An Investigation into Possible Sources and Health Risks of Phthalic Acid Esters in the Iranian Laminated Flexible Films
محورهای موضوعی : food microbiologyM. Mizani 1 , F. Rasouli Ghahroudi 2 , A. Zulfiqar 3 , A. R. Milaninejad 4 , H. Khanlarloo 5
1 - Associate Professor of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Ph. D. Graduated of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Factory Manager, Nestle Iran, Qazvin Factory, Iran.
4 - AG Specialist, Nestle Iran, Qazvin Factory, Iran.
5 - AG Manager, Nestle Iran, Qazvin Factory, Iran.
کلید واژه: Laminated Films, migration, Phthalates, Plasticizer, Printing Inks,
چکیده مقاله :
Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid, mainly used as plasticizer in polymeric packaging materials. The main objective of this research was to determine the exact roots of the phthalate esters in the Iranian flexible/laminated packaging films commercially used for food products such as ketchup, spaghetti, mayonnaise, black tea and snack foods. This investigation was carried out by analyzing the layer by layer constituents of the commercial packaging multi-layer films. Twenty samples have been provided by three different known Iranian companies and analyzed by GC/MS/SIM method. The possibility of film contamination passing through the processing line and the risk of transferring of the phthalate esters from printing inks during winding the printed film (set-off migration) have been also studied. Four different types of phthalate compounds were found in all of the film samples in the range of 1.58-120.99 ppm. No serious phthalate contamination source was distinguished in the film processing line and no set-off migration was observed. The results showed that the total amounts of phthalates in the printed films were higher than the specific migration limit regulatory established for this group of compounds and it may be concluded that the main origin for phthalate esters in the Iranian laminated flexible films are the printing inks.
Bang, D. Y., Kyung, M., Kim, M. J., Jung, B. Y., Cho, M. C., Choi, S. M., Kim, Y. W., Lim, S. K., Lim, D. S., Won, A. J., Kwack, S. J., Lee, Y. K., Kim, H. S. & Lee, B. M. (2012). Human Risk Assessment of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Derived from Plastic Food Containers. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 11, 453-470.
Borealis Group. (2016). Polypropylene products. Borealis’ Position on Phthalates in PP Catalysts. Vienna, Austria. www.borealisgroup.com.
Carlson, K. R. (2011). Final toxicity review for Diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP). Contract No. CPSC-D-06-0006, Task Order 012. United States Consumer Product Safety Commission Bethesda, MD 20814.
Castle, L., Mayo, A. & Gilbert, J. (1989). Migration of plasticizers from printing inks into foods. Journal Food Additives and Contaminant, 6, 437-443.
Chadwick, J. C. (2009). Polyolefins - catalyst and process innovations and their impact on polymer properties; Macromolecular Reaction Engineering, 3, 428–432.
Danello, M. A. (2010). Toxicity Review for Di-n-butyl Phthalate (Dibutyl Phthalate or DBP). United States Consumer Product Safety Commission 4330 East West Highway Bethesda, MD 20814.
Danello, M. A. (2010). Toxicity Review for Benzyl n-butyl Phthalate (Benzyl Butyl Phthalate or BBP). United States Consumer Product Safety Commission 4330 East West
Highway Bethesda, MD 20814.
Erickson, B. (2015). Pressure on plasticizers; CEN.ACS.ORG.
European Commission. (2013). Union Guidance on Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food as regards information in the supply chain. European commission; Health and Consumers Directorate-General Safety of the Food chains Innovation and Sustainability. Brussels. http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/chemical_safety/food_contact_materials/legislation/index_en.htm.
European Chemical Agency (ECHA), (2017a). Candidate list of substances of very high concern for Authorization. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
European Chemical Agency. (2017b). Authorization List, List of substances included in Annex XIV; https://echa.europa.eu/authorisation-list.
Jackson, R. A. Oldland, S. R. D. & Pajasczkowski, A. (1968). Diffusion of additives in polyolefins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 12, 1297-1309.
Limm, W. & Hollifield, H. C. (1996). Modelling of additive diffusion in polyolefins. Food Additives and Contaminants, 13, 949- 967.
Linskens, H. F. & Jackson, J. F. (1986). Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp: 104.
Mark, H. F. (2014). Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, 4th Ed. Vol. 3, Wiley, England, pp: 498.
Mohan, T. P., George, A. P. & Kanny, K. (2012). Combined Effect of Isophthalic Acid and Polyethylene Glycol in Polyethylene Terephthalate Polymer on Thermal, Mechanical, and Gas Transport Properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 126(2), 536-543.
Montuori, P., Jover, E., Morgantini, M., Bayona, J. M. & Triassi, M. (2008). Assessing human exposure to phthalic acid and phthalate esters from mineral water stored in polyethylene terephthalate and glass bottles. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 25(4), 511-518.
Mortier, R. M. & Orszulik, S. (1995). Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants; Springer.
Park, J. & Rhee, S. (2010). A Study of Hybrid Drying Process to Improve Drying Speed and Electrical Conductivity for Roll-to-Roll Printing. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 49.
Piergiovanni, L., Patrizia, F. & Alberto, S. (1999). Study of diffusion through LDPE film of Di-n-butyl phthalate. Food Additives and Contaminants, 16 (8), 353 -359.
Shamiri, A., Chakrabarti, M. H., Shah, J., Mohd, A. H., Kaminsky, W., Purushothaman, V. A. & Wageeh, A. Y. (2014). The influence of Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene catalysts on polyolefin structure, properties, and processing ability. Materials, 7, 5069-5108.
Siegwerk. (2015). Know how: Printing inks for Food Packaging, Worldwide Regulations. https://www.siegwerk.com.
TCGR. (2017). Polyolefin Catalysts and Processes: Technological and Commercial Impacts on PE and PP 2015-2025; Study presentation; The Catalyst Group Resources; http://www.catalystgrp.com
Transparency Market Research. (2017). Plasticizers Market (Product - Phthalates, Non-phthalates, Aliphates, and Polymeric; Application - Wires & Cables, Floor Walls & Coverings, Consumer Goods, and Films & Sheets) - Global Industry Analysis Size Share Growth Trends and Forecast 2016 – 2024. https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/global-plasticizers-market.html.
Wypych, A. (2013). Plasticizers Data book. Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment: The Tasks Ahead; Phthalate esters. ChemTech Publishing. Toronto, Canada.
Zhang, X. & Chen, Z. (2014). Observing phthalate leaching from plasticized polymer films at the molecular level. Langmuir, 30, 4933−4944.
