Critical Discourse Analysis of Tenor in Ziarat-e-Ashura
Maryam ShahrokhiShahraki
1
(
Linguistics Department, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran. Iran
)
کلید واژه: Asura Ziarat, Critical Discourse Analysis, Negative Face, Positive Face, Tenor, Vocative,
چکیده مقاله :
Ziarat-e Ashura, a central ritual of Shia Islam, holds significance in determining the nature of the relationships formed between the pilgrim, God, and Imam Hussain (AS) and his companions. This relationship, often called "tenor," plays a crucial role in fully understanding the complex power dynamics and social implications embedded in the text. This research uses a critical discourse analysis (CDA) method to explore the Tenor found in the Ziarat by using Fairclough's three-dimensional framework and integrates it with Eggins' model 2004. To reach the research goals, a qualitative methodological design was selected, which consisted of analysis of the communicative function of the pilgrim as well as his face strategies regarding other entities at the beginning, middle and final sections of the Ziarat. In the initial passages, Imam Hussain and his companions are addressed as the vocative and addressee while God Almighty is referred to in the third person, which implies a close and intimate relationship, as well as a sense of equality between the pilgrim and Imam Hussein, while a distant, intermittent, and unequal relationship with God. However, the change in the status and roles of the characters becomes apparent especially at the midpoint and reaches its peak at the end of the pilgrimage. This change, along with the use of affirmative face mechanisms towards God on the part of the pilgrim, marks a development toward divine proximity as represented in the recitation of this Ziarat. This strongly suggests that seeking refuge and establishing closeness to the infallible Imams at the beginning of the human evolutionary process is instrumental in attaining proximity to the Almighty God at the end of this process.
چکیده انگلیسی :
Ziarat-e Ashura, a central ritual of Shia Islam, holds significance in determining the nature of the relationships formed between the pilgrim, God, and Imam Hussain (AS) and his companions. This relationship, often called "tenor," plays a crucial role in fully understanding the complex power dynamics and social implications embedded in the text. This research uses a critical discourse analysis (CDA) method to explore the Tenor found in the Ziarat by using Fairclough's three-dimensional framework and integrates it with Eggins' model 2004. To reach the research goals, a qualitative methodological design was selected, which consisted of analysis of the communicative function of the pilgrim as well as his face strategies regarding other entities at the beginning, middle and final sections of the Ziarat. In the initial passages, Imam Hussain and his companions are addressed as the vocative and addressee while God Almighty is referred to in the third person, which implies a close and intimate relationship, as well as a sense of equality between the pilgrim and Imam Hussein, while a distant, intermittent, and unequal relationship with God. However, the change in the status and roles of the characters becomes apparent especially at the midpoint and reaches its peak at the end of the pilgrimage. This change, along with the use of affirmative face mechanisms towards God on the part of the pilgrim, marks a development toward divine proximity as represented in the recitation of this Ziarat. This strongly suggests that seeking refuge and establishing closeness to the infallible Imams at the beginning of the human evolutionary process is instrumental in attaining proximity to the Almighty God at the end of this process.
Al-Bundawi ZES. (2021). Narrative. In: Pihlaja S, ed. Analysing Religious Discourse. Cambridge University Press:52-69.
Aghahoseini, Hossein, Hematian, Mahboubeh, and Zohreh Mashaeri (2014). "The Position of 'Neda and Monada' in Persian Grammar and the Science of Meanings". Literary Arts. Vol.6, No.2, Serial 11, pp. 1-14.
Behrampur, Shabani Ali (1999). "An Introduction to Discourse Analysis", Collected Articles on Discourse and Discourse Analysis, Edited by Mohammad Reza Tajik, Tehran: Discourse Culture Publications.
Behrampur, Shabani Ali (2000). "Introducer's Preface", Critical Discourse Analysis by Norman Fairclough, Tehran: Center for Media Studies and Research.
Eggins, Suzanne. (2004). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistic, 2nd. Ed. London: Pinter.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.
Fairclough, Norman (2000). Critical Discourse Analysis, Translated by a Group of Translators, Tehran: Center for Media Studies and Research.
Fowler, R. (1996). On critical linguistics. Texts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis, 1.
Fowler, R. (2013). Language in the news: discourse and ideology in the press. Taylor and Francis.
Hakim, Mohammad Taghi (2013). Guide to Analysis, Composition, and Rules of Arabic Morphology and Syntax, Tehran: Islamic Culture Publishing Office.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1978). Language as Social Semiotic, the social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd. ed. London: Edward Arnold.
Kalantari, Samed, Abbaszadeh, Mohammad, Saadati, Mousa, Pourmohammad, Raana, Mohammadpour, Nir (2009). "Discourse Analysis with Emphasis on Critical Discourse as a Qualitative Research Method". Sociological Studies, Vol.1, No.4, pp.7-28.
Kress, Gunther R. & Robert Hodge. (1979). Language as ideology. London: Rutledge.
Kulayni, Muhammad bin Ya'qub. Al-Kafi, Vol.1, p.69, No.5, Chapter "Adherence to the Sunnah and the Evidences of the Book".Lotfi Pour Saadi, Kazem (1993). "An Introduction to Discourse Analysis", Linguistics Journal, Spring and Summer.
Lemke, Jay L. (1995). Textual Politics: discourse and social dynamics. London & Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.
Martin, J.R. (2000). Close reading: functional linguistics as a tool for critical discourse analysis. In Unsworth, L. (Ed). Researching language in schools and communities’ Functional linguistic perspectives (pp. 275-302). London: Cassell.
Mirfakhraii, Teja (2004). Discourse Analysis Process, Tehran: Center for Media Studies and Research.
Moghaddasi Nia, Mehdi and Seyyed Ali Asghar Soltani (2014). "Pragmatics of Language and Mechanisms of Politeness in Some Shi'a Supplications". Bi-Monthly Journal of Linguistic Insights, Vol.5, No.5 (Serial 21), pp.207-228.
Salimi, Asghar (2004). Discourse in Foucault's Thought, Keyhan Farhangi, No. 219, Tehran: Keyhan Institute.
Taylor, T. (2013). What is discourse analysis? Bloomsbury Publishing. Aghagulzadeh, Ferdows (2006). Critical Discourse Analysis, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Yarmohammadi, Lotfollah (2003). Common and Critical Discourse Analysis, Tehran: Hermes.
Yule, George (2010). Pragmatics, Translated by Mehdi Amoozadeh Mehdi Roje and Manouchehr Tavanger, Tehran: Samt.
