Modeling of Beta Diversity along a Gradient of Disturbance and Environmental Factors in Hyrcanian Forests - Kheyrud Kenar, Nowshahr
Subject Areas :
Biodiversity
malihe erfani
1
,
Afshin Danehkar
2
,
Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny
3
,
Vahid Etemad
4
1 - Assistant Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran, *(Corresponding Author)
2 - Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
3 - Professor, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sci. & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
4 - Associate Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Received: 2016-03-02
Accepted : 2019-02-23
Published : 2021-03-21
Keywords:
Disturbance,
Modeling,
Species diversity,
environmental heterogeneity,
beta diversity,
Abstract :
Introduction: Knowledge of distribution patterns and maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity along environmental and disturbance gradients is essential to develop biodiversity conservation strategies. In this study, modeling of beta diversity construct was performed at Kheyrud forests of Noshahr.Material and Methods: Modeling of beta diversity was conducted using 7 indicators for disturbance construct, 4 indicators for environmental heterogeneity, 10 indicators for soil, and 5 indicators for land cover and crown percent construct. All species of vascular plants at 100 plots and 6 homogeneous zones were recorded along disturbance gradients in cluster sampling. Beta diversity indices were calculated for each cluster and with other indicators of constructs were entered in structural equation modeling.Results: Results showed that the remaining indicators in the model were able to explain the variation in beta diversity (R2= 0.761). The predictive relevance of the model for the beta diversity construct was very large (Q2= 0.422).Discussion and Conclusions: The most important disturbance indicators were area accessibility, number of management plans for harvest, reverse of the years since last harvest, number of grazing days per year and livestock density per hectare, respectively. Effective soil indicators for beta diversity were soil organic matter content, nitrogen and percentage of calcium carbonate of the soil, effective bulk density and soil potassium levels, respectively. Canopy cover and litter cover had negative influence on beta diversity. Environmental heterogeneity had a significant moderator role in reduction of disturbance influence on beta diversity. Because of the scale of disturbance and environmental heterogeneity, beta diversity is useful for comparing communities.
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_||_
Salmanmahiny, A., 2012. Fundamental of Environmental Protection (Dey Negar) (In persian).
Magurran, A.E., 2016. How ecosystems change. Science, Vol. 351, pp. 448- 449.
Pandolfi, J. M., Lovelock, C. E., 2014. Novelty Trumps Loss in Global Biodiversity. Science, Vol. 344, pp. 266-267.
Jurasinski, G., Retzer, V., Beierkuhnlein, C., 2009. Inventory, differentiation, and proportional diversity: a consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity. Oecologia, Vol. 159, pp. 15-26.
Sfenthourakis, S., Panitsa, M., 2012. From plots to islands: species diversity at different scales. Journal of Biogeography, Vol. 39, pp. 750–759.
Vellend, M., 2010. Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. Q. Rev. Biol., Vol. 85, pp. 183-206.
Anderson, M.J., Crist, T.O., Chase, J.M., Vellend, M., Inouye, B.D., et al. 2010. Navigating the multiple meanings of beta diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist. Ecology Letters, Vol. 14, pp. 19-28.
Zhang, Q., Hou, X., Li, F. Y., Niu, J., Zhou, Y., Ding, Y., 2014. Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity Differ in Response to Precipitation in the Inner Mongolia Grassland, Vol.9.
Lee, C.B., Chun, J.H., 2016. Environmental drivers of patterns of plant diversity along a wide environmental gradient in Korean temperate forests. Forests, Vol. 7, pp16.
Mirzaei, J., Akbarinia, M., Hosseini, S.M., Sohrabi, H., Hosseinzade, J., 2008. Biodiversity of herbaceous species in related to physiographic factors in forest ecosystems in central Zagros. Iranian Journal of Biology, Vol. 20, pp. 382-375 (In persian).
Shakeri, Z., Marvi-Mohadjer, M.R., Simberloff, D., Etemad, V., Assadi, M., Donath, T. W., Otte, A., Eckstein, R.L., 2012. Plant community composition and disturbance in Caspian Fagus orientalis forests: which are the main driving factors?. Phytocoenologia, Vol. 4, pp. 247- 263.
Arekhi, S., Heydari, M., Pourbabaei, H., 2010. Vegetation-environmental relationships and ecological species groups of the Ilam oak forest landscape, Iran. Caspian J. Env. Sci., Vol. 8, pp. 115-125.
Mirdavoodi, H.R., 2014. Effect of grazing and environmental factors on the structure of Brant`s oak stands of Zagros (Case study: Dalab Park, Ilam). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol. 22, pp. 461-472 (In persian).
Donath, T.W., Eckstein, R.L., 2008. Grass and oak litter exert different effects on seedling emergence of herbaceous perennials from grasslands and woodlands. Journal of ecology, Vol. 96, pp. 272-280.
Rodríguez-Calcerrada, J., Mutke, S., Alonso, J., Gil, L., Pardos, J.A., Aranda, I., 2008.Influence of overstory density on understory light, soil moisture, and survival of two underplanted oak species in a Mediterranean montane Scots pine forest. Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For., Vol. 17, pp. 31-38.
Royo, A.A., Collins, R., Adams, M.B., Kirschbaum, C., Carson, W.W. 2010. Pervasive interactions between ungulate browsers and disturbance regimes promote temperate forest herbaceous diversity. Ecology, Vol. 91, pp. 93- 105.
Biaou, S.H., Sterck, I.F.J., Holmgren, M., Tree recruitment in West African dry woodlands. The interactive effects of climate, soil, fire and grazing. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, 2009;182 p.
Castleberry, S.B., Ford, W.M., Miller, K.V., Smith, W.P., 2000. Influences of herbivory and canopy opening size on forest regeneration in a southern bottomland hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 131, pp. 57-64.
Bouahim, S., Rhazi, L., Amami, B., Sahib, N., Rhazi, M., Waterkeyn, A., Zouahri, A., Mesleard, F., Muller, S.D., Grillas, P., 2010. Impact of grazing on the species richness of plant communities in Mediterranean temporary pools (western Morocco). Comptes Rendus Biologies, Vol.333, pp. 670-679.
Baniya, C.B., Solhoy, T., Gauslaa, Y., Palmer, M.W. 2012. Richness and Composition of Vascular Plants and Cryptogams along a High Elevational Gradient on Buddha Mountain, Central Tibet. Folia Geobotanica, Vol. 47, pp. 135-151.
Burke, D.M., Elliott, K.A. Holmes, S.B., Bradley, D., 2008. The effects of partial harvest on the understory vegetation of southern Ontario woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management. Vol. 255, pp. 2204-2212.
Heinrichs, S., W. Schmidt. 2009. Short-term effects of selection and clear cutting on the shrub and herb layer vegetation during the conversion of even-aged Norway spruce stands into mixed stands. Forest Ecology and Management. Vol. 258, pp. 667–678.
Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., 2012. Silviculture. (University of Tehran Press) (In persian).
Sarmadiyan, M., Jafari, M., 2001. Investigation on forest soil at educational and research forest of Faculty of Natural Resources of the University of Tehran (Kheyrud Kenar- Nowshahr). Journal of natural resources, p112 (In persian).
Bailey, R.G., 2009. Ecosystem Geography (Springer).
Etemad, V., 2006. Socio-Economic studies of watershed 46 and part of watershed 45 (University of Tehran) (In persian).
Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)., 2011. Phase 3 Field Guide- Vegetation Diversity and Structure, Version 5.1.American Forest Service, p27.
Naderi, G., Kaboli, M., Koren, T., Karami, M., Zupan, S., Rezaei, H. R., Krystufek, B., 2014. Mitochondrial evidence uncovers a refugium for the fat dormouse (Glis glis Linnaeus, 1766) in Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran. Mammalian Biology. Vol. 79, pp. 202–207.
Hammond, E.H., 1954. Small-scale continental landform maps. Annals Association of American Geographers, Vol. 44, pp. 33–42.
Neily, P.D., Quigley, E., Benjamin, L., Stewart, B., Duke, T., 2003. Ecological land classification for Nova Scotia, Volume 1 - Mapping Nova Scotia’s Terrestrial Ecosystems, Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Renewable Resources Branch, p75.
Koleff, P., Gaston, K.J., Lennon, J.J., 2003. Measuring beta diversity for presence-absence data. Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 72, pp.367-382.
Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M., 2014. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (Sage Publication s, Inc).
Grime, J. P., 1973. Competitive Exclusion in Herbaceous Vegetation. Nature, Vol. 242 (5396), pp. 344–347.
