اثر کاربرد کود دامی بر تحمل ارقام ذرت دانه‌ای به تنش خشکی در شرایط اقلیمی ایرانشهر
محورهای موضوعی :
امیر بهزادی اصل
1
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد ایرانشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایرانشهر، ایران)
سید مهدی جوادزاده
2
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد ایرانشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایرانشهر، ایران)
کلید واژه: تنش آبی, تحمل به تنش, سینگل کراس, ماکسیما,
چکیده مقاله :
به منظور بررسی واکنش ذرت دانه‌ای تحت تنش خشکی به کاربرد کودهای دامی آزمایشی در قالب طرح کرت‌های دوباره خردشده بر پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در منطقه ایرانشهر اجرا شد. تنش خشکی شامل قطع آبیاری در دو مرحله گلدهی و دوره پرشدن دانه اعمال شد. در این آزمایش چهار رقم ذرت دانه ای شامل SC704، SC540، SC647 و ماکسیما و کود دامی شامل کود گوسفندی و مرغی به ترتیب به میزان 10 و 5 تن در هکتار استفاده شد. ارتفاع بوته، تعداد دانه در ردیف، قطر بلال، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه در زمان برداشت فیزیولوژیک گیاه اندازه‌گیری شدند. همچنین، شاخص‌های تحمل شامل شاخص حساسیت به تنش، شاخص تحمل، شاخص تحمل به تنش، میانگین هندسی بهره وری و شاخص میانگین بهره وری محاسبه شدند. قطع آبیاری به ویژه در مرحله گلدهی بر کلیه صفات مورد بررسی در هر چهار رقم تأثیر کاهنده معنی‌داری داشت. هیبرید 704 بیشترین تحمل به خشکی را در شرایط آب و هوایی ایرانشهر از خود نشان داد. مصرف کود مرغی در تنش خشکی در مرحله گلدهی نسبت به کود گوسفندی موجب افزایش عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت رقم 704 شد. شاخص حساسیت به تنش، شاخص تحمل، شاخص تحمل به تنش، میانگین هندسی بهره وری و شاخص میانگین بهره وری رقم 704 را به عنوان رقم متحمل به تنش معرفی نمودند. بنابراین، استفاده از کود مرغی برای دستیابی به عملکرد مطلوب در ذرت رقم 704 در شرایط تنش خشکی توصیه می‌شود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
To investigate the reaction of maize under drought stress to the application of manure, an experiment was conducted as split split plot based on randomized complete block design in Iranshahr, Iran. Drought stress included irrigation cut-off in two flowering and seed filling stages. Maize genotypes consisted of SC704, SC540, and SC647, and Maxima cv. and sheep and poultry were applied with the amounts of 10 and 5 t/ha. Plant height, number of seeds per row, ear diameter, 1000 grain weight, and seed yield were measured at physiological harvesting time. Tolerance indices including Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI), Tolerance Index (TOL), Stress Tolerance Index (STI) , Geometric mean productivity (GMP), , and Mean Productivity Index (MPI) were measured . Irrigation cuttings had a meaningful declining effect on all studied traits in all four cultivars especially in flowering stage. SC704 hybrid showed the highest drought tolerance to Iranshahr weather conditions.Compared to sheep manure, application of poultry manure increased yield and yield components of maize cultivar 704 in drought stress in flowering stage. SSI, STI, STI, GMP, TOL, and MPI introduced the SC704 maize hybrid as stress tolerance indices.Therefore, the use of poultry manure is recommended to achieve optimal yield in maize SC704 under drought stress conditions.
منابع و مأخذ:
Abdmishani C, Shahnejat Bushehri AA (1991) Advanced Plant Breeding. University of Tehran Press: Tehran [in Persian]
Adeleye EO, Ayeni LS, Ojeniyi SO (2010) Effect of poultry manure on soil physico-chemical properties, leaf nutrient contents and yield of yam (Dioscorea rotundata) on alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Journal of American Science 6: 956-959.
Agul D, Dlagi F (2002) Water use efficincy in corn (Zea mays L.) with organic matter. Field crops Research 43: 171-176.
Ahmadi K, Gholoxadeh H, Abaszadeh H, Hosseionpour R, Hatami F, Fazli B, Kazemiyan A, Rafiye M (2014) Agriculture Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture Press: Tehran 169. [in Persian]
Ahmadi J, Zeinali Khanghah H, Rostami M, Choukan R (2000) Evaluation of drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids commercially delayed. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4: 891-906. [in Persian with English abstract]
Alizadeh A, Majidi A, Nadian H, Noormohammadi GH, Ameriyan M (2007) Effect of drought stress and different nitrogen levels on Phonology and growth of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences of Iran 4(5)116: 128. [in Persian]
Ayub M, Ather Nadeem M, Tanveer A, Husnain A (2002) Effect of different levels of nitrogen and harvesting times on the growth yield and quality of sorghum. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 1(4): 304-307.
Bakhshayeshi Gashlagh M, Shekarchezad M (2015) Evaluation of genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum Aestivum) using drought tolerance indices. Journal of Crop Breeding 7(16):49-59.
Bassetti P, Westgate ME (1993) Water deficit affects receptivity of maize silks. Crop Science 33: 278-182.
Behnamfar K (1997) Study of the effect of potassium fertilizer on creating resistance to drought stress and water use efficiency in corn (Zea mays L.) Khuzestan weather conditions. Master Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch: Ahvaz, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Bolanos J (1995) Physiological bases for yield differences in selected maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars from Central America. Field Crops Research 42: 69-80.
Cakir R (2004) Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research 89: 1-16.
Chaghzardi HH, Mohammadi Gh, Heavenly Al-Aqa P (2015) Evaluation of sulfur and fertilizer effects on growth characteristics of single crum 704 crop and soil acidity. Iranian Journal of Crop Research 11(1):170-162. [in Persian with English abstract]
Chen J, Xu W, Velten J, Xin Z, Stout J (2012) Characterization of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines for drought and heat tolerance. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 67: 354-364.
Choukan R, Taherkhani T, Ghannadha MR, Khodarahmi M (2006) Evaluation of drought tolerance in grain maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines using drought tolerance indices. Iranian Journal of Crop Research 8(1): 79-89. [in Persian with English abstract]
Dagdelen N, Yilmaz E, Sezgin F, Gorbuz T (2006) Water yield relation and water use efficiency of cotton and season crop corn in Western Turkey. Agricaltural Water Manage 82(1-2): 63-85.
Daneshian (1979) Study ecophysiological water deficit on soybeans. Master Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch: Tehran, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
De Paolo O, Frans DB, Muris F (2008) Effect of different irrigation regimes, and manure on corn (Zea mays L.) yield. Jouranl of Agronomy Research12 (4):324- 329.
Debaeke P, Aboudrare A (2004) Adaptation of crop management to water-limited environment. European Journal of Agronomy 21: 433-446.
Emam Y (2007) Cereal Production. 3rd ed, Shiraz University Press: Shiraz. [in Persian with English abstract]
Emam Y, Ranjbar GH (2001) The effect of plant density and water stress during vegetative phase on grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Science 3: 51-63. [in Persian with English abstract]
Emam Y, Seghateleslami MJ (2005) Crop Yield, Physiology and Processes. Shiraz University Press: Shiraz. [in Persian]
Emam Y, Niknejad M (2004) An Introduction to the Physiology of Crop Yield. Shiraz University Press: Shiraz. [in Persian]
Fallah S, Ghalavand A, Khajehpour MR (2007) Effects of animal manure incorporation methods and its integration with chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) in Khorramabad, Lorestan. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences 11(40): 233-243.[in Persian]
Fatemi R, Kahraryan B, Ghnbary A, Valizadeh M (2006) The evaluation of different irrigation regims and water requirement on yield and yield components of corn. Journal of Agricultural Science 12(1):133-141. [in Persian with English abstract]
Farshadfar E, Zamani A, Matlabi MR, Emam-jome EE (2001) Selection for drought resistance chichpea lines. Journal of Agricultural Science 32(1), 65-77.
Fernandez GCJ (1992) Effective selection criteria for assessing plant stress tolerance. Proceedings of International Symposium on Adaptoition of Food Crops to Temperature and Water stress. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Shanhua, Taiwan.
Fisher RA, Maurer R (1978) Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. Grain yield responses. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29: 897-912.
Francois LE, Danvan TJ, Mass EV (2010) Salinity effects on seed yield, growyh and germination of grain sorghum. Agrononmy Journal 76:741-744.
Ghadiri H, Majidian M (2009) Effect of nitrogen levels and irrigated irrigations in milk stages and dough formation on yield, yield components and efficiency of water use in maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology of Natural Resources 2: 113-103.
Ghosh PK, Mandal KJ, Hati K, Ajay M (2004) Comprative effectivence of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer NPK on three cropping system in vertisols of semi-arid tropics, dry matter yield, nodulation, chlophyll content and enzyme activity. Bioresource Technology 95: 85-93.
Gliessman RS (2006) Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems, Second Edition. CRC Press: Boca Raton.
Golbashy M, Ebrahimi M, Khavari Khorasani S, Choucan R (2010) Evaluation of drought tolerance of some corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids in Iran. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5(19): 2714-2719.
Gooding, MJ, Ellis RH, Shewry P, Schofield J (2003) Effects of restricted water availability and increased temperature on the grain filling, drying and qualityof winter wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 37: 295-309.
Hajibabaei M, Azizi F (2011) Evaluation of drought tolerance indices in some new hybrids of corn. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 3: 139-155.
Hashemi-Dezfouli SA, Alemi Saied K, Siadat SA, komauli MR (2001) Effect of planting date on yield of two varieties of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) on the weather conditions in Khuzestan. Journal of Agriculture Science 32: 681-689. (in Persian with English Abstract)
Jaafari P, Imani MR (2004) Study of drought stress and plant density on yield and some agronomical traits of maize (Zea mays L.) KSC301. Proceedings of the 8th Congress of Crop Sciences. Rasht, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Kalamian S, Modares Sanavi AM, Sepehri A (2005) Effect of water deficit at vegetative and reproductive growth stages in leafy and commercial hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Water, Soil and Plant in Agriculture 5(3): 38-53. [in Persian with English abstract]
Khalili M, Kazemi E, Front M, Sustainable M (2010) Evaluation of drought resistance indices in different growth stages of late corn cultivars. Proceedings of the 8th Congress of Crop Sciences. Rasht, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Khodabandeh N (2003) Cereal Crops. Tehran University Press: Tehran. [in Persian]
Lupway NZ, Girma M, Haque I (2000) Plant nutrient content of cattle manure from small-scale farms and experimental stations in the Ethiopian highlands. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 78: 57-63.
Majddam M (2006) Effects of water deficit and nitrogen management on agrophysiological characteristics and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrid SC 704 in climatic conditions in Khuzestan. PhD Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch: Khuzestan, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Majidian M, Ghalavand A, Kamgar Haghighi AA, Karimian N (2012) Effect of drought stress, nitrogen and organic fertilizer on chlorophyll meter reading, grain yield and yield components of kernel corn SC704. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 10(3):303-330. [in Persian with English abstract]
Mohammad Khani N, Heydari R (2006) Effect of drought stress on protective enzyme activity and peroxidation of lipids in two corn cultivars. Journal of Biosciences 10 (22): 4022-8.
Mujtaba SM, Alam Nia SM (2002) Drought phenomenon and crop growth, Pakistsn leading magazine for the last 25 years, Pakistan and gulf economist. Agronomy Journal 84: 107-113.
Naderi Darbagshahi MR, Noormohamadi GH, Majidi A, Darvish F, Shirani Rad AH, Madani H (2004) Effect of drought stress and plant density on the characteristics in line planting safflower in Isfahan. Seed and Plant Production Journal 20: 296-281. [in Persian with English abstract]
Nagaz K, Toumi I, Masmoudi M, Mechlia N (2008) Soil salinity and barley production under full and deficit irrigation with saline water in arid condition of southern Tunisia. Reasearch Journal of Agronomy 2:90-95.
Nesmith DS, Ritchie JT (2010) Short and longterm responses of corn (Zea mays L.) to a preanthesis soil water deficit. Agronomy Journal 84: 107-113.
Omidian A, Sayyidat SA, Naseri R, Moradi M (2012) Effect of zinc sulfate on the yield, oil content and protein content of four canola cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Sciences of Iran 14 (1): 28-16. [in Persian with English abstract]
Parvizi Y, Nabati E (2004) Effect of manure application and irrigation interval on yield indices and water use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.). Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 63: 21-29. [in Persian with English abstract]
Pessarakli MM, Morgan PV, Gilbert J (2005) Dry matter yield, protein synthesis, starch, and fiber content of barley and wheat plants under two irrigation regimes. Journal of Plant Nutrition 28: 1227-1241.
Poorter H (1989) Interspecific variation in relative growth rate: On ecological causes and physio-logical consequences. In: Lambers H, Cambridge ML, Konings H, Pons TL (eds). Causes and consequences of variation in growth rate and productivity of higher plants, SPB Academic Publishing: Netherland.
Pourmusavi SM, Throat M, Scientists C, Ghanbari A, Intuitive NU, South C (2013) Effect of manure on quantitative and qualitative yield of 17 soybeans in drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 40(1): 2-15. [in Persian with English abstract]
Rabbani J, Emam Y (2012) Yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids to drought stress at different growth stages. Journal of Crop Production and Processing 1(2): 65-78. [in Persian with English abstract]
Rafiei M (2000) Effect of drought stress and zinc and phosphorus concentrations and total uptake in corn. PhD Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch: Ahvaz, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Rafiei M, Mansesh Sh, Mirror A, Vegetable D, Ahmadi D (2011) Effect of irrigation water and irrigation time in different growth stages on yield and yield components of hybrid seagull cross 704 in Ahwaz climate. Journal of Physiology of Crops (3): 105-93.
Rashidi S (2005) Effect of drought stress in different growth stages and levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize TC647 in Khuzestan climate. Master Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources: Ahvaz, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Reddy DD, Rao AS, Rupta TR (2000) Effects of continuous use of cattle manure and fertilizer phosphorus on crop yields and soil organic phosphorus in a vertisol. Bioresource Technology 75:113-118.
Ribaut JM, Betran J, Monneveux P, Setter T (2012) Drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.). In: Bennetzen JL, Hake SC, (eds).Handbook of Maize: It’s Biology, Springer: New York 31–34.
Richards RA, Rebtzke GJ, Condon AG, Van Herwaarden AF (2002) Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals. Crop Science 42: 111-121.
Rosielli A, Hamblin J (1981) Theoritical aspects of selection for yield in stress and non stress environment. Crop Science 21: 943-946.
Sajjadi N, Ardakani M (2003) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, iron on physiological parameters of corn (Zea mays L.) in Markazi Province. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 6(2): 99-110. [in Persian with English abstract]
Schussler JR, Westgate ME (2013) Maize kernel set at low water potential: II. Sensitivity to reduce assimilates at pollination. Crop Science 31: 1196-1203.
Setter TL, Brian A, Lannigan F, Melkonian J (2001) Loss of kernel set due to water deficit and shade in maize: carbohydrate supplies absicise acid and cytokinins. Crop Science 41: 1530-1540.
Seyedzavar J, Norouzi M, Aharizad S, Bandehhagh A (2015) Relationship between yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under different irrigation. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 9(1):83-108. [in Persian with English abstract]
Shafazadeh M, Yazdan Sepas A, Amini A, Ghanadha M (2004) Study of terminal drought tolerance in promising winter and facultative wheat genotypes using stress susceptibility and toleranceindices. Seed and Plant 20: 57-71.
Shiri MR, Bahrampour T (2015) Genotype × environment interaction analysis using GGE biplot in grain maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under different irrigation conditions. Cereal Research 5(1): 83-94. [in Persian with English abstract]
Shiri MR, Moharramnejad S, Hanifezadeh M, Bandehhagh A (2016) Evaluation of yield stability of maize (Zea mays L.) influenced by planting date in Moghan region. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science 26(1): 203-214. [in Persian with English abstract]
Sio- Se Mardeh A, Ahmadi A, Poustini K, Mohamadi V (2006) Evaluation of drought resistance indices under various environmental conditions. Field Crop Research 98: 222- 229. [in Persian with English abstract]
Ulger AC, Ibrikci H, Cakir B, Guzel N (1997) Influence of nitrogen rates and row spacing on corn (Zea mays L.) yield, protein content and other plant parameters. Journal of plant Nutrition 20: 1697-1709.
Yang J, Zhang J (2006) Grain filling of cereals under soil drying. New Phytologist 169: 223-236.
_||_
Abdmishani C, Shahnejat Bushehri AA (1991) Advanced Plant Breeding. University of Tehran Press: Tehran [in Persian]
Adeleye EO, Ayeni LS, Ojeniyi SO (2010) Effect of poultry manure on soil physico-chemical properties, leaf nutrient contents and yield of yam (Dioscorea rotundata) on alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Journal of American Science 6: 956-959.
Agul D, Dlagi F (2002) Water use efficincy in corn (Zea mays L.) with organic matter. Field crops Research 43: 171-176.
Ahmadi K, Gholoxadeh H, Abaszadeh H, Hosseionpour R, Hatami F, Fazli B, Kazemiyan A, Rafiye M (2014) Agriculture Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture Press: Tehran 169. [in Persian]
Ahmadi J, Zeinali Khanghah H, Rostami M, Choukan R (2000) Evaluation of drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids commercially delayed. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4: 891-906. [in Persian with English abstract]
Alizadeh A, Majidi A, Nadian H, Noormohammadi GH, Ameriyan M (2007) Effect of drought stress and different nitrogen levels on Phonology and growth of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences of Iran 4(5)116: 128. [in Persian]
Ayub M, Ather Nadeem M, Tanveer A, Husnain A (2002) Effect of different levels of nitrogen and harvesting times on the growth yield and quality of sorghum. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 1(4): 304-307.
Bakhshayeshi Gashlagh M, Shekarchezad M (2015) Evaluation of genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum Aestivum) using drought tolerance indices. Journal of Crop Breeding 7(16):49-59.
Bassetti P, Westgate ME (1993) Water deficit affects receptivity of maize silks. Crop Science 33: 278-182.
Behnamfar K (1997) Study of the effect of potassium fertilizer on creating resistance to drought stress and water use efficiency in corn (Zea mays L.) Khuzestan weather conditions. Master Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch: Ahvaz, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Bolanos J (1995) Physiological bases for yield differences in selected maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars from Central America. Field Crops Research 42: 69-80.
Cakir R (2004) Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research 89: 1-16.
Chaghzardi HH, Mohammadi Gh, Heavenly Al-Aqa P (2015) Evaluation of sulfur and fertilizer effects on growth characteristics of single crum 704 crop and soil acidity. Iranian Journal of Crop Research 11(1):170-162. [in Persian with English abstract]
Chen J, Xu W, Velten J, Xin Z, Stout J (2012) Characterization of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines for drought and heat tolerance. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 67: 354-364.
Choukan R, Taherkhani T, Ghannadha MR, Khodarahmi M (2006) Evaluation of drought tolerance in grain maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines using drought tolerance indices. Iranian Journal of Crop Research 8(1): 79-89. [in Persian with English abstract]
Dagdelen N, Yilmaz E, Sezgin F, Gorbuz T (2006) Water yield relation and water use efficiency of cotton and season crop corn in Western Turkey. Agricaltural Water Manage 82(1-2): 63-85.
Daneshian (1979) Study ecophysiological water deficit on soybeans. Master Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch: Tehran, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
De Paolo O, Frans DB, Muris F (2008) Effect of different irrigation regimes, and manure on corn (Zea mays L.) yield. Jouranl of Agronomy Research12 (4):324- 329.
Debaeke P, Aboudrare A (2004) Adaptation of crop management to water-limited environment. European Journal of Agronomy 21: 433-446.
Emam Y (2007) Cereal Production. 3rd ed, Shiraz University Press: Shiraz. [in Persian with English abstract]
Emam Y, Ranjbar GH (2001) The effect of plant density and water stress during vegetative phase on grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Science 3: 51-63. [in Persian with English abstract]
Emam Y, Seghateleslami MJ (2005) Crop Yield, Physiology and Processes. Shiraz University Press: Shiraz. [in Persian]
Emam Y, Niknejad M (2004) An Introduction to the Physiology of Crop Yield. Shiraz University Press: Shiraz. [in Persian]
Fallah S, Ghalavand A, Khajehpour MR (2007) Effects of animal manure incorporation methods and its integration with chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) in Khorramabad, Lorestan. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences 11(40): 233-243.[in Persian]
Fatemi R, Kahraryan B, Ghnbary A, Valizadeh M (2006) The evaluation of different irrigation regims and water requirement on yield and yield components of corn. Journal of Agricultural Science 12(1):133-141. [in Persian with English abstract]
Farshadfar E, Zamani A, Matlabi MR, Emam-jome EE (2001) Selection for drought resistance chichpea lines. Journal of Agricultural Science 32(1), 65-77.
Fernandez GCJ (1992) Effective selection criteria for assessing plant stress tolerance. Proceedings of International Symposium on Adaptoition of Food Crops to Temperature and Water stress. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Shanhua, Taiwan.
Fisher RA, Maurer R (1978) Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. Grain yield responses. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29: 897-912.
Francois LE, Danvan TJ, Mass EV (2010) Salinity effects on seed yield, growyh and germination of grain sorghum. Agrononmy Journal 76:741-744.
Ghadiri H, Majidian M (2009) Effect of nitrogen levels and irrigated irrigations in milk stages and dough formation on yield, yield components and efficiency of water use in maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology of Natural Resources 2: 113-103.
Ghosh PK, Mandal KJ, Hati K, Ajay M (2004) Comprative effectivence of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer NPK on three cropping system in vertisols of semi-arid tropics, dry matter yield, nodulation, chlophyll content and enzyme activity. Bioresource Technology 95: 85-93.
Gliessman RS (2006) Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems, Second Edition. CRC Press: Boca Raton.
Golbashy M, Ebrahimi M, Khavari Khorasani S, Choucan R (2010) Evaluation of drought tolerance of some corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids in Iran. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5(19): 2714-2719.
Gooding, MJ, Ellis RH, Shewry P, Schofield J (2003) Effects of restricted water availability and increased temperature on the grain filling, drying and qualityof winter wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 37: 295-309.
Hajibabaei M, Azizi F (2011) Evaluation of drought tolerance indices in some new hybrids of corn. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 3: 139-155.
Hashemi-Dezfouli SA, Alemi Saied K, Siadat SA, komauli MR (2001) Effect of planting date on yield of two varieties of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) on the weather conditions in Khuzestan. Journal of Agriculture Science 32: 681-689. (in Persian with English Abstract)
Jaafari P, Imani MR (2004) Study of drought stress and plant density on yield and some agronomical traits of maize (Zea mays L.) KSC301. Proceedings of the 8th Congress of Crop Sciences. Rasht, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Kalamian S, Modares Sanavi AM, Sepehri A (2005) Effect of water deficit at vegetative and reproductive growth stages in leafy and commercial hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Water, Soil and Plant in Agriculture 5(3): 38-53. [in Persian with English abstract]
Khalili M, Kazemi E, Front M, Sustainable M (2010) Evaluation of drought resistance indices in different growth stages of late corn cultivars. Proceedings of the 8th Congress of Crop Sciences. Rasht, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Khodabandeh N (2003) Cereal Crops. Tehran University Press: Tehran. [in Persian]
Lupway NZ, Girma M, Haque I (2000) Plant nutrient content of cattle manure from small-scale farms and experimental stations in the Ethiopian highlands. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 78: 57-63.
Majddam M (2006) Effects of water deficit and nitrogen management on agrophysiological characteristics and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrid SC 704 in climatic conditions in Khuzestan. PhD Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch: Khuzestan, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Majidian M, Ghalavand A, Kamgar Haghighi AA, Karimian N (2012) Effect of drought stress, nitrogen and organic fertilizer on chlorophyll meter reading, grain yield and yield components of kernel corn SC704. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 10(3):303-330. [in Persian with English abstract]
Mohammad Khani N, Heydari R (2006) Effect of drought stress on protective enzyme activity and peroxidation of lipids in two corn cultivars. Journal of Biosciences 10 (22): 4022-8.
Mujtaba SM, Alam Nia SM (2002) Drought phenomenon and crop growth, Pakistsn leading magazine for the last 25 years, Pakistan and gulf economist. Agronomy Journal 84: 107-113.
Naderi Darbagshahi MR, Noormohamadi GH, Majidi A, Darvish F, Shirani Rad AH, Madani H (2004) Effect of drought stress and plant density on the characteristics in line planting safflower in Isfahan. Seed and Plant Production Journal 20: 296-281. [in Persian with English abstract]
Nagaz K, Toumi I, Masmoudi M, Mechlia N (2008) Soil salinity and barley production under full and deficit irrigation with saline water in arid condition of southern Tunisia. Reasearch Journal of Agronomy 2:90-95.
Nesmith DS, Ritchie JT (2010) Short and longterm responses of corn (Zea mays L.) to a preanthesis soil water deficit. Agronomy Journal 84: 107-113.
Omidian A, Sayyidat SA, Naseri R, Moradi M (2012) Effect of zinc sulfate on the yield, oil content and protein content of four canola cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Sciences of Iran 14 (1): 28-16. [in Persian with English abstract]
Parvizi Y, Nabati E (2004) Effect of manure application and irrigation interval on yield indices and water use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.). Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 63: 21-29. [in Persian with English abstract]
Pessarakli MM, Morgan PV, Gilbert J (2005) Dry matter yield, protein synthesis, starch, and fiber content of barley and wheat plants under two irrigation regimes. Journal of Plant Nutrition 28: 1227-1241.
Poorter H (1989) Interspecific variation in relative growth rate: On ecological causes and physio-logical consequences. In: Lambers H, Cambridge ML, Konings H, Pons TL (eds). Causes and consequences of variation in growth rate and productivity of higher plants, SPB Academic Publishing: Netherland.
Pourmusavi SM, Throat M, Scientists C, Ghanbari A, Intuitive NU, South C (2013) Effect of manure on quantitative and qualitative yield of 17 soybeans in drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 40(1): 2-15. [in Persian with English abstract]
Rabbani J, Emam Y (2012) Yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids to drought stress at different growth stages. Journal of Crop Production and Processing 1(2): 65-78. [in Persian with English abstract]
Rafiei M (2000) Effect of drought stress and zinc and phosphorus concentrations and total uptake in corn. PhD Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch: Ahvaz, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Rafiei M, Mansesh Sh, Mirror A, Vegetable D, Ahmadi D (2011) Effect of irrigation water and irrigation time in different growth stages on yield and yield components of hybrid seagull cross 704 in Ahwaz climate. Journal of Physiology of Crops (3): 105-93.
Rashidi S (2005) Effect of drought stress in different growth stages and levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize TC647 in Khuzestan climate. Master Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources: Ahvaz, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Reddy DD, Rao AS, Rupta TR (2000) Effects of continuous use of cattle manure and fertilizer phosphorus on crop yields and soil organic phosphorus in a vertisol. Bioresource Technology 75:113-118.
Ribaut JM, Betran J, Monneveux P, Setter T (2012) Drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.). In: Bennetzen JL, Hake SC, (eds).Handbook of Maize: It’s Biology, Springer: New York 31–34.
Richards RA, Rebtzke GJ, Condon AG, Van Herwaarden AF (2002) Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals. Crop Science 42: 111-121.
Rosielli A, Hamblin J (1981) Theoritical aspects of selection for yield in stress and non stress environment. Crop Science 21: 943-946.
Sajjadi N, Ardakani M (2003) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, iron on physiological parameters of corn (Zea mays L.) in Markazi Province. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 6(2): 99-110. [in Persian with English abstract]
Schussler JR, Westgate ME (2013) Maize kernel set at low water potential: II. Sensitivity to reduce assimilates at pollination. Crop Science 31: 1196-1203.
Setter TL, Brian A, Lannigan F, Melkonian J (2001) Loss of kernel set due to water deficit and shade in maize: carbohydrate supplies absicise acid and cytokinins. Crop Science 41: 1530-1540.
Seyedzavar J, Norouzi M, Aharizad S, Bandehhagh A (2015) Relationship between yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under different irrigation. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 9(1):83-108. [in Persian with English abstract]
Shafazadeh M, Yazdan Sepas A, Amini A, Ghanadha M (2004) Study of terminal drought tolerance in promising winter and facultative wheat genotypes using stress susceptibility and toleranceindices. Seed and Plant 20: 57-71.
Shiri MR, Bahrampour T (2015) Genotype × environment interaction analysis using GGE biplot in grain maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under different irrigation conditions. Cereal Research 5(1): 83-94. [in Persian with English abstract]
Shiri MR, Moharramnejad S, Hanifezadeh M, Bandehhagh A (2016) Evaluation of yield stability of maize (Zea mays L.) influenced by planting date in Moghan region. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science 26(1): 203-214. [in Persian with English abstract]
Sio- Se Mardeh A, Ahmadi A, Poustini K, Mohamadi V (2006) Evaluation of drought resistance indices under various environmental conditions. Field Crop Research 98: 222- 229. [in Persian with English abstract]
Ulger AC, Ibrikci H, Cakir B, Guzel N (1997) Influence of nitrogen rates and row spacing on corn (Zea mays L.) yield, protein content and other plant parameters. Journal of plant Nutrition 20: 1697-1709.
Yang J, Zhang J (2006) Grain filling of cereals under soil drying. New Phytologist 169: 223-236.
_||_
