Otherness, Maternity, and Female Voice in Shell Shaker
Zahra Ghofrani
1
(
Department of Language and English Literature, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
)
Hassan Shahabi
2
(
English Department, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
)
Hossein Moradi
3
(
Department of Language and English Literature, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
)
کلید واژه: Cultural Ecology, Ecofeminism, Nature, Women, Native American,
چکیده مقاله :
This paper adopted the Eco-feminism approach to explore Shell Shaker, solely filled with Native American settings and issues. So, both nature and the woman of the Native American context were the focus of the study. The researcher showed how the Native American women can be representative of the nature of their ancestral lands and identify with it. The main argument that the researcher intended to study was parallel roles of both women and natural land for Native American. To this purpose, theories and notions of several thinkers were exploited. The researcher found different scenes in the novel that show both aspects of nature which include the mentioned concepts. On ‘maternity’, the researcher depicted how nature is considered a source of giving life and existence to the world like women. On 'otherness', the researcher found how nature is marginalized and ignored just like women. In other words, it is shown nature, like women, is ‘other' and secondary in the society. It was shown how nature and culture are related. Besides, it was proved that there is a close relationship between women and nature that one can delve further into.
This paper adopted the Eco-feminism approach to explore Shell Shaker, solely filled with Native American settings and issues. So, both nature and the woman of the Native American context were the focus of the study. The researcher showed how the Native American women can be representative of the nature of their ancestral lands and identify with it. The main argument that the researcher intended to study was parallel roles of both women and natural land for Native American. To this purpose, theories and notions of several thinkers were exploited.
چکیده انگلیسی :
This paper adopted the Eco-feminism approach to explore Shell Shaker, solely filled with Native American settings and issues. So, both nature and the woman of the Native American context were the focus of the study. The researcher showed how the Native American women can be representative of the nature of their ancestral lands and identify with it. The main argument that the researcher intended to study was parallel roles of both women and natural land for Native American. To this purpose, theories and notions of several thinkers were exploited. The researcher found different scenes in the novel that show both aspects of nature which include the mentioned concepts. On ‘maternity’, the researcher depicted how nature is considered a source of giving life and existence to the world like women. On 'otherness', the researcher found how nature is marginalized and ignored just like women. In other words, it is shown nature, like women, is ‘other' and secondary in the society. It was shown how nature and culture are related. Besides, it was proved that there is a close relationship between women and nature that one can delve further into.
This paper adopted the Eco-feminism approach to explore Shell Shaker, solely filled with Native American settings and issues. So, both nature and the woman of the Native American context were the focus of the study. The researcher showed how the Native American women can be representative of the nature of their ancestral lands and identify with it. The main argument that the researcher intended to study was parallel roles of both women and natural land for Native American. To this purpose, theories and notions of several thinkers were exploited.
Bak, Hans. “Seeking balance through History and Community: The Presence of The Past in Leanne Howe's Shell Shaker”, Available online at: https://www.academia.edu/11604986/Seeking_Balance_Through_History_and_Community_The_Presence_of_the_Past_in_LeAnne_Howes_Shell_Shaker.
Beidler, Peter G and Gay Barton. A Reader’s Guide to the Novels of Louise Erdrich. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999.
Buell Lawrence. The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
---. The Future of Environmental Criticism: Environmental Crisis and Literary Imagination. UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory (Second Edition). UK: Manchester University Press, 2002.
Birkeland, J. Ecofeminism: Linking theory and practice. In G. Gaard (Ed.), Ecofeminism: Women, animals, nature. (pp.13-59). Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.
Cudworth, “Erika Ecofeminism and the Question of Difference”. Developing Ecofeminist Theory. University of East London. 101-127, 2005.
Childs, Peter and Roger Fowler. The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms. London/New York: Routledge, 2006.
Clark, Timothy. The Cambridge Introduction to Literature and the Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Devall, Bill and George Sessions. Deep Ecology. Layton/Utah: Gibbs Smith, Publisher, 1985.
Dreese, Danelle N. Ecocriticism: Creating Self and Place in Environmental and American Indian Literatures. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2002.
Egan, Gabriel. Green Shakespeare: From Ecopolitics to Ecocriticism. USA and Canada: Routledge, 2006.
Eckersley, Robyn. Environmentalism and Political Theory, Towards an Ecocentric Approach. London: UCL Press, 1992.
Garrard, Greg. Ecocriticism: The New Critical Idiom. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Gifford, Terry. Pastoral (The New Critical Idiom). London: Routledge, 1999.
Glotfelty, Cheryl. Literary Studies in an Age of Environmental Crisis. London: The University of Georgia Press, 1998.
Glotfelty, Cheryl & Harold Fromm. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press, 1995.
Harkin, Michael E. and David Rich Lewis. Native Americans And the Environment Perspectives on The Ecological Indian. Nebraska: University of Nebraska, 2011.
Harrison, Summer. "The Politics of Metafiction in Louise Erdrich's Four Souls." Studies in American Indian Literatures, vol. 23 no. 1, 2011, pp. 38-69. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/ail.2011.0011
Heise, Ursula K. “The Changing Profession: The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Ecocriticism.” In: The Modern Language Association of America 121/2: 503-516, 2006.
Hollrah, Patrice E. M."Decolonizing the Choctaws: Teaching LeAnne Howe's Shell Shaker." The American Indian Quarterly, vol. 28 no. 1, 2004, pp. 73-85. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/aiq.2005.0010.
Krech, Shepard, III. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: Norton, 1999.
McGuire, Cathleen and Colleen McGuire. “What is Ecofeminism” in Ecofeminist Visions. 1991; 2003. (http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/ecofeminism/What-is-Ecofeminism-Anyway.html)
Merrill Ingram, Annie, Ian Marshall, Daniel J. Philippon, Adam W. Sweeting. Coming into Contact: Explorations in Ecocritical Theory and Practice. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007.
Mikics, David. 2007. A New Handbook of Literary Terms. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
Oppermann, Serpil. “Ecocriticism: Natural World in the Literary Viewfinder.” In: Journal of Faculty of Letters 16/2: 29-46, 1999.
Pennypacker, Mindy. “The First Environmentalists”. Nation, February 7, 29–31, 2000.
Phillips, Dana. “Ecocriticism, Literary Theory, and the Truth of Ecology.” In: New Literary History 30/3: 577-602, 1999.
Rad, Diplomski. “Love, Family, and Women's Roles in Louise Erdrich's novels Four Souls and The Antelope Wife”. Sveučilište J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet, 2014.
Shaffer, Linda. “Narrative Truth and Historical Identity”: Identifying as Choctaw and Irish in LeAnne Howe’s novel Shell Shaker” Forum of Edinburgh University Library, 2017.
Siebert, Monika, "Repugnant Aboriginality: LeAnne Howe’s Shell Shaker and Indigenous Representation in the Age of Multiculturalism" (2011).
Spivak, Gayatri Chakrovorty. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” The Postcolonial Studies Reader. Eds. Ashcroft, Bill et al. New York: Routledge, 1995. 24-28.
Stookey, Lorena L. Louise Erdrich: A Critical Companion. Greenwood: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1999.
Taylor, Dorceta E. Women of color, environmental justice, and ecofeminism. In Karen Warren (ed.), Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Indiana Univ Pr. pp. 38—81, 1997.
Warren, Karen J. Ecological; Feminist Philisophies. Bloomingtom: Indiana UP, 1996.
---. Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Indiana University Press; First Edition, 1997.
---. Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000.