تأثیر ریسک ژئوپلیتیک بر پیچیدگی اقتصادی از کانال نرخ ارز در کشورهای منتخب اوپک
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه اقتصاد محاسباتی
نادیا عبداللهی صومعه
1
,
حسین شریفی رنانی
2
,
مسعود رمضانی
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم اقتصادی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه اقتصاد، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه زراعت، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران.
کلید واژه: ریسک ژئوپلیتیک, پیچیدگی اقتصادی, نرخ ارز, گشتاورهای تعمیم یافته سیستمی,
چکیده مقاله :
پیچیده بودن اقتصاد کشورها که به منزله کاربرد دانش در تولید و بالابودن ظرفیت و تنوع تولید و صادرات است از نرخ ارز تاثیر میپذیرد. از طرفی ریسک ژئوپلیتیک که به معنای تنشها و ریسکهای سیاسی و جغرافیایی است با متاثر نمودن روند صادرات و واردات، نرخ ارز را تحت تاثیر قرار میدهد. هدف مقاله حاضر تحلیل اثر ریسک ژئوپلیتیک بر پیچیدگی اقتصادی از کانال نرخ ارز در منتخبی از کشورهای نفتی طی دوره زمانی 2023-2010 و با استفاده از روش گشتاورهای تعمیم یافته سیستمی (Sys-GMM) است. نتایج حاکی از ان است که ریسک ژئوپلیتیک بر نرخ ارز تاثیر مثبت داشته و از طرفی تاثیر نرخ ارز بر پیچیدگی اقتصادی مثبت بوده است. بر این اساس ریسک ژئوپلیتیک بهطور غیرمستقیم و از کانال نرخ ارز بر پیچیدگی اقتصادی تاثیر مثبت گذاشته است. از دیگر نتایج این پژوهش تاثیر مثبت کسری بودجه و تاثیر منفی آزادی پولی و پیچیدگی اقتصادی بر نرخ ارز میباشد. همچنین جمعیت تاثیر مثبت و کاهش مقبولیت حاکمیت تاثیر منفی بر پیچیدگی اقتصادی داشتهاند. نتایج بدست آمده لزوم بهکارگیری سیاستهای تثبیتکننده و اصلاحات ساختاری بلندمدت برای مقابله با افزایش ناگهانی نرخ ارز بر اثر ریسک ژئوپلیتیک را نشان میدهد. همچنین لازم است که دولتمردان با رصد و پایش ریسکهای ژئوپلیتیک به موقع از وقوع آن مطلع شده و سیاستهای لازم برای مواجهه با آن و استفاده بهینه از شرایط بهمنظور افزایش پیچیدگی اقتصادی را فراهم نمایند.
Extended Abstract
Purpose
Economic complexity represents the capacity and diversity of national production and, through enhancing production capabilities, can lead to economic growth and increased per capita income. More complex economies tend to have better institutions, more educated workforces, and more competitive environments. Economic complexity boosts high-quality industrial production by developing knowledge and organizational learning related to producing and exporting complex products (Lapatinas, 2019). One key factor influencing economic complexity is the exchange rate. According to the classical Mundell-Fleming model in open economies, depreciation of the domestic currency makes domestic goods cheaper relative to foreign goods, thereby increasing competitive strength, stimulating investment, and boosting production and exports. However, Alejandro (1963) argued that in economies dependent on imported capital goods, currency appreciation reduces the cost of foreign capital goods, increasing investment, production, and exports. These opposing effects may reflect different levels of economic complexity (Hausmann and Hidalgo, 2011). Economic and political tensions in the international arena, as parts of geopolitical events, play a significant role in risk analysis components. Geopolitical risk, as a concept encompassing political, economic, and natural aspects (Engle and Campos-Martinez, 2020), focuses on threats from war, terrorism, and international tensions that disrupt normal peaceful international relations (Caldara and Iacoviello, 2022). Additionally, geopolitical risk is a key driver of financial market price volatility. Trade disruptions caused by sanctions, military actions, political instability, or internal conflicts—as parts of geopolitical events—can affect export-import flows and capital movements, influencing currency demand and supply and thus its value (Ftiti et al., 2024). By increasing uncertainty across economic sectors including the currency market, geopolitical risk can negatively affect investment activities, which are key to enhancing economic complexity. However, some researchers believe that uncertainty from geopolitical risk may stimulate investment in research and development through a self-development approach, resulting in technological progress (Hoang et al., 2023). Given these points, geopolitical risk can affect economic complexity through the exchange rate channel, but since the exchange rate has dual effects on economic complexity, this impact may be bidirectional and vary across regions depending on their economic structures. Due to the importance of this subject, this study aims to analyze the effect of geopolitical risk on economic complexity via the exchange rate channel for a selection of oil-exporting countries during the period 2010–2023.
Methodology
The statistical population includes selected OPEC countries over 2010–2023. Following studies like Yeboah et al. (2025) and Yilmazkuday (2025), equation (1) is employed to analyze the effect of geopolitical risk on the exchange rate. Additionally, to analyze the effect of the exchange rate on economic complexity, following Foster-McGregor and Spinola (2024), equation (2) is used.
(1)
(2)
In equations (1) and (2), official exchange rate, economic complexity, budget deficit, geopolitical risk, interest rate, monetary freedom, globalization, population, governance acceptance, and human capital are variables. To address endogeneity issues, the System Generalized Method of Moments (Sys-GMM) is used in this study.
Finding
Geopolitical risk has a positive effect on the exchange rate, indicating depreciation of the domestic currencies in the studied countries. Thus, geopolitical events have increased exchange rates by affecting foreign trade flows and investor behavior through their expectations regarding these events.
The exchange rate has a positive effect on economic complexity. An increase in the exchange rate, representing domestic currency depreciation, makes domestic goods cheaper relative to foreign goods, enhancing competitiveness in foreign markets. This promotes investment in production and exports, thereby raising economic complexity. Given the positive effect of geopolitical risk on the exchange rate and the positive effect of the exchange rate on economic complexity, the exchange rate mediates the positive impact of geopolitical risk on economic complexity. Exchange rate changes following geopolitical risk amplify uncertainty in the economy, encouraging agents in the studied countries to invest in research and development and technological progress, using a self-development strategy to achieve higher returns despite higher risk. The government budget deficit positively affects the exchange rate, while monetary freedom and economic complexity negatively impact the exchange rate. Population positively affects economic complexity, whereas the institutional governance acceptance index (where a higher value indicates lower governance acceptance) negatively impacts economic complexity.
Conclusion
Given the positive transmission of geopolitical risk effects on economic complexity via rising exchange rates, governments should adopt a combination of short-term stabilization policies and long-term structural reforms. Interventions in the currency market and temporary restrictions during geopolitical events, alongside long-term policies such as strengthening innovation and technology, improving the business environment, and managing geopolitical risks, can form part of policymakers' strategic roadmap.
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