مدل توسعۀ گردشگری طبیعت با رویکرد فراترکیب (مطالعۀ موردی: کشور ایران)

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی منطقه ای

رحیم بازگیر ¹ , فرشید نمامیان ² , علیرضا اسلامبولچی ³ , روح ا.. سهرابی ⁴

1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران
3 - استادیار، گروه مدیریت دولتی، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،همدان، ایران
4 - استادیار مدیریت تولید و عملیات، گروه حسابداری، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و اجتماعی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1398/04/19 تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/01/23 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/09/01

کلید واژه: توسعه, مدل, گردشگری طبیعت, فراترکیب,

چکیده مقاله :

گردشگری طبیعت با توسعۀ روز افزون، یکی از ارکان اقتصاد و از بخشها اصلی سرمایه گذاری در جهان محسوب می شود. کشور ایران با دارا بودن منابع طبیعی فراوان، جزو پنج کشوری است که دارای بیشترین تنوع محیطی و جغرافیای درسطح جهان است. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین مدل توسعۀ گردشگری طبیعت ایران صورت گرفته است. روش پژوهش در این مطالعه، کیفی و نوعی از متامطالعه به نام فراترکیب است. برای گردآوری داده ها از روش کتابخانه ای استفاده شده است. جمعیت مورد مطالعه، تمامی پژوهش های مرتبط با حوزه گردشگری طبیعت می باشد که در بازه زمانی سالهای 2000 تا 2020 صورت گرفته که با جستجو از پایگاه های دادهScopus ،Civilica ،SID ،IRANDOC ،IEEE ،ISC ،Emerald ،Science Direct  و همچنین پایگاه تخصصیGooglescholar  استخراج شده اند. از میان 1523 عنوان پژوهش شناسایی شده، تعداد 7 مورد از آنها بر اساس ارزیابی های صورت گرفته مرتبط با این مطالعه تشخیص داده و مورد تفسیر و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. بر این اساس تعداد 45 کد ارجاعی مشخص گردید که با ترکیب آنها، تعداد 13 تم در قالب 6 مقوله اصلی شامل، جذابیت منطقه گردشگری، مشارکت و انسجام ذینفعان گردشگری طبیعت، پشتیبانی حاکمیت از گردشگری طبیعت، عوامل فرهنگی، مدیریت بازاریابی گردشگری طبیعت و سیاستهای آموزشی- فرهنگی، تعیین گردیده، که به عنوان مدل توسعه گردشگری طبیعت ایران ارائه شده است. توجه به نتایج و عوامل شناسایی شده حاصل از این مطالعه می تواند مبنایی برای مدیران و تصمیم گیرندگان حوزه گردشگری طبیعت کشور به منظور برنامه ریزی در جهت توسعه و گسترش این صنعت در کشور باشد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Abstract:                                      
Nature tourism With increasing development, is one of the pillars of the economy and the main sector of investment in the world. Iran, with abundant natural resources, is one of the five countries that have highest environmental and geographical diversity in the world.This study has determined the development model of nature tourism in Iran. The research method in this study is qualitative and a kind of study called Meta Synthesis. Library method has been used to collect data. The study population is all research related to the field of nature tourism, which was conducted between 2000 until 2020 Year that was obtained by searching the databases Scopus, Civilica, SID, IRANDOC, IEEE, ISC, Emerald, Science Direct, as well as Googlescholar. based on the evaluations Among the 1523 identified studies, 7 case of them were evaluated and interpreted. Based on this, 45 reference codes were identified, That whit By combining them, 13 themes are included in the form of 6 main categoriesIncluded: The attractiveness of the tourism region, the participation and cohesion of nature tourism stakeholders, the support of nature tourism governance, cultural factors, nature tourism marketing management and educational-cultural policies have been determined, That presented as a model for the development of nature tourism in Iran. attention to the results and identified factors resulting from this study can be a basis for managers and decision makers in the field of nature tourism in order to plan for the development and expansion of this industry in the country.
Keywords: Model, Development, Nature Tourism, Meta Synthesis
Introduction:
Nature tourism become an important economic activity in natural areas around the world. This activity provides opportunity for visitors to experience the manifestations of nature and culture, and understand the importance of protecting biodiversity and local cultures (Drum & Moore, 2002: 2). Increasing development of nature tourism has made one of the pillars of the economy main sectors of investment in the world (Khaledi et al: 2015: 94). Iran Country , despite unique climate diversity(Faaljou & Nasirian, 2015: 26), and great potential in the field of nature tourism (Sarkhosh Sara et al, 2018: 2)  hasnt achieved true place in the industry In a way Until 1398, the country has managed to register only two natural heritage sites of Lut Desert and Hyrcanian forests in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Therefore, in order to take advantage of Iran's nature tourism capacities, more detailed studies in this field are important.
Integration method:
The aim of this study is fundamental, and the method used in it qualitative, of Meta Synthesis type. In the Meta Synthesis The researcher needs to thorough depth review of the documents under study and combine previous research with each other. The method collection data is library and the population studied are all research related to the field of nature tourism, which took place between 2000 and 2020, years,that have been extracted by searching the scientific databases inside and outside the country. Following the research, based on the process and pattern of Barso and Sandloski, the studies were determined and then all the factors extracted from the studies were identified as code, which, considering the meaning of each of these codes, put them in a similar concept (theme). Categorize to form research concepts and categories.
research findings:
Among the 1523 identified research topics, based evaluations 7 of them were identified, interpreted and analyzed on the related to this study. Therefore, 45 referral codes were identified, that combined 13  of themes , 6 main categories, including the attractiveness of the tourist area, participation and cohesion of nature tourism stakeholders, support for nature tourism governance, cultural factors, nature tourism marketing management and educational policies. Cultural, has been determined, that presented as a model for the development of nature tourism in Iran.
Conclusion:
Due to the importance of nature tourism in development the economic, social and cultural of Iran, this study was conducted to present the development model of nature tourism in Iran. In this study by searching among domestic and foreign publications, 1523 articles on tourism were examined. Using the Meta Synthesis method and based on the model of Barso and Sandloski, with the subject and method of this research, only 7 of them were consistent They were excluded from the analysis process. Given that each of these studies pointed to aspects of the development of nature tourism, in order to summarize their results, by classifying, interpreting and analyzing codes, new categories are presented in the form of factors affecting the development of nature tourism.
One of the factors in the development of nature tourism in Iran, that is determined in this model, is the marketing management of nature tourism with the dimensions of advertising and information. Marketing and advertising play an important role in stimulating consumer experience in nature tourism services. Because understanding experience in the field of marketing is a new concept that has evolved over the last few decades from the concepts of production, sales, marketing, social marketing, and marketing related to the concept of experience-based marketing.
Educational and cultural policies with dimensions of cultural and educational mechanisms are among the factors affecting the development of tourism in Iran, which is specified in this model. In this regard, it can be said that culture building through formal and informal methods of education and changing the orientation of the education system and good governance as an efficient policy system are two practical approaches to move towards sustainable tourism development.
Welfare factors with the dimensions of facilities and infrastructures, economic facilities are other factors to development of nature tourism in Iran, which has been identified in this study. Residential infrastructure is one of the most important components of tourism space system, so that the quantity and quality of infrastructure is effective in attracting tourists.
participation and coherence of tourism stakeholders with the dimensions of cohesion is one of the factors to development of nature tourism in Iran, which was determined in this study. People's participation in decision-making and policy-making is important in order to familiarize them with the obstacles and benefits of the nature tourism industry. People's participation is also one of the indicators of development. Because community-based tourism is associated with the protection of the natural environment and resources and the development of nature tourism.
The attractiveness of the tourist area with the dimensions of location, side factors in the areas, natural attractiveness are other factors affecting the development of nature tourism. The attractiveness of destinations plays a decisive role in the potential tourism position in any region. Because nature tourism depends on the attractiveness of the environment. So that the attractiveness and sense of place is considered as a factor in repeating the tourism experience.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Abdul Manafi, Tahereh, Azkia, Mostafa (2011): Factors Affecting the Tourism Industry in Kelardasht Rural Area, Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education Research Journal, No 1, pp 97_112


2. Alaeddinoglu,Faruk., Selcuk Can،Ali (2011) :Identification and classification of nature based tourism resources.The 2nd International Geography Symposium GEOMED ، Available online at sciencedirect.com , pp 198_207


3. Aligholizadeh Firoozjaei, Nasser, Ghanbarzadeh Ash'ari, Arezoo (2015): Measuring the support of rural residents for tourism development in rural areas and the factors affecting it, Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, No 15, pp170_188


4. Aminian, Nasser, Mir Ali, Seyed Naqavi, (2018): Presenting a Model of Optimal Tourism Governance in Iran, Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies, Volume 13, No 42, pp67_120


5. Amiri, Foujan, Mohebbi, Sirajuddin, Ranjbar, Mohammad Hossein, Bagheri, Mehdi, (2019): Identification of factors affecting tourism marketing and providing a suitable model of ecotourism and rural tourism (Case study: Hormozgan province), Journal of Regional Planning Research, Year 9, No. 35, pp 95_104


6. Barroso, Julie. Sandelowski,Margarete, (2007): Using Qualitative Metasummary to Synthesize Qualitative and Quantitative Descriptive Findings, Research in Nursing & Health, Vol 30, pp 99_111


7. Bender, N.A.; Crosbie, K.; Lynch, H.J, (2016): Patterns of tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula region: A 20-year analysis, Antarct. Sci, Vol 28,pp 194_203.


8. Brent D. Moyle, Pascal Scherrer, Betty Weiler,Erica Wilson, Noah Nielsen, (2017): Assessing preferences of potential visitors for nature-based experiences in protected areas, Tourism Management, Vol. 62, October 2017, pp 29_114


9. Drumm, A., Moore, A, ( 2002): Ecotourism Development-A Manual for Conservation Planners and Managers, volume 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277786951


10. Edwards M., Davies M., Edwards A, (2009): What are the external influences on information exchange and shared decision-making in healthcare consultations: A meta-synthesis of the literature, Patient education andcounseling, Vol 75(1),pp 37_52


11. ESU, Bassey B, (2015): Transforming the Nigeria tourism industry through tourism entrepreneurial development, African Journal of Business Management, Vol 9, pp 569 _580.


12. Faaljou, Hamid Reza, Nasirian, Ebrahim (2015): The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Tourism Demand in the Middle East and North Africa, Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies , Year 10, pp25_52


13. Fadafan, F.K., Danehkar, A., Pourebrahim, S, ( 2018): Developing a non-compensatory approach to identify suitable zones for intensive tourism in an environmentally sensitive landscape,pp 152_166


14. Handriana, T. A, (2016): Responsible environmental behavior intention of travelers on ecotourism sites,Tourism and Hospitality Management, 22(2),pp 135_150.


15. Heung, Vincent C.S. Kucukusta, Deniz Song Haiyan, (2011): Medical tourism development in Hong Kong: An assessment of the barriers  Tourism Management, pp 995_1005


16. Hübner, Anna. Phong, Lý T. Phong Trương S. Châu, H, (2014): Good governance and tourism development in protected areas: The case of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, central Vietnam, Koedoe 56(2), Art. #1146, 10 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ koedoe. Vol 56i2.1146pp 1

in B. Weiler and C.M. Hall (Eds) Special Interest Tourism. Belhaven Press: London

17. Jing (Bill) Xu. Shukman, Chan, (2016): A new nature-based tourism motivation model: Testing the moderating effects of the push motivation، Tourism Management Perspectives Vol 1, pp 107_110


18. Karjalainen, E.; Sarjala, T.; Raitio, H, (2010): Promoting human health through forests: Overview and major Environ. Health Prev.,pp 1_8


19. Khaledi, Shahriyar, Salehian Badi, Saeed, Sidali, Mohsen, (2012): The position of desert ecotourism in the development of rural settlements (Case study: Matin Abad-Badrud tourist accommodation), Journal of Regional Planning Research, year 2 No 8, pp 93_103


20. Khodaei, Zahra, Khalilabad Police Station, Hossein (2012): Tourism Development with Emphasis on the Role of Human Resources Training, Quarterly Journal of Urban Management Studies, Year 4, No12, pp 47_59


21. Kim ,Yoonjung, Kima, Choong-ki, Kun ,Lee, Hyun-woo Lee, Dong, Rogelio II. Andradac T, (2019): Quantifying nature-based tourism in protected areas in developing countries by using social big data, Tourism Management ,Vol 72 , pp 249_256


22. Manning, R, (2002): How much is Too Much? Carrying Capacity of National Parks and ProtectedAr eas. Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Conference Proceedings by A. Arnberger, pp 306_313


23. Marzuki, Azizan ، Mohd Hashim، Nor Arbaayah ،Rofe، Matthew (2011): Nature-Based Tourism Development in Northern Peninsular Malaysia.An Analysis of Tourism Potentials and Constraints، Paper Presented in Track, Governance, Politics and Conflict  at the 3rd World Planning Schools Congress, Perth,pp 4_8 .


24. Ofelia Lobo Rodríguez, Martha  , Alberto, Flores Sánchez, Carlos , Quiroz,  Cruz Estrada, Isaac (2018): Factors that affect the demand of tourism in Mexico: competitive analysis, Revista de Análisis Turístico, Vol. 25 Issue: 2, pp.154_166.


25. Panahi, Hossein, Masoumzadeh, Sara, Razaghi, Somayeh, (2017): Study of the effect of exchange rate on the level of tourism payment in Iran, Quarterly Journal of Applied Economic Theories, No2, pp 127_142


26. Rezvani, Abdollah (1995): Geography and Tourism Industry, Tehran, Payame Noor University Publishers.


27. Saffar Heydari, Hojjat, Saeed (2019): Phenomenological reflection on the relationship between ecotourism and environmental degradation: with emphasis on Heidegger's philosophical ideas, Journal of Tourism Planning and Development , year 8, No 28,pp 8_32


28. Sandelowski M., Barroso J., Voils C.I, (2007): Using qualitative metasummary to synthesize qualitative and quantitative descriptive findings, Research in Nursing & Health, Vol 30(1)،pp 99_111


29. Sandra M. De Urioste-Stone, Lena Le, Matt D. Scaccia, Emily Wilkins, (2016): Nature based tourism and climate change risk,Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism


30. Sarkhoshsara, Ali, Nasrollahi, Khadijeh, Azarbayjani, Karim (2018): Analysis and Review of the Relationship between Revenues and Expenditures of the Tourism Sector with Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Tourism Research and Development, Year 7, Issue 3,pp1_24.


31. Schild, R, (2019): Civic recreation: Outdoor recreationists as advocates, stewards, and managers of natural resources.Environ. Manag. 2019, Vol 63,pp 629_646.


32. Shah Hosseini, Hadith (2013): Recognition of motives and factors affecting the level of satisfaction of nature travelers from traveling to Qeshm, Scientific Research Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies of the 8th year 4,pp 145_182


33. Shaterian, Mohsen, Gholami, Yousef and Mir Mohammadi, Mohammad (2017): Evaluation of Sustainable Urban Tourism Development Indicators Case Study, Kashan City, Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, No 46,pp 195_214


34. Shi, Y., Zhang, W., Ren, J.M., Zhang, J.P, ( 2015): Ecological suitability assessment and ecomapping for tourism development in an Eco-sensitive region. Acta Ecol. Sin. Vol 35 (23),pp7887_7898.


35. Snyman, S.; Bricker, K.S, (2019): Living on the edge: Benefit-sharing from protected area tourism. J. Sustain. Tour, Vol 27, pp705_719.


36. Soleimani Moghadam, Mohammad, Eslami, Ghasem (2011): The role of residential infrastructure in tourism activities in Rasht city, Journal of Human Resource Planning Studies, Vol 6, Number 17, pp 105_115


37. Taghavi Fard, Mohammad Taghi, Asadian Ardakani, Faezeh, (2016): Presenting the Model of Electronic Tourism Development with an Applied Structural Modeling Approach, Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies, Year 11, pp 19_39


38. Tang, Z, ( 2015): An integrated approach to evaluating the coupling coordination between tourism and the environment. Tourism Manage. Vol 46,pp 11_19.


39. Taotao Deng, Yukun Hu, Mulan M, (2019): Regional policy and tourism: A quasi-natural experiment ، Annals of Tourism Research ,Vol 74 ،pp 1_16.


40. Tehran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture, Deputy for Economic Studies, (2015): Review of the situation of the tourism industry and the role of the private sector, pp 1_17


41. Tovar, C., & Lockwood, M. (2008): Social impacts of tourism: An Australian regional case study. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10,pp 365_378 .


42. Usuki, M, (2004): Environmental Education and Ecotourism for Conservation towards Sustainability of Local Communities, Journal of Tourism Studies, Vol 2, pp 117_131.


43. Valentine, P.S, (1992): Review Nature-based tourism pp. 105_128.


44. Yan ,Libo (2018): Origins of nature tourism in imperial China, Journal of Tourism Futures, Vol. 4 Issue: 3, pp,265_274.


45. Yotsumoto، Yukio .Wang, Liguo, (2019): Conflict in tourism development in rural Chinat، Tourism Management، journal homepage، elsevier.com/locate/tourman,pp 188_200.


46. Zargham Boroujeni, Hamid, Sedaghat, Maryam (2018): Process Model of Sustainable Development of Sustainable Tourism of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Data Foundation Theory with Emphasis on Five Years of Economic, Social and Cultural Development Programs, Tourism and Development Quarterly, Year 7,No 3, pp25_73


47. Zeng Yuxi, Zhong Linshenga, (2020): Identifying conflicts tendency between nature-based tourism development and ecological protection in China, Ecological Indicators,109 pp1_14.


48. Ziffer, K.A, (1989): Ecotourism: The Uneasy Alliance, Conservation International/Ernst & Young