sahib, N., Rhazi, M., Waterkeyn, A., Zouahri, A., Mesleard, F., Muller, S.D., Grillas, P., 2010. Impact of grazing on the species richness of plant communities in Mediterranean temporary pools (western Morocco). Comptes Rendus Biologies, Vol.333, pp. 670-679.
Baniya, C.B., Solhoy, T., Gauslaa, Y., Palmer, M.W. 2012. Richness and Composition of Vascular Plants and Cryptogams along a High Elevational Gradient on Buddha Mountain, Central Tibet. Folia Geobotanica, Vol. 47, pp. 135-151.
Burke, D.M., Elliott, K.A. Holmes, S.B., Bradley, D., 2008. The effects of partial harvest on the understory vegetation of southern Ontario woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management. Vol. 255, pp. 2204-2212.
Heinrichs, S., W. Schmidt. 2009. Short-term effects of selection and clear cutting on the shrub and herb layer vegetation during the conversion of even-aged Norway spruce stands into mixed stands. Forest Ecology and Management. Vol. 258, pp. 667–678.
Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., 2012. Silviculture. (University of Tehran Press) (In persian).
Sarmadiyan, M., Jafari, M., 2001. Investigation on forest soil at educational and research forest of Faculty of Natural Resources of the University of Tehran (Kheyrud Kenar- Nowshahr). Journal of natural resources, p112 (In persian).
Bailey, R.G., 2009. Ecosystem Geography (Springer).
Etemad, V., 2006. Socio-Economic studies of watershed 46 and part of watershed 45 (University of Tehran) (In persian).
Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)., 2011. Phase 3 Field Guide- Vegetation Diversity and Structure, Version 5.1.American Forest Service, p27.
Naderi, G., Kaboli, M., Koren, T., Karami, M., Zupan, S., Rezaei, H. R., Krystufek, B., 2014. Mitochondrial evidence uncovers a refugium for the fat dormouse (Glis glis Linnaeus, 1766) in Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran. Mammalian Biology. Vol. 79, pp. 202–207.
Hammond, E.H., 1954. Small-scale continental landform maps. Annals Association of American Geographers, Vol. 44, pp. 33–42.
Neily, P.D., Quigley, E., Benjamin, L., Stewart, B., Duke, T., 2003. Ecological land classification for Nova Scotia, Volume 1 - Mapping Nova Scotia’s Terrestrial Ecosystems, Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Renewable Resources Branch, p75.
Koleff, P., Gaston, K.J., Lennon, J.J., 2003. Measuring beta diversity for presence-absence data. Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 72, pp.367-382.
Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M., 2014. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (Sage Publication s, Inc).
Grime, J. P., 1973. Competitive Exclusion in Herbaceous Vegetation. Nature, Vol. 242 (5396), pp. 344–347.
