برآورد مخارج اجتناب از آلودگی آب (مورد مطالعه شهر اهواز)
محورهای موضوعی :
اقتصاد محیط زیست
امیرحسین منتظرحجت
1
,
محمد محبی
2
1 - دانشیار گروه اقتصاد، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استادیار گروه اقتصاد و حسابداری، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1402/02/19
تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/03/30
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/06/01
کلید واژه:
تمایل به پرداخت,
ریسک ادراکی,
آلودگی آب لوله‌کشی,
آب معدنی,
رفتار اجتناب خالص و ناخالص,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: سلامتی یکی از موضوعاتی است که برای تمامی افراد جامعه دارای اهمیت است. افراد همواره تلاش می‌کنند خود را از آثار زیان بار آلودگی مصون بدارند و به این دلیل دست به رفتار اجتناب می‌زنند. مطالعه حاضر کوشیده است مخارج اجتناب خالص از آلودگی آب آشامیدنی را برای شهروندان اهواز برآورد نماید.
روش بررسی: به منظور پاسخ به پرسش‌های تحقیق یک مدل لاجیت چند جمله‌ای برآورد شد که در آن معیار کیفیت آب (رنگ، بو و مزه) در مدل وارد شد تا مطلوبیت مستقیم و مطلوبیت حاصل از حفظ سلامتی به طور همزمان در نظر گرفته شوند. در این مطالعه رفتار اجتناب شامل خرید بطری‌های آب معدنی، گالن‌های آب تصفیه شده بازاری و نصب دستگاه تصفیه خانگی در نظر گرفته شد و ویژگی‌های اقتصادی-اجتماعی پاسخ‌دهندگان نیز در مدل کنترل شدند. اطلاع از وضع جاری یا تجربه قبلی فرد از آلودگی آب لوله نیز به عنوان متغیر ریسک ادراکی در مدل وارد شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که تمایل به پرداخت افراد برای آب‌های جایگزین آب لوله به ترتیب برابر 1350، 1105 و 382 هزار ریال برای بطری‌های آب معدنی، گالن‌های آب تصفیه شده بازاری و تصفیه آب در خانه است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که مخارج صرف شده برای آب معدنی و تصفیه شده خانگی مخارج اجتناب را بیش از حد برآورد می‌کنند. اعداد بدست آمده برای مخارج اجتناب خالص سالانه به‌ترتیب برابر 1890، 1548 و 534 میلیارد ریال برای آب معدنی، آب تصفیه شده بازاری و خانگی است. از مجموع این سه عدد، مخارج اجتناب خالص کل برابر 3972 میلیارد ریال بدست آمد که نشان دهنده تحمیل هزینه‌ای بسیار سنگین بر دوش شهروندان اهواز است. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: عدد بدست آمده می‌تواند به عنوان مبنایی در تحلیل هزینه-فایده طرح‌های بهسازی تصفیه خانه‌های شهر اهواز و نیز پرداخت یارانه‌های زیست‌محیطی استفاده شود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Health is one of the issues with a great significance for all members of a society. People always try to protect themselves from harmful effects of pollution; hence, the averting behavior on their part. The present study has tried to estimate the net potable water pollution averting expenditures for citizens of Ahvaz.
Material and Methodology: A multinomial logit model was estimated where the water quality parameters (color, odor and taste) were introduced in order to account for both direct desirability and health retention-induced desirability at the same time. In this study, averting behaviors included buying mineral water bottles, commercial treated water containers, and mounting a domestic water treatment system. The respondents’ socioeconomic features were controlled. Awareness of the status quo or a person’s prior experience with tap water pollution was introduced as the perceived risk variable.
Findings: The results showed that the individuals’ willingness to [pay for tap water replacements were 1350, 1105, and 382 thousand Rials for mineral water, commercial treated water containers, and home water treatment systems, respectively. Additionally, it was found that expenses made for mineral and home- treated waters overestimated the averting costs. Figures obtained for annual net averting expenditures were 1890, 1548, and 534 billion Rials for mineral water, commercial treated water, and home- treated water, respectively. Summing up those three figures, the overall net averting expenditures were 3972 billion Rials which indicated the imposition of a huge cost on the society.
Discussion and Conclusion: The obtained figure can be used as a basis in cost-benefit analysis of water treatment plant improvement projects in Ahvaz, as well as payment of environmental subsidies.
منابع و مأخذ:
Courant, P.N., Porter, R.C., 1981. Averting Expenditure and the Cost of Pollution." Environmental Economics and Management. Vol. 8, pp. 321-29.
Abdalla, C.W., Roach, B.A., Epp, D.J., 1992. Valuing Environmental Quality Changes Using Avert-ing Expenditures: An Application to Ground-water Contamination. Land Economics. Vol. 68, pp. 163-169.
Abrahams, N.A., Hubbell, B.J., Jordan, J.L., 2000. Joint production and averting expenditure measures of willingness to pay: Do water expenditures really measure avoidance costs? American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 82, pp. 427-437.
Tanellari, E., 2015. Essays on the Economics of Drinking Water Quality and Infrastructure. PhD Dissertation at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Bontemps, C., Nauges, C., 2015. The impact of perceptions in averting-decision models: An application of the special regressors method to drinking water choices. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 98, pp. 297-313.
Radelyuk, I., Tussupova, K., Persson, M., Kulshat, Z., Yelubay, M., 2022. Assessment of Groundwater Safety Surrounding Countaminated Water Storage Sites Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Heckman Selection Model: A case study of Kazakhstan.
Seyedan, M., Dadras, A., Jafari, A.M., Badie, H., 2022. Appling Heckman Model for Economic Valuation of Drinking Water in Hamadan Province. Irrigastion Sciences and Engineering. Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 1-14.
Montazer-Hojat, A.H., Anvari, E., 2016. Risk Measurement and Application of Hackman's Choice Model for Avoidance of Water Pollution: A Case Study of Abadan City. Environmental Management. Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 1-11.
Dickie, M., Gerking, S., 1996. Formation of Risk Beliefs, Joint Production and Willingness to Pay to Avoid Skin Cancer. The Review Economics and Statistics. Vol. 78, pp. 451-63.
Hanemann, W.M., 1984. Discrete-Continuous Models of Consumer Demand. Econometrica. Vol. 52, pp. 541-61.
Greene, W.H. 1990. Econometric Analysis. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
Luzar, E.J., Cosse, K.J., 1998. Willingness to Pay or Intention to Pay: The Attitude-Behavior. This content downloaded from 130.126.162.126 on 2017.
Kwak, S.-J., J. Lee, Russell, C.S., 1997. Dealing with Censored Data from Contingent Valuation Surveys: Symmetrically-Trimmed Least Squares Estimation. Southern Economic Journal. 63, pp. 743-50.
Wooldridge, J., 2013. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach 5th. Southe-Western, USA.
Luoh, M. Stafford, F., 2007. Estimating Risk Tolerance from the 1996 PSID. Available online at: http://psidonline.isr.umich.edu/Data/Documentation/Cbks/Support.html.
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Courant, P.N., Porter, R.C., 1981. Averting Expenditure and the Cost of Pollution." Environmental Economics and Management. Vol. 8, pp. 321-29.
Abdalla, C.W., Roach, B.A., Epp, D.J., 1992. Valuing Environmental Quality Changes Using Avert-ing Expenditures: An Application to Ground-water Contamination. Land Economics. Vol. 68, pp. 163-169.
Abrahams, N.A., Hubbell, B.J., Jordan, J.L., 2000. Joint production and averting expenditure measures of willingness to pay: Do water expenditures really measure avoidance costs? American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 82, pp. 427-437.
Tanellari, E., 2015. Essays on the Economics of Drinking Water Quality and Infrastructure. PhD Dissertation at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Bontemps, C., Nauges, C., 2015. The impact of perceptions in averting-decision models: An application of the special regressors method to drinking water choices. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 98, pp. 297-313.
Radelyuk, I., Tussupova, K., Persson, M., Kulshat, Z., Yelubay, M., 2022. Assessment of Groundwater Safety Surrounding Countaminated Water Storage Sites Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Heckman Selection Model: A case study of Kazakhstan.
Seyedan, M., Dadras, A., Jafari, A.M., Badie, H., 2022. Appling Heckman Model for Economic Valuation of Drinking Water in Hamadan Province. Irrigastion Sciences and Engineering. Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 1-14.
Montazer-Hojat, A.H., Anvari, E., 2016. Risk Measurement and Application of Hackman's Choice Model for Avoidance of Water Pollution: A Case Study of Abadan City. Environmental Management. Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 1-11.
Dickie, M., Gerking, S., 1996. Formation of Risk Beliefs, Joint Production and Willingness to Pay to Avoid Skin Cancer. The Review Economics and Statistics. Vol. 78, pp. 451-63.
Hanemann, W.M., 1984. Discrete-Continuous Models of Consumer Demand. Econometrica. Vol. 52, pp. 541-61.
Greene, W.H. 1990. Econometric Analysis. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
Luzar, E.J., Cosse, K.J., 1998. Willingness to Pay or Intention to Pay: The Attitude-Behavior. This content downloaded from 130.126.162.126 on 2017.
Kwak, S.-J., J. Lee, Russell, C.S., 1997. Dealing with Censored Data from Contingent Valuation Surveys: Symmetrically-Trimmed Least Squares Estimation. Southern Economic Journal. 63, pp. 743-50.
Wooldridge, J., 2013. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach 5th. Southe-Western, USA.
Luoh, M. Stafford, F., 2007. Estimating Risk Tolerance from the 1996 PSID. Available online at: http://psidonline.isr.umich.edu/Data/Documentation/Cbks/Support.html.
