بررسی تاثیر باغ شفابخش بر سلامت روان بیماران با تاکید بر کاهش اضطراب
محورهای موضوعی : معماری و شهرسازی
سید ابوالفضل هاشمین
1
(
دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. *(مسؤول مکاتبات)
)
احمد کاظمی
2
(
کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران غرب، دانشکده هنر و معماری، تهران، ایران.
)
محمدرضا بمانیان
3
(
استاد دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.
)
کلید واژه: سلامت روان, کاهش اضطراب, رابطه انسان و طبیعت, باغ ایرانی, باغ شفابخش,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: ارتباط با طبیعت، ضروری ترین نیاز فطری آدمی می‌باشد. تحقیقات نشان می‌دهد که طبیعت و فضای سبز می‌تواند برکاهش فشار روانی و ارتقای سلامت روان موثر باشد. معماری منظر امروزه عناصر طبیعی را به گونه ای طراحی می‌کند که بر سلامت روان انسان و کاهش اضطراب تأثیر مثبت داشته باشد. در واقع باغ ها با پرورش دادن توان مقابله با اضطراب، سلامت روان را ارتقاء می‌دهند. هدف این پژوهش بررسی تاثیر منظر طبیعی (باغ) بر سلامت روان و نیز کاهش اضطراب و تامین نیاز فطری آدمی به تجربه ی محیط های طبیعی متنوع در جهت نیل به آرامش می‌باشد. روش بررسی: در پژوهش حاضر از ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات (مطالعات کتابخانه ای، اسناد و مدارک مرتبط) استفاده شده است و مؤلفه ها، اصول و الگوهای مرتبط با موضوع، مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار خواهد گرفت. یافته ها: نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که بکارگیری الگوی باغ ایرانی با کارکرد شفابخشی در مراکز درمانی در جهت سلامت روان و کاهش اضطراب لازم می‌باشد. در نتیجه می‌توان عوامل ذیل را به‌عنوان شاخص های یک باغ شفابخش در جهت سلامت روان انسان بیان نمود: عدم ابهام مادی در رابطه انسان و فضا، امکان انتخاب و ایجاد تعادل میان خلوت گزینی و تعامل، حواس پرت کن های مثبت، امکان فعالیت فیزیکی و ترغیب به آن، آب و القای حس آرامش. نتیجه گیری و بحث: در منابع داخلی تحقیقات زیادی با موضوع باغ های شفابخش و مناظر درمانی و تاثیرات آن بر انسان انجام گرفته است. اما در این نوشتار شاخصه هایی خاصه برای کاهش اضطراب و سلامت روان در این باغ ها استخراج گشته و مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است.
Context and purpose: connection with the nature is the most essential natural need of human. Researches show that nature and green space contribute to mental stress reduction and mental health improvement. Today, landscape architecture designs natural elements such that they would have positive effects on human mental condition and stress reduction. Actually, by developing ability to confronting stress, gardens improve mental views (garden) on human mental health and stress reduction and meeting the natural need of human to experience diverse natural environments of obtain peace. Research methodology: This research used information collection instruments (librarian studies, related documents) and component, principles and patterns related to the subject have been examined and analyzed. Findings: research result show that using Persian garden model by healing function in medical centers is useful and contributing to mental health and stress reduction. Thus, the following are characteristics of a healing garden for mental health: Lack of material opaqueness in relation between human and space, possibility of selection and making equilibrium between isolation and interaction positive distractions possibility of physical action and encouraging it water and inducing peace feeling. Conclusion and discussion: there are many researches on healing garden and Therapeutic landscape and its effects on human in internal literature while this study provides and examines characteristics specific for stress reduction and mental health in these gardens.
1. Mahmoudi, R., and Zarofchi, S. 2016. Influence of Iranian Garden Patterns on Landscaping of Public Hospitals. Second International Conference on Civil, Environmental Architecture and Urban Management., Dubai, United Arab Emirates. (in Persian)
2. Rezaei, S., and Hosseini, S.B. 2017. Healing Gardens in Medical Centers. Second International Conference on Architecture, Civilization and Urban Development at the Beginning of the Third Millennium. Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
3. Tajmidi, Z,. Hajian, A. and Ghafourian, B. 2017. The Healing Garden: Investigating the Therapeutic Effects of the Natural Environment on Children's Therapeutic Spaces. Fourth International Conference on Engineering and Humanities, Ukraine.
4. Mir Zendeh del, S.A., and Roshan, M. 2016. An Approach to the Impact of Landscape Architecture on Patients in Hospitals. International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Urban Infrastructure, Tabriz, Iran. (in Persian)
5. Fooladpour, H., and Shafiei, S. 2016. Recognizing the main features of healing gardens relying on the healing forces of nature. International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Urban Infrastructure, Tabriz, Iran. (in Persian)
6. Grutter, J. (Author), Pakzad, J., and Homayoun,A (Translator). 1997. Aesthetics in Architecture. Tehran: University of Tehran Publications.
7. Nasr, S.Hossein. (Author)., Rahmati. (Translator). 2006. Religion and the Order of Nature. Tehran: Ney Publication.
8. Nuremberg Schultz, C(Author)., Shirazi, M.R(Translator). 2009. The Spirit of Place: Towards Phenomenology of Architecture. Tehran: Publication Rokhdad.
9. Medghalchi, L., Ansari, M., Bemanian, M. 2014. Spirit of Place in Persian Garden. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar, 11(28): 25-38. (in Persian)
10. Mirfenderesky, M. 2002. Garden in the concept of garden. Journal of Haft Shahr 3: 4-10 (in Persian)
11. Mirfenderesky, M. 2005. What is an Iranian Garden? Where is the Iranian Garden?. The first Iranian Garden Conference, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
12. Paten, M., 1994. An analysis of the occuptional stress of theacher of the behaviorally disorders. Journal of Behavioral Desorders 17: 191-201.
13. Kozma, A., Stones, S., and Stones, M.J., 2000. Stability in components and predictors of subjectivewel– being (SWB): Implications for SWB struture.Journal of Advances in Quality of life Theory and Research 11:21-34
14. Khalil, D., Dari, P., and Hatami, M. 2010. Design and creation of healing gardens using native Iranian medicinal plants. The first Iranian National Botanical Garden Conference, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
15. Williams, A., 1999. Therapeutic Landscapes: TheDynamic Between Place and Wellness. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
16. Velarde, M., Fry, G. & Tveit, M., 2007. Health effects of viewing landscapes – Landscape types in environmental psychology . journal of Urban Forestry & Urban greening 6: 199-212.
17. Laws, J., 2009. Reworking therapeutic landscapes: The spatiality of an alternative self-help gurop. Journal of Social Science & Medicine: 1827-1833.
18. Nikbakht, A. 2005. Medicine in Landscape Architecture: Healing Gardens. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar 1(2): 79-82. (in Persian)
19. Naderi, J. and Raman, B., (2005). Capturing impressions of pedestrian landscapes used for healing purposes with decision tree learning]. journal of Landscape and Urban Planning. 73: 155-166.
20. Neynavai, ZH (2005). Treating depression and psychological weaknesses. Third edition, Tehran: Speech publication.
21. nili, R., nili, R., and Soltanzadeh, H. 2013. Studying the Application of Healing Landscapes in Persian Gardens. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar 9(23): 65-74 (in Persian)
22. Nili,R Nili, R., and Aminzadeh, B. 2014. The Healing Potential of Garden Landscapes at Qajar Era’s. journal of Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development 6(11): 167-180. (in Persian)
23. Mardomi, K., Mirhashemin, S., and Hasanpour, K.2015. Persian Garden as Healing Garden An Approach with Islamic Influences. Journal of Iran University of Science & Technology 2 (4) :49-63. (in Persian)
24. Abdollahi, R., Aminzadeh, B., Shahcheragh, A., et al. 2015. Developing the components of the healing garden design in Iran and application in the designe of urban open space. Journal of Urban Management 39: 317- 345. (in Persian)
25. Saeidian, N., Memarzia, K., Kazem, S. M H. et al . 2016. Comparative Study of Persian Garden Land-scape Pattern Versus Four Kinds of Therapeutic Gardens. Journal of Urban Landscape Research.2(4): 81-92. (in Persian)
26. Kaplan, S., 1992. The restorative environment : nature and human experience , Role of Horticulture in Human Well-being and Social Development. A National Symposium .Timber Press, Portland, OR, USA.
27. Kaplan, S.Berman , M . G., 2010. Directed attention as a common resource for executive function in gandself-regulation .Perspect. Psychol 5: 43–57.
28. Ulrich, R. S.,1999. Effects of gardens on health outcomes : theory and research. In: Marcus ,C.C .Barnes , M. (Eds.) , Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations. Wiley In: Marcus ,C.C. Barnes,M. (Eds.), Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations.Wiley.
29. Szczygiel,B, Hewitt, R ., 2000. Nineteenth-century medical landscape. John H. Rauch, Fredrick Law Olmsted, and the search for salubrity. Bull Hist 74: 708-734.
30. Shahcheraghi, A., 2012. Analysis of Environmental Perception Process of Iranian Garden Based on Theory Ecological Psychology. Journal of Hoviatshahr3(5): 71-85.(in Persian)
31. Motloch, J.L. (1990). Introduction to Landscape Design.Tehran:Deputy of Education and Research of Tehran parks and Green Space Organization.
32. Naima, Gholam Reza. (2011). Iranian Gardens. tehran: payam
33. Bemanian, M., taghvai, A., Sharif -Shahidi, M., 2009. An Investigation of Cultural-Environmental Foundations in the Physical Elements of Iranian Gardens. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology; 10(1): 103-112. (in Persian)
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1. Mahmoudi, R., and Zarofchi, S. 2016. Influence of Iranian Garden Patterns on Landscaping of Public Hospitals. Second International Conference on Civil, Environmental Architecture and Urban Management., Dubai, United Arab Emirates. (in Persian)
2. Rezaei, S., and Hosseini, S.B. 2017. Healing Gardens in Medical Centers. Second International Conference on Architecture, Civilization and Urban Development at the Beginning of the Third Millennium. Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
3. Tajmidi, Z,. Hajian, A. and Ghafourian, B. 2017. The Healing Garden: Investigating the Therapeutic Effects of the Natural Environment on Children's Therapeutic Spaces. Fourth International Conference on Engineering and Humanities, Ukraine.
4. Mir Zendeh del, S.A., and Roshan, M. 2016. An Approach to the Impact of Landscape Architecture on Patients in Hospitals. International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Urban Infrastructure, Tabriz, Iran. (in Persian)
5. Fooladpour, H., and Shafiei, S. 2016. Recognizing the main features of healing gardens relying on the healing forces of nature. International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Urban Infrastructure, Tabriz, Iran. (in Persian)
6. Grutter, J. (Author), Pakzad, J., and Homayoun,A (Translator). 1997. Aesthetics in Architecture. Tehran: University of Tehran Publications.
7. Nasr, S.Hossein. (Author)., Rahmati. (Translator). 2006. Religion and the Order of Nature. Tehran: Ney Publication.
8. Nuremberg Schultz, C(Author)., Shirazi, M.R(Translator). 2009. The Spirit of Place: Towards Phenomenology of Architecture. Tehran: Publication Rokhdad.
9. Medghalchi, L., Ansari, M., Bemanian, M. 2014. Spirit of Place in Persian Garden. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar, 11(28): 25-38. (in Persian)
10. Mirfenderesky, M. 2002. Garden in the concept of garden. Journal of Haft Shahr 3: 4-10 (in Persian)
11. Mirfenderesky, M. 2005. What is an Iranian Garden? Where is the Iranian Garden?. The first Iranian Garden Conference, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
12. Paten, M., 1994. An analysis of the occuptional stress of theacher of the behaviorally disorders. Journal of Behavioral Desorders 17: 191-201.
13. Kozma, A., Stones, S., and Stones, M.J., 2000. Stability in components and predictors of subjectivewel– being (SWB): Implications for SWB struture.Journal of Advances in Quality of life Theory and Research 11:21-34
14. Khalil, D., Dari, P., and Hatami, M. 2010. Design and creation of healing gardens using native Iranian medicinal plants. The first Iranian National Botanical Garden Conference, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
15. Williams, A., 1999. Therapeutic Landscapes: TheDynamic Between Place and Wellness. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
16. Velarde, M., Fry, G. & Tveit, M., 2007. Health effects of viewing landscapes – Landscape types in environmental psychology . journal of Urban Forestry & Urban greening 6: 199-212.
17. Laws, J., 2009. Reworking therapeutic landscapes: The spatiality of an alternative self-help gurop. Journal of Social Science & Medicine: 1827-1833.
18. Nikbakht, A. 2005. Medicine in Landscape Architecture: Healing Gardens. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar 1(2): 79-82. (in Persian)
19. Naderi, J. and Raman, B., (2005). Capturing impressions of pedestrian landscapes used for healing purposes with decision tree learning]. journal of Landscape and Urban Planning. 73: 155-166.
20. Neynavai, ZH (2005). Treating depression and psychological weaknesses. Third edition, Tehran: Speech publication.
21. nili, R., nili, R., and Soltanzadeh, H. 2013. Studying the Application of Healing Landscapes in Persian Gardens. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar 9(23): 65-74 (in Persian)
22. Nili,R Nili, R., and Aminzadeh, B. 2014. The Healing Potential of Garden Landscapes at Qajar Era’s. journal of Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development 6(11): 167-180. (in Persian)
23. Mardomi, K., Mirhashemin, S., and Hasanpour, K.2015. Persian Garden as Healing Garden An Approach with Islamic Influences. Journal of Iran University of Science & Technology 2 (4) :49-63. (in Persian)
24. Abdollahi, R., Aminzadeh, B., Shahcheragh, A., et al. 2015. Developing the components of the healing garden design in Iran and application in the designe of urban open space. Journal of Urban Management 39: 317- 345. (in Persian)
25. Saeidian, N., Memarzia, K., Kazem, S. M H. et al . 2016. Comparative Study of Persian Garden Land-scape Pattern Versus Four Kinds of Therapeutic Gardens. Journal of Urban Landscape Research.2(4): 81-92. (in Persian)
26. Kaplan, S., 1992. The restorative environment : nature and human experience , Role of Horticulture in Human Well-being and Social Development. A National Symposium .Timber Press, Portland, OR, USA.
27. Kaplan, S.Berman , M . G., 2010. Directed attention as a common resource for executive function in gandself-regulation .Perspect. Psychol 5: 43–57.
28. Ulrich, R. S.,1999. Effects of gardens on health outcomes : theory and research. In: Marcus ,C.C .Barnes , M. (Eds.) , Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations. Wiley In: Marcus ,C.C. Barnes,M. (Eds.), Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations.Wiley.
29. Szczygiel,B, Hewitt, R ., 2000. Nineteenth-century medical landscape. John H. Rauch, Fredrick Law Olmsted, and the search for salubrity. Bull Hist 74: 708-734.
30. Shahcheraghi, A., 2012. Analysis of Environmental Perception Process of Iranian Garden Based on Theory Ecological Psychology. Journal of Hoviatshahr3(5): 71-85.(in Persian)
31. Motloch, J.L. (1990). Introduction to Landscape Design.Tehran:Deputy of Education and Research of Tehran parks and Green Space Organization.
32. Naima, Gholam Reza. (2011). Iranian Gardens. tehran: payam
33. Bemanian, M., taghvai, A., Sharif -Shahidi, M., 2009. An Investigation of Cultural-Environmental Foundations in the Physical Elements of Iranian Gardens. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology; 10(1): 103-112. (in Persian)
