تحلیل ضریب نفوذپذیری بافت کالبدی شهر با تأکید بر پدافند غیرعامل (مطالعه موردی: شهر گرگان)
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری
حکیمه فریدنیا
1
(کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران)
جعفر میرکتولی
2
(دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران)
کلید واژه: "نفوذپذیری", "پدافند غیرعامل شهری", "منطق فازی", "شهر گرگان", "آسیب پذیری شهری",
چکیده مقاله :
بسیاری از شهرهای ایران بر روی پهنه‌هایی با خطر نسبی متوسط و زیاد بحران‌های شهری واقع شده‌اند. شهرگرگان به علت قرارگیری در شیب زیاد، یکی از شهرهای آسیب‌پذیر در برابر حوادثی از قبیل زلزله، رانش، ریزش، لغزش می‌باشد. موقعیت ژئواستراتژیک، قرارگیری قسمتی از شهر در شیب زیاد، عدم رعایت ضوابط و استانداردها در شعاع دسترسی به شاخص‌های نفوذپذیری، رشد ناموزون و پراکنش نامناسب خدمات در سطح شهر، دسترسی نامناسب به شبکه معابر و عدم ساختار منسجم کالبدی از عواملی هستند که ضرورت پرداختن به مقولة نفوذپذیری بافت کالبدی شهر گرگان را در مواجهه با آسیب‌های احتمالی ضرورت بخشیده‌اند. پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه کاربردی با شیوه توصیفی _تحلیلی می‌باشد. جهت دستیابی به هدف پژوهش، شاخص‌های نفوذپذیری با توجه به منابع موجود در دسترس و مطالعات میدانی از طریق روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی و نظرسنجی از کارشناسان مربوطه استخراج و بانک داده‌های مکانی تشکیل شد.همچنین نفوذپذیری شاخص‌ها براساس اصول پدافندغیرعامل مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. با توجه به اثرگذاری متفاوت شاخص‌ها، از روشAHP-FUZZY در محیط GIS برای ارزش‌گذاری و تهیه نقشة نفوذپذیری بافت کالبدی شهر استفاده شد، و با نرم‌افزار 10.3ARC GIS از طریق توابع همپوشانی فازی رستر نهایی نفوذپذیری بافت کالبدی شهر گرگان تهیه گردید. طبق یافته‌های بدست آمده از تحقیق حدود 40/50 درصد از نواحی جنوبی و حاشیه‌ای شهر گرگان در معرض نفوذپذیری پایین و آسیب‌پذیری بالا قرار دارد. نتیجه این امر به علت شیب زیاد، فضاهای خالی کم نسبت به فضاهای پر، کمبود شبکه معابر، تراکم زیاد بن‌بست‌ها و تراکم پل‌های ارتباطی در برابر بحران‌ها و آسیب‌های احتمالی شهری می‌باشد.
Many Iranian cities are located on areas with moderate and high risk of urban crises. Gorgan city is one of the most vulnerable cities to earthquakes, drift, landslides, and etc. The geostrategic situation, the location of a part of the city on a steep slope, inattention to standards and norms in the radius of access to permeability indicators, inertial growth and inappropriate distribution of services in the city, inadequate access to the passage network and inadequate physical structure are the factors that necessitate to address the permeability of the urban texture of Gorgan city in the face of possible damage.The present study is an applied study with a descriptive-analytical method.In order to achieve the research goal, permeability indicators were extracted from relevant experts according to available resources and field studies through a hierarchical analytical method and data banks. In addition, the permeability of the indicators was measured based on non-active defense principles.Considering the different effects of the indices, the AHP-FUZZY method was used in the GIS environment to evaluate and prepare the permeability map of the city. Using the ARC GIS10.3 software, urban texture permeability of Gorgan was prepared through the overlap of final Raster Fuzzy. According to the findings of the research, about 50.40% of the Southern and marginal areas of Gorgan are exposed to low permeability and high vulnerability due to a large slope, low vacancy spaces, and a shortage of passageways, high density of bays and the density of bridge bridges against emergencies and possible urban damages.
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Security is one of the fundamental factors that do not lead to crisis in societies. The present era is the era of urban vulnerability, because as urban life becomes more complex, cities in different dimensions face natural hazards and technological crises on the one hand, and social-security crises on the other. Permeability factor as an important element in non-operational defense has a great impact on security and reduction of vulnerability in the city. Therefore, if a city is affected by natural or human disasters, the distance and access to the site in question will be of particular importance. Gorgan is one of the most vulnerable cities due to earthquake, landslide, due to high slope. Also, due to the lack of safe spaces, lack of open urban spaces for temporary accommodation in times of urban crisis, lack of proper access radius related to permeability, compactness and high population density in some areas of the city, inadequate access. According to the network of main passages, the high density of lanes in the city of Gorgan encourages us to recognize the permeability coefficient by applying passive defense principles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the permeability coefficient of physical tissue in Gorgan with emphasis on passive defense.
Methodology: This is a practical study with descriptive-analytical method. In the field of the collection of current information, two methods of field studies and documentary studies are used. In the field of research, the researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information using questionnaire and observation techniques. To achieve the purpose of the study, indicators were extracted using available resources, research projects, statistics, existing books and articles, comprehensive and detailed plans. Considering the different coefficients of each of the selected indices in the physical permeability of Gorgan city, weighting method is based on AHP method based on a survey of 20 experts and urban planning and planning professors (7 experts, 7 people). Masters and 6 PhDs) in Couples Comparison Questionnaire in Academic and Academic Centers, Municipalities, Governments, Crisis Management Agency, Passive Defense Agency and Road and Urban Development Department. At this stage, the experts used linguistic terms based on the superiority of one criterion over another (or one class over another) and, accordingly, the pairwise comparisons matrix was formed. Finally, using the 10.3 ARC GIS software, each of the indices were fuzzy and were numerically zero to one. After this step, the fuzzy maps of each factor in the Map Algebra were multiplied and converted into fuzzy weighted layers by the Raster Calculator in their own weight obtained through the AHP method. Finally, after fuzzing and multiplying weights, Sum, Prodact, Gamma operators were implemented on the fuzzy layers. Finally, the final map was obtained using gamma operator which had the highest adaptation to the permeability of the physical tissue of Gorgan.
Results: Effective indices of tissue permeability of Gorgan city were merged with different weight values and permeability was shown using color spectrum. Accordingly, the areas with green and purple color spectrum, which cover about 26.58% of the target range, show a high degree of permeability, thus in the face of urban crises of the lowest. They are vulnerable. But the red and yellow color spectra, which cover about 50.40 percent of the range, are less susceptible to urban crises. Therefore, according to the final map, the level of permeability of Gorgan city is low and passive defense principles for access to urban open spaces are not well respected. Therefore, a strong focus on the permeability indices with the passive defense approach is an important step towards greater safety and vulnerability.
Conclusion: The results show that Gorgan, due to its high slope, is a prone area for urban crises, and is highly exposed to hazards and damages caused by natural disasters. And it is abnormal. In the event of an accident, there is likely to be a lot of damage to the city and due to the potential for widespread breakdowns, weaknesses and inadequacy of the network of passages and inadequate infrastructure to provide relief and temporary resettlement of the injured, there are many problems for citizens. It will come and make the city extremely in crisis.
Keywords: Urban Vulnerability, Permeability, urban non-operational defense, Fuzzy Logic, Gorgan City.
1. Ahmarloui, M. (2011): Passive Defense in Modern US Wars. Farabi School, Volume I, University of Tehran Publications, First Edition, Tehran. (in Persian)
2. Shia, I. (2001): An Introduction to the Basics of Urban Planning, Science and Technology Publications, Tenth Edition, Tehran. (in Persian)
3. Siami, G., Latifi, Gh., Taghinejad, K., Zahedi Klaki, I. (2013): Defining the Pathology of Urban Structure Using Hierarchical Analysis of AHP and GIS in Gorgan, Journal of Geographic Space , Golestan University Scientific-Research Quarterly, Volume 10, Number 23, Page 23. (in Persian)
4. Gorgan City Development and Development Plan (2013): Consulting engineers and architects of Parth. (in Persian)
5. Alizadeh, M., Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh, M., Amanipour, S. (2016): Assessment of Urban Infrastructure Vulnerability of Kouhdasht with Passive Defense Approach, Land Preparation Journal, Volume 8, Issue First, page 12. (in Persian)
6. Ghodsipour, H. (2012): Discussions in Multi-Criteria Decision Making in AHP Process, Amirkabir University of Technology Publications, Third Edition, Tehran. (in Persian)
7. Kashefi, D. (2014): Assessment of Vulnerability of Urban Areas and Presentation of an Optimal Pattern for Earthquake Damage Case Study in Piranshahr, Master of Science Degree in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Page 41. (in Persian)
8. Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh, M. (2013): Urban Safety and Passive Defense, Shahid Chamran University Press, Ahwaz, First Edition. (in Persian)
9. Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh, M. (Fall 2014): Measuring the Permeability of Karaj Urban Tissue Against Hazards, Journal of Space Planning and Preparation, Volume 18, Number 3, pp. 68-55. (in Persian)
10. Movahedinia, J. (2006): Theoretical and Practical Concepts of Passive Defense, Deputy of Education and Human Resources - Textbook Planning and Writing Center, Tehran. (in Persian)
11. Movahedinia, J. (2007): Passive Defense, Command and Staff Corps. (in Persian)
12. Taghvayi, M., Akhavan Abdollahian, M.R., Varesi, H.R. (2016): Determining the Types of Vulnerable Uses and their Spatial-Physical Displacement Criteria with Emphasis on Abnormal Crises Using AHP Case Study Sabzevar, Journal of Geographical Research, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 121-136. (in Persian)
13. Consulting engineers of architect and urban part of Part (2013). (in Persian)
14. Hooshyar, H. (2011): Locating Therapeutic Applications Using AHP Study in Mahabad City, Geographical Space Journal, Vol. 11, No. 36. (in Persian)
15. Alexander, D. (2002): From Civil Defance to Civil Protection, Journal of Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 11, No. 3. )In English)
16. Carmona, M. (2003): Pablic Places, Urban spaces. Architectural press. )In English)
17.ISDR, (2008): The Structure, Role and Mandate of Civil Protection in Disaster Risk Reduction for South Eastern Europe. )In English)
18. Johnson, S. D. Bowers, K. (2010): Permeability and Burglary Risk: Are Cul-de-sacs Safer, Springer, 26, pp: 89 - 111. )In English)
19. Kheirkhah Zarkesh, M. (2005): DSS for floodwater site selection in Iran. Phd Thesis. Wageningen University. pp: 273. )In English)
20. Lee, S. and Biswajeet, P. (2007): Landslide hazard mapping at Selangor. Malaysia using frequency ratio and logistic regression models. Landslides. Vol.4, No.1, pp: 33 – 41. )In English)
21. Li, A., Nozick, L., Xu, N., Davidson, R.(2012): Shelter location and transportation planning under hurricane conditions. School of civil and environmental engineering. Cornell University.transportation research part. No.48, pp: 715_729. )In English)
22. Saaty, T. L. (1980): The Analytical Hierarchy Process. McGraw Hill, New York, 350p. )In English)
23. Hatamiinejad, H., Azimizadeh Irani, A. (2016): Organizing Urban Neighborhoods Based on Passive Defense Requirements Case Study of District 6 of District Two of Tehran City, Journal of Geographical Information, Volume 24, Number 96. (in Persian)
24. Saaty, T.L. (2000): Fundamentals of Decision Making and Priority Theory, 2nd ed,Pittsburgh, PA: RWS Publications,11p. )In English)
25. TDM (Transport Demand Management) Encyclopedia., (2008): Roadway Connectivity. Victorian Transport Policy Institute Accessed.) In English)
26. UN Habitat, (2008): Enhancing Urban Safety and Security. Global Report on Human Settlements. )In English)
27. Wisner, B., Walker, P., Beyond, A.(2005): Feinstein International Famine Center.Proactive Look at the world Conference on Disaster Reduction. January Kobe, Japan. A repott for theSwiss Department of Humanitarian Aid.pp: 18-22. )In English)
28. Dehkhoda, A.A. (1972): Dictionary of Dehkhoda, Volume IV, University of Tehran Press and Publication. (in Persian)
29. Rezaei, S. (2010): Positioning Analysis in Defense Preparation and Passive Defense, National Conference on Spatial Information System, Faculty of Defense and National Security Research Institute of Imam Hussein University, p. 115. (in Persian)
30. Rahnama, M.R., & Zabihi, J. (2011): Analysis of Distribution of Urban Public Facilities for Spatial Justice with Integrated Access Model in Mashhad, Journal of Geography and Development, No. 23, page 13. (in Persian)
31. Zangiabadi, A., Esmailian, Z. (2012): Analysis of Urban Housing Vulnerability Indicators against Natural Disaster Risk, Case Study of Isfahan Housing, Geography and Environmental Hazards, Volume 1, Number 4, p 129 -113. (in Persian)
32. Ziyari, K. (2001): Urban Defense and Shelter Planning, Safeh Journal, No. 32, Shahid Beheshti University Press. (in Persian)
33. Passive Defense Organization (2004-2009): Collection of Articles and Lectures within the Organization. (in Persian)
_||_