بررسی جذب و تجمع کادمیوم در نهال‌های سه‌ماهه آکاسیا ویکتوریا (Acacia victoriae)
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت آب در مزرعه با هدف بهبود شاخص های مدیریتی آبیاری
خدیجه خرمن دار
1
,
علی مهدوی
2
1 - کارشناس ارشد بیابان زدایی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران
2 - دانشیارگروه منابع طبیعی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران
کلید واژه: زی‌توده, شاخص جذب, کادمیوم, تثبیت گیاهی, آلودگی خاک,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه آلودگی محیط به فلزات سنگین در نتیجه فعالیت‌های بشر به‌عنوان یکی از چالش‌های مهم در ارتباط با حفاظت منابع آب و خاک است. گیاه پالایی روشی است که در آن از گیاهان برای جذب آلاینده‌ها استفاده شده و می‌تواند به‌طور بالقوه برای احیای آب‌ها و خاک‌های آلوده به‌فلزات سنگین به‌کار رود. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی توانایی نهال‌های سه‌ماهه آکاسیا ویکتوریا ((Acacia victoriae در تجمع کادمیوم در اندام‌های خود (شاخساره و ریشه)، انتقال آن از بخش ریشه به‌شاخساره و درک اثر تجمع کادمیوم در برخی از صفت‌های مورفولوژی این‌گونه اجرا گردید. برای این منظور 12 نهال سه‌ماهه آکاسیا ویکتوریا((Acacia victoriae در چهار غلظت (0، 10، 50، 100 میلی‌گرم برلیتر) کادمیومبرای یک‌‌دوره 45 روزه در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 3 تکرار در نظرگرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش جذب کادمیوم ارتفاع، زی‌توده و مقاومت گیاه در مقایسه بانمونه‌های شاهد به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافتند و علائم سمیت کادمیوم درغلظت بالا به‌صورت کلروز، نکروز و کاهش تعداد برگ‌ها، کاهش انشعابات و تغییر رنگ ریشهها قابل‌‌‌ملاحظه بود. همچنین تجمع کادمیوم در ریشه و اندام‌های هوایی گیاه با افزایش غلظت کادمیوم افزایش یافتندو میزان تجمع کادمیوم در بافت ریشه نسبت به‌اندام‌های‌‌هوایی درهمه تیمارها بیشتر بود. به‌‌طوری که در ریشه، ساقه و برگ‌های این‌گونه به‌ترتیب، بیش‌‌‌‌‌از 72 درصد (33/19433 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم)، کمتر از 17 درصد (4630 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم) و کمتر از 11 درصد (33/2853 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم) کادمیوم، درغلظت 100میلی‌گرم بر لیترتجمع یافتند. ضریب تجمع زیستی ریشه و ساقه،فاکتور انتقال، ضریب غنی‌‌‌‌‌سازی و شاخص جذب نیز به‌ترتیب9/184، 20/71، 39/0، 014/0، 73/7697 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم در بالاترین غلظت تخمین زده شد. در واقع Acacia victoriaeبا تجمع کادمیوم در ریشهها این توانایی را دارد که از انتقال این فلز به‌بخش‌های هوایی و بروز سمیت درگیاه جلوگیری کند. بنابراین می‌توان از این‌گونه بیابانی به‌منظور پالایش خاک‌های آلوده به‌کادمیوم، به‌روش تثبیت گیاهی بهره برد.
As a result of human activities, metal pollution has become one of the most important challenges in soil and water conservation area today. Phytoremediation utilizes plants to uptake contaminants and can potentially be used to remediate metal contaminated soils and waters. This study was carried out with the aim of assessing the ability of Acacia victoriae three months old seedlings in the accumulation of cadmium in their parts (stem and root), transfer it from the roots to the stems and to understand the effect of Cd accumulation on some morphology attributes of the plant. For this purpose, 12 seedlings of A.victoriae three months old seedlings were exposed to Cd in 4 different concentrations: 0, 10, 50 and 100 (mg/l) for period 45 days in completely randomized design with 3 replicates per treatment were considered. The results showed significantly reduction of height, biomass and resistance were observed, compared to the control plants and also symptoms of toxicity in the leafs which become thin, yellow and with brwon spots in high concentrations of Cd were notably. Also Cd accumulation in roots and aerial parts increasing trend with increasing Cd supply up to 100 (mg/l) and root tissue concentration regards to Cd concentration was higher than stem tissues concentration at all treatments. Cdwere accumulated in the roots, stems and leafs of seedlings, more than 72% (19433.33 mg/kg), under 17% (4630 mg/kg) and under 11% (2853.33 mg/kg) exposed to 100 (mg/l), respectively. Bioconcentration Coefficient root and stem, Translocation Factors, Enrich Coefficient and Uptake Index were determined 184.9, 71.20, 0.39, 0.014, 7697.73 mg/kg in high concentrations of Cd, respectively. Indeed, the results confirmed that A.victoriae had the ability to accumulate Cd in the roots so that prevented Cd toxicity symptom. Generally, this desert plant can be used in the process of remediation of Cd soil polluted by way of phytostabilization.
خرمن‌دار، خ. 1392. بررسی پتانسیل جذب آلاینده سرب توسط درختچه بیابانی آکاسیا (Acacia victoriae). پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد بیابان‌زدایی. دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. دانشگاه ایلام. 105ص.
Abraham, K., Ramesh, P. and Damodharam, T. 2015. Effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on biochemical contents of Arachis hypogaea. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4 (11): 52-69.
Ali, H., Naseer, M. and Anwar-Sajad, M. 2012. Phytoremediation of heavy metals by Trifolium alexandrinum. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2 (3): 1459-1469.
Al-Khateeb, W. and Al-Qwasemeh, H. 2014. Cadmium, copper and zinc toxicity effects on growth, proline content and genetic stability of Solanum nigrum L., a crop wild relative for Tomato, comparative study. Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 20 (1): 31–39.
Amira, M.S. and Qados, A. 2015. Phytoremediation of Pb and Cd by native tree species grown in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Indian Journal of Sciences Research and Technology, 3 (1): 22-34.
Ano, A.O., Eke-Okoro, O.N. and Egesi, C.N. 2013. Heavy metals (Cd, Ni and Pb) pollution effects on Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 5 (10): 640-646.
Asgher, M., Khan, M.I.R., Iqbal, N., Masood, A. and Khan, N.A. 2013. Cadmium tolerance in Mustard cultivars: dependence on proline accumulation and nitrogen assimilation. Journal of Functional and Environmental Botany, 3 (1): 30-42.
Aslam, R., Ansari, M.Y.K., Choudhary, S., Bhat, T.M. and Jahan, N. 2014. Genotoxic effects of heavy metal cadmium on growth, biochemical, cyto-physiological parameters and detection of DNA polymorphism by RAPD in Capsicum annuum L., an important spice crop of India. Saudi Journal of Biological Science, 21 (5): 465–472.
Auda, M.A. and Ali, E.E.S. 2010. Cadmium and zinc toxicity effects on growth and mineral nutrients of Carrot (Daucus Carota). Pakistan Journal of Botaniy, 42 (1): 341-351.
Chen, X., Wang, J., Shi, Y., Zhao, M.Q. and Chi, G.Y. 2011. Effects of cadmium on growth and photosynthetic activities in Pakchoi and Mustard. Botanical Studies, 52: 41–46.
Dai, H.P., Wei, A.Z., Yang, T.X., Gu, T.Q., Zhao, H., Wu, S.Q., Chen, W.Q. and Huo, K.K. 2013. Cadmium uptake, localization and detoxification in Populus×canescens. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 11 (1): 875-877.
El-Kafafi, E.S. and Rizk, A.M. 2013. Effects of cadmium and combined cadmium-zinc concentrations on rooting and nutrient uptake of Cowpea seedlings grown in hydroponic. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 13 (8): 1050-1056.
Erdem, H., Kmay, A., Ozturk, M. and Tutus, Y. 2012. Effect of cadmium stress on growth and mineral composition of two Tobacco cultivars. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 10 (1): 965-969.
Faizan, S., Kauser, S. and Parveen, R. 2011. Varietal differences for cadmium-induced seedling mortality, foliar toxicity symptoms, plant growth, proline and nitrate reductase activity in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Biology and Medicine, 3 (2): 196-206.
Ghani, A. 2010. Effect of cadmium toxicity on the growth and yield components of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. World Applied Sciences Journal, 8: 26–29.
Gonzalez, A., Chumillas, V. and Lobo, M.C. 2012. Effect of Zn, Cd and Cr on growth, water status and chlorophyll content of Barley plants (H. vulgare L.). Agricultural Sciences, 4 (3): 572-581.
Gubrelay, U., Agnihotri, R.K., Singh, G., Kaur, R. and Sharma, R. 2013. Effect of heavy metal Cd on some physiological and biochemical parameters of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5 (22): 2743-2751.
Gupta, S. and Chakrabarti, S.K. 2013. Effect of heavy metals on different anatomical structures of Bruguiera sexangula. International Journal of Bioresource and Stress Management, 4 (4): 605-609.
Hancock, M.S.L., Charlotte, E.L., Charneskie, R. and Ruane, G.L. 2012. Effects of cadmium and mycorrhizal fungi on growth, fitness and cadmium accumulation in Flax (Linum Usitatissimum Linaceae). American Journal of Botany, 99 (9): 1445–1452.
Hayat, S., Hasan, S.A. and Ahmad, A. 2011. Growth, nitrate reductase activity and antioxidant system in cadmium stressed Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe Environnement, 15 (3): 401-414.
Hediji, H., Djebali, W., Cabasson, C., Maucourt, M., Baldet, P., Pertrand, A., Zoghlami, L.B., Deborde, C., Moing, A., Brouquisse, R., Chaibi, W. and Gallusci, P. 2010. Effects of long-term cadmium exposure on growth and metabolomic profile of Tomato plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe, 73: 1965–1974.
Hu, J., Deng, Z., Wang, B., Zhi, Y., Pei, B., Zhang, G., Luo, M., Huang, B., Wu, W. and Huang, B. 2015. Influence of heavy metals on seed germination and early seedling growth in Crambe abyssinica, a potential industrial oil crop for phytoremediation. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6: 150-156.
Hussain, I., Iqbal, M., Qurat-Ul-Ain, S., Rasheed, R., Mahmood, S., Perveen, A. and Wahid, A. 2012. Cadmium dose and exposure time dependent alterations in growth and physiology of Maize (Zea mays). International Journal of Agiculture and Biology, 14 (6): 959–964.
Kaswan, M. and Kidwai, M.K. 2016. Effects of heavy metals on morphological and physicochemical properties of Mustard- A invitro study. IJCBS Research Paper, 2 (11): 1-4.
Kherbani, N., Abdi, N. and Lounici, H. 2015. Effect of cadmium and zinc on growing Barley. Journal of Environmental Protection, 6: 160-172.
Mahdavi, A. and Khermandar, Kh. 2015. Differential expression of zinc accumulation during two growing seasons of Acacia victoriae. Journal of Forestry Research, 26 (3): 663-671.
Mahdavi, A., Khermandar, Kh., Ahmady-Asbchin, S. and Tabaraki, R. 2014. Lead accumulation potential in Acacia victoriae. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 16 (4): 582–592.
Memon, A.R., Aktoprakligil, D., Ozdemir, A. and Vertll, A. 2009. Heavy metal accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in plants. Turkish Journal of Botaniy, 25: 111-121.
Mittal, N., Srivastava, A.K. and Bhupendra, K. 2014. Accumulation of heavy metals (cadmium and hexavalent chromium) in accessions of Hordeum vulgare. Journal of Environmental ScienceToxicology and Food Technology, 8 (5): 79-82.
Mondal, N.K., Das, C., Roy, S., Datta, J. and Banerjee, A. 2013. Effect of varying cadmium stress on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings: An ultrastructural study. Annals of Environmental Science, 7: 59-70.
Moreira, H., Marques, A.P.G.C., Rangel, A.O.S.S. and Castro, P.M.L. 2011. Heavy metal accumulation in plant species indigenous to a contaminated Portuguese site: prospects for Phytoremediation. Water Air Soil Pollution, 221 (14): 377–389.
Nagaraju, M., Anil Kumar, S. and Manohar Rao, D. 2015. Constitutive effects of distinct heavy metals (Cd, Pb and As) on seed germination and physiological characters of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). International Journal of Advanced Research, 3 (8): 959 – 970.
Naz, A., Khan, S., Muhammad, S., Khalid, S., Alam, S., Siddique, S., Ahmed, T. and Scholz, M. 2015. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in a controlled environment. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 12: 7400-7416.
Naz, A., Khan, S., Qasim, M., Khalid, S., Muhammad, S. and Tariq, M. 2013. Metals toxicity and its bioaccum-ulation in purslane seedlings grown in controlled environment. Natural Science, 5 (5): 573-579.
Nazar, R., Iqbal, N., Masood, A., Khan, M.I.R., Syeed, S. and Khan, N.A. 2012. Cadmium toxicity in plants and role of mineral nutrients in its alleviation. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3: 1476-1489.
Rivelli, A.R., Maria, S.D., Puschenreiter, M. and Gherbin, P. 2012. Accumulation of cadmium, zinc and copper by Helianthus annuus L.: impact on plant growth and uptake of nutritional elements. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 14 (4): 320–334.
Subin, M.P. and Francis, S. 2013. Phytotoxic effects of cadmium on seed germination, Early seedling growth and antioxidant enzyme activities in Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2 (9): 40-47.
Tito, G.A., Chaves, L.H.G., Fernandes, J.D., Monteiro, D.R. and Vasconcelos, A.C.F. 2014. Effect of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium in the growth of Crambe. Agricultural Sciences, 5: 975-983.
Umadevi, M. and Avudainayagam, S. 2013. Effect of cadmium and chromium on fast growing pulp wood tree species. International Journal of Biosciences, 3 (10): 92-104.
Wang, Y., Yan, A., Dai, J., Wang, N.N. and Wu, D. 2012. Accumulation and tolerance characteristics of cadmiumin Chlorophytum comosum: a Popular ornamental plant and potential Cd hyperaccumulator. Environ Monit Assess, 184: 929–937.
Yadav, S.K. 2010. Heavy metal toxicity plants: an overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. South African Journal of Botany, 76: 167-179.
Zafar, S.N. and Javed, F. 2016. In vitro study of interactive effect of cadmium and salicylic acid on growth and biochemical parameters in Tetra and Hexaploid Wheat. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 18 (4): 671‒676.
