بررسی تطبیقی ویژگی¬های کالبدی و کارکردی شناشیرهای بوشهر با فضای مشربیه در کشورهای حوزه خلیجفارس
محورهای موضوعی : معماری
ندا ناصری
1
( کارشناسی ارشد مطالعات معماری ایران، گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.)
زهره اویسی کیخا
2
( استادیار گروه معماری، دانشكده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.)
کلید واژه: شناشیر, مشربیه, خانه¬های تاریخی بوشهر, کشورهای حوزه خلیجفارس.,
چکیده مقاله :
شناشیرها یکی از جذابیتهای فرمی بافت تاریخی بوشهر هستند که عنصر مشابه آن در سایر کشورهای خلیجفارس، «مشربیه» است. باتوجه به ارزش تاریخی این عناصر، بازشناسی آنها به کشف تفاوتها، شباهتها و درک ماهیت کاربردیشان در گذشته و استمرار بکارگیری آنها در معماری امروز، ضروری است. هدف تحقیق، مقایسه کالبدی و کارکردی شناشیر و مشربیه، جهت شناخت شاخصههای بومی، حفظ، احیا و بازبکارگیری آنها در معماری امروزی است. روش تحقیق کیفی و توصیفی-تحلیلی و راهبرد تحقیق، استقرایی است. گردآوری دادهها از طریق مطالعه اسنادی، مشاهده و مصاحبه است. جامعهآماری تحقیق، تمامی شناشیرهای بوشهر و در سایر کشورهای خلیج فارس، تعداد ۲۰۰ بنا به صورت هدفمند بوده است. نتایج نشان داد که مشربیهها بیشتر بر تزیینات و فرم، و شناشیرها بر نحوه ساخت و تطبیق کاربرد فضا، با زندگی ساکنین تمرکز دارند که نشان از تفاوت در بینش اسلامی و فرهنگ و نوع معیشت صاحبان بناها در این کشورها دارد.
Shanashirs are one of the formal attractions of Bushehr's historical architecture, which have played an important role in creating the beauty and visual diversity of the city. A large part of these elements are used in historical buildings that were built using wooden materials. Due to the low resistance of wood, and due to weather conditions, they have been destroyed or suffered a lot of damage. An element similar to Shanashir in the Arabic countries of the Persian Gulf region is Mashrabiya, which is used in a more prolific and diverse manner and with more details. Therefore, recognizing and examining the differences and similarities of these elements can provide practical help to researchers in these fields or architects to reuse these elements in today's buildings in Bushehr. Therefore, the purpose of this research. The comparative comparison of the elements of Shanashir and Mashrabiya is aimed at recognizing the local features of these elements and re-using these elements in today's architecture and trying to preserve and also revive models with historical value. In this regard, the research was done by answering the following questions, including What are the differences and similarities between Shanshirs and Mashrabiyas in the Persian Gulf region? what are the local characteristics of these elements? Accordingly, this writing has been done using the inductive research strategy. Data collection was done in the section of theoretical using reliable library sources. Moreover, field studies were conducted using observation and interviews. Interviews were used to get information about the restoration of buildings or possible changes in the form of the Shanashirs. The interview was conducted in a closed and regular manner with predetermined questions, and the interviewees were the old owners and residents of the buildings, as well as experts and professors of restoration and architecture. The observation cards of the buildings were prepared in advance and the authors completed them with field surveys and photography of different parts. Statistical population, all the remaining houses with Shanashir element in Bushehr port belonged to the Qajar period. The findings of the research showed that in Bushehr, Shanashirs do not have a special variety in terms of form and they differ only in the addition of some details. Bushehr Shanashirs had a practical role in interior spaces and were considered a place to connect the interior space with the house yard. But outside the house, these spaces have been used to create a view and landscape in a space away from the heat outside and away from the disturbing sight of strangers. Finally, it can be said that although the origin of Iran's Shanashirs was the Mashrabiyas of the Persian Gulf countries, but this element has significant differences with the Arab Mashrabiyas, and in a way, it has become a localized element and adapted to the climate and the culture of this region. Moreover, this shows that the culture of the people of Bushehr region over time influenced this imported architectural element and turned it into a special local element of this region.
1. احمدی ریشهری، عبدالحسین. (۱۳۸۲). سنگستان. شیراز: نوید شیراز.
2. بحرانی، حمیدرضا؛ و سپهری اهرمی، آزاده. (۱۳۹۶). بازشناسی و تدقیق علت وجودی و نقش کارکردی شناشیر در بافت تاریخی بوشهر. باغ نظر، ۱۵(۵۸)، 77-88. https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_59579.html
3. حمیدی، سید جعفر. (۱۳۸۰). فرهنگ‌نامه‌ی بوشهر. تهران: وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی، سازمان چاپ و انتشارات.
4. دفتر فنی معاونت حفظ و احیاء سازمان میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری استان بوشهر. (1354). مطالعه و بررسی بافت قدیمی بوشهر. بوشهر: پدیدآوردنده.
5. کاکی‌زاده، محمدامیر؛ ناصری، ندا؛ و دباغ، هژبر. (۱۴۰۰). گونه‌شناسی کالبدی و کارکردی شناشیرهای بافت تاریخی بندر بوشهر در جهت شناسایی عوامل هویت‌بخش این فضاها. پژوهش های معماری اسلامی، ۹ (۱). 63-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jria.9.1.2
6. هدایت، اعظم؛ و عشرتی، پرستو. (۱۳۹۵). گونه شناسی شکلی و استقراری شناشیر در معماری بومی بندر بوشهر. پژوهش‌های معماری اسلامی، ۴(۱۳)، 40-61. https://www.sid.ir/paper/358708/fa
7. محمدی، امین؛ و آیت¬اللهی، سید محمد حسین. (۱۳۹۰). طراحی سایبان الگو در بوشهر، صفه، ۵۴، 107-117. https://www.sid.ir/paper/501882/fa
8. مخلصیان، سحر. (۱۳۹۰). نقش کنسول در انتظام فضایی بافت قدیم بوشهر. اثر، ۵۲، 74-88.
9. نبی‌پور، ایرج. (۱۳۸۵). معماری بوشهر سمفونی رنگ باد و نور. بوشهر: دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی بوشهر، بنیاد ایران‌شناسی شعبه‌ی استان بوشهر.
10. Abdelkader, R., & park, J-H. (2017). The Evolving Transformation of Mashrabiya as a Traditional Middle Eastern Architecture Element. International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE –IJENS, 17(1), 15-20. DOI: 173101-8484-IJCEE-IJENS
11. Adas, A. A. (2013). Wooden Bay Window (Rowshan) Conservation in Saudi-Hejazi Heritage Buildings. International Archives of the Photogrammetry. Conference of ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry. Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2013 XXIV International CIPA Symposium, XL-5/W2. 2-6 September, (pp. 7-11). France: Strasbourg. DOI: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-5-W2-7-2013
12. Alfetal, S. (2001). Traditional Elements in The Consistency of Iraqi Identity from 1960s to 1990s. Unpublished Master`s Degree, University of Technology, Baghdad.
13. Alitany, A., Redondo, E., & Adas, A. (2013). The 3D Documantation of Projected Wooden Windows (the Roshans) in The Old City of Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) Using Image-Based Techniques. Isprs Annals of the Photogrammetry. Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Conference of XXIV International CIPA Symposium, (II-5/W1). 2-6 September, (PP. 7-12). France: Strasbourg. DOI: 10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-W1-7-2013
14. Alothman, H., & Akcay, A.O. (2017). A Theoretical Framework for the Evaluation from the Traditional Mashrabiya to Modern Mashrabiya. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(3), 107-121. DOI:10.7596/taksad.v6i3.962
15. Alqalami, T. (2017). The Application of Visualisation Tools to Enable Architects to Explore the Dynamic Characteristics of Smart Materials in a Contemporary Shanashil Building Design Element for Hot Arid Climates. Unpublished Doctoral Disseration, University of Salford, Manchester.
16. Al-Shareef, F.M. (1996). Natural Light Control in Hedjazi Architecture an Investigation of the Rowshan Performance by Computer Simulation. Unpublished Doctoral Disseration, University of Liverpool, Liverpool.
17. Azzopardi, J. (2012). A Survey of the Maltese Muxrabijiet. VIGILO ‐ DIN L‐ART ÓELWA, 41, 26.
18. Baik, A., & Boehm, J. (2017). Hijazi Architectural Object Library (Haol). The International Archives of the Photogrammetry. Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. International CIPA Symposium, (XLII-2/W3). February 23, (PP. 55-62). France: Strasbourg. DOI:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W3-55-2017
19. Burden, E. (1998). Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture. New York City: The McGraw-Hill Companies.
20. Faeq, O. (2017, December 29). Mashrabiya. Architecture Technology, CIAT, 122, 1-2. Retrevied December 29, 2017, From https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mashrabiya
21. Fathy, H. (1986). Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid climates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Fathy Ashour, A. (2018). Islamic Architectural Heritage: Mashrabiya. The Built Environment, 177, 245-253. DOI: 10.2495/IHA180211
23. Fethi, I., & Al-Madfai, H. (1984). Conservation of Traditional Houses. Baghdad: Coach Publishing.
24. Hillenbrand, R. (1994). Islamic Architecture: Form, Function and Meaning. New York: Columbia UP.
25. Koliji, H. (2015). in-between: Architectural Drawing and Imaginative Knowledge in Islamic and Western Traditions. United Kingdom: the dorset press, Dorchester.
26. Kenzari, B., & Elshestawy. Y. (2003). The Ambiguous Veil: on Transparency, the Mashrabiy'ya, and Architecture. Journal of Architectural Education, 56(4), 17-25. DOI: org/10.1162/104648803321672924
27. Lakshmi, K, G., & Daketi, S. (2016). Jaalis: A Study on Aesthetics and Functional Aspects in Built Environment. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science (IJSEAS). 2 (2), 98-104. https://ijseas.com/volume2/v2i2/ijseas20160211.pdf
28. Maspero, G. (1974). Manual of Egyptian Archaeology and Guide to the Study of Antiquities in Egypt. New York: Putnams Sons Press.
29. Mohammadi, A., Saghafi, M.r.; Tahbaz, M.; & Nasrollahi, F. (2017). Potentials of Vernacular Climatic Solutions (VCS) in Energy Efficiency of Domestic Buildings in Hot and Humid Climate: The Case Study of Bushehr, Iran. Space Ontology International Journal, 3 (6). 59-76. DOI: 20.1001.1.23456450.2017.6.3.4.9
30. Mohamed, J. (2015). The Traditional Arts and Crafts of Turnery or Mashrabiya. Unpublished Master`s Degree, Graduate School-Camden Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
31. Mortada, H. (2014). Architectural & Urban Distinctions of Historic Jeddah. Unpublished Doctoral Disseration, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
32. Safarkhani, M. (2016). Balconies Consigned to Oblivion in Iranian Residential Buildings the Case of Tehran, Iran. Unpublished master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University, MA.
33. Stevens Curl, J.; & Wilson, S. (2015). the Oxford Dictionary of Architecture. (3th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34. -Vakilinezhad, R.; Majid Mofidi, S.; & Mehdizadeh Seraj, F. (2013). Shanashil: A Sustainable Element to Balance Light, View, and Thermal Comfort. the International Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 8, 101-110. DOI: 10.18848/2325-1077/CGP/v08i04/55066
35. -Yeomans, R. (2006). The Art and Architecture of Islamic Cairo. Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, Garnet.
36. Warren, J.; & Fethi, I. (1982). Traditional houses in Baghdad. (1th ed.). Arabic summary. Horsham:
37. Coach Publishing House Limited.
38. -Wazeri, Y. (1999). “Mashrabiyas” Mwsoat Anaser Al-Imara. Cairo: Maktabat Madboli.
