طراحی الگوی سیاست‌گذاری منابع آبی کشور با رویکرد شناسایی آسیب ها و ارائۀ راهبردهایی جهت ارتقای بهره وری صنعت آب کشور
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت دولتیالهه یوسفیان 1 , ابوالحسن فقیهی 2 , کرم اله دانش فرد 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه مدیریت دولتی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - استاد گروه مدیریت دولتی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - استاد گروه مدیریت دولتی،واحد علوم تحقیقات ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: سیاست‌گذاری, مدیریت منابع آب, بهره وری, تحلیل ,
چکیده مقاله :
بحران آب یکی از مهم ترین مسائل آینده ایران است که امکان سکونت در بسیاری از زیستگاه‌های انسانی و جانوری را تهدید می کند. این بحران بیش از آنکه نتیجه کمبود منابع آبی باشد، نتیجه حکمرانی نامطلوب آب در ایران است که امروز آن را به مرز هشدار رسانده است. هدف تحقیق حاضر، طراحی الگوی سیاست‌گذاری منابع آبی کشور به منظورارتقای بهره‌وری این صنعت در کشور می باشد. این پژوهش از بعد هدف اکتشافی، از بعد مخاطب بنیادی و در زمره تحقیقات آمیخته است. در مرحلۀ کیفی تحقیق حاضر، از روش تحلیل تم و در مرحلۀ کمی از روش مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد. در مرحلۀ کیفی، جهت طراحی الگوی تحقیق، با 19 نفر از متخصصان و کارشناسان باتجربه بخش آب کشور که به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند مصاحبه به عمل آمد. براساس یافته‌ها، 3 شکاف حاکمیتی، سیاست‌گذاری و عملیاتی شناسایی گردید. همچنین 10 راهبرد برای حکمرانی آب شناسایی شدند. در مرحلۀ کمی نیز، برای اعتبارسنجی الگوی تحقیق، از 189 نفر از مدیران و متخصصان وزارت نیرو با پرسشنامه محقق ساخته نظرخواهی شد که حجم نمونه با فرمول کوکران محاسبه گردید و روش نمونه‌گیری نیز از نوع تصادفی ساده بود. داده‌های حاصل با روش مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نهایتا، نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بهره گیری از الگوی مطلوب حکمرانی در سیاست‌گذاری مدیریت منابع آب می تواند اثربخش باشد و نتایج ارزشمندی در راستای ارتقای بهره‌وری صنعت آب کشور ایجاد کند.
The water crisis is one of the most important issues in the near future in Iran, which threatens the lifes of humans and animals. This crisis is more than the result of the lack of water resources; it is the result of unfavorable water governance in Iran, which has brought it to the border of warning. Hence, the purpose of this research is to design a policy-making model for the country's water resources to improve the productivity of this industry in the country. This mixed- method research is exploratory in terms of objectives, and fundamental in terms of audience. In the qualitative phase of this research, the theme analysis method and in the quantitative phase, the structural equation modeling method were used. In the qualitative phase, in order to design the research model, interviews were conducted with 19 experienced experts in water resources who were selected purposefully. Based on the findings, 3 governances, policy and operational gaps were identified. Moreover, 10 strategies for water governance were identified. In the quantitative phase, to validate the research model, 189 managers and specialists in the Ministry of Energy were asked for their opinions using a researcher-made questionnaire; the sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, and the sampling procedure was simple random. Finally, the results of the research showed that using the ideal model of governance in water resources management policymaking can be effective factors and can create valuable results in order to improve the productivity of the country's water industry.
Key Words: policy making, water resource management, productivity, theme analysis
1.Introduction
Although the issue of water governance in Iran is a serious and urgent issue, unfortunately, it is one of the areas in which scientific and applied knowledge is limited. Today, it seems that all sections of the Iranian society have come to the conclusion that they should pay special attention to water resources and their preservation, yet, what are the dimensions of the optimal policy in this area to provide the future needs while making optimal use of the existing water resources? In fact, improving the productivity of the existing water resources is an important issue that faces a number of uncertainties. Additionally, the scientific research conducted so far in the field of water governance has not been able to provide a complete answer to the uncertainties of policy making, leaving many aspects of water governance untouched. Therefore, in this research, the goal is to provide a strategic and practical model for water governance that fits the local conditions of the country.
2.Literature Review
Among the studies related to water governance, Samadi and colleagues (1401) analyzed the structure of water governance in Iran based on water-food-energy correlation. The research results of Saadat et al. (1400) also showed that the optimal governance of water resources is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon in which the government, private, civil society and mass media sectors has a different irreplaceable role. The findings of Amiri et al.'s study (2019) also indicate that the weakness in consensus regarding the definition of water crisis, the disconnection between the implementation and decision-making stage, and the severe weakness in the evaluation of the water policy process, have not only caused the failure of the proposed solutions and decisions but also has aggravated the water crisis in the country by taking more resources and increasing demand. The findings of Pourkhosravani et al. (2019) showed that policy makers face many obstacles when implementing water reforms, such as weak laws and regulations in the field of water resources, institutional and structural weaknesses, dispersion of roles and responsibilities, and financial, technical and informational problems. Ahmadipour and Ahmadi (2019) discussed in their research that the water crisis in Iran is a product of various causes of ignorance and inability, and that this variety is the result of spread and complexity of infrastructures, institutions, organizations, activists and actions that have formed around the category of water. Each of these components has shortcomings that collectively form the water crisis in Iran. In their research, Dehghani et al. (2018) came to the conclusion that in the water governance system in Iran, the view is hierarchical and top-down, in interaction with stakeholders, in the implementation of programs.
3.Methodology
This mixed-method research is exploratory in terms of its purpose, fundamental in terms of audience, and cross-sectional in terms of time. In this research, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has been used to achieve the goals. In the qualitative phase, we used semi-structured and in-depth interviews, and the theme analysis approach was used to analyze the data, and in the quantitative phase, structural equation modeling was used to validate the designed model. In this research, the data collection required for the design and validation of the research model was done with semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire.
- Result
In the present study, after interviewing the experts and analyzing the data and the pathology of the water crisis in the country, an attempt was made to provide a local and practical model for the water governance policy in Iran in order to improve the productivity of the country's water industry, which was then validated using the structural equation modeling method.
Based on the findings of the research, there are 3 categories of damage were identified, including the governance gap, the policy gap, and the operational gap, as well as ten main strategies, including resource management, participatory governance, water economy, improving the executive platform, macro management, water demand management, water supply management, scientific capacity building, customer orientation and culture building. Moreover, in the research model, a set of governance actors were identified that each could play a role in the realization of strategies by taking advantage of each other's participation and synergy. Of course, this largely depends on ending the government's monopoly on water management and harnessing the capacity of other actors. Also, in the research model, a set of contextual and intervening factors raised by experts were identified that affect the implementation of strategies and movement in the long-run. Intervening factors, which are mainly related to the government, should play the role of facilitator. For example, the development of electronic government or stability (against instability) in the public sector can play a facilitating role. As for background factors, although there is no control over them, their negative effects can be reduced by monitoring and foresight. Finally, good water governance has positive results and can achieve sustainable development and water security for future generations.
- Discussion
Today, the water crisis is an issue that has reached the border of crisis in Iran, threatening human and animal life. If it continues like this, many human and animal habitats will be uninhabitable in the near future. Although there are many reasons for the water crisis in Iran, one of the most important reasons is the lack of policy and unfavorable governance. In other words, it can be said that, regarding the future of water resources in Iran, more than threats posed by drought, it is unfavorable governance that wastes the available water resources and does not provide the possibility of using them optimally.
The first step to change the approach in the country's water management and establish the interconnected management of water resources and water governance is to identify the legal and structural obstacles governing this field. The country's upstream documents have the potential to achieve the goals of sustainable development and integrated management of water resources. Howevre, the current laws and regulations do not have the necessary capacity to achieve these goals.
Another important point is considering the variability of environmental and social systems and its influence on governance, that is, considering the different conditions of each region and paying attention to the values, beliefs and interests of different stakeholders in that region. Regarding water resource management, the decisions should be based on the study of water governance systems in each country, the local knowledge of that region, the study of water needs and environmental climatic conditions, as well as the analysis of changes necessary for future reforms. Such studies and decisions are different in each country and even in each region of a country according to the climatic, cultural, social, political, economic and environmental conditions as well as the water governance system of that region; and finally, to decide about appropriate polices, different characteristics of the region must be carefully studied.
The current research, reviewing the literature, theories, and background issues related to water sector policy making, models and knowledge available in the world, as well as enriching the research topic, aims to uncover and describe the problem. It can have an effective role in providing optimal solutions to solve the country's water problems and needs. These practical solutions can determine which bodies are the main custodians of water in the country and what measures should be taken in line with the successful governance of water in the country.
Finally, in this research, the theme analysis method was used to design the model and the structural equation modeling method was used to validate it. Based on the findings of the research, three effective factors including governance gap, policy gap and operational gap, as well as ten main strategies were identified.
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