The role of gender in visual perception of the body of Nasir al-Mulk Mosque in Shiraz with emphasis on individuals’ reaction to the color
محورهای موضوعی : Space Ontology International JournalSare Kaviani 1 , Hadi Keshmiri 2
1 - Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 - Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
کلید واژه: Visual Perception, Gender, Color, Nasir al-Mulk Mosque,
چکیده مقاله :
Researchers have paid attention to perception as one of the most sophisticated methods for space measurement, and gender as one of the most important individual differences. Lack of accurate knowledge of visual perception in architectural space and differences between men and women would lead to the elimination of the psychological aspect of gender and the design of an inefficient space without considering its features. Since this mosque is rich visually in terms of maximum use of color, motifs, and details, this study aims to examine the visual perception of men and women with an emphasis on the reaction of each group to the color in the space of Nasir al-Mulk Mosque. After library studies were done and the research literature was shaped, the data were collected based on the field observations and questionnaire. The results of this study indicate a significant difference between visual perceptions of male and female visitors based on the components of color. Moreover, women have considerably outperformed in terms of visual perception.
Researchers have paid attention to perception as one of the most sophisticated methods for space measurement, and gender as one of the most important individual differences. Lack of accurate knowledge of visual perception in architectural space and differences between men and women would lead to the elimination of the psychological aspect of gender and the design of an inefficient space without considering its features. Since this mosque is rich visually in terms of maximum use of color, motifs, and details, this study aims to examine the visual perception of men and women with an emphasis on the reaction of each group to the color in the space of Nasir al-Mulk Mosque. After library studies were done and the research literature was shaped, the data were collected based on the field observations and questionnaire. The results of this study indicate a significant difference between visual perceptions of male and female visitors based on the components of color. Moreover, women have considerably outperformed in terms of visual perception.
Akbarzadeh, M., Piravivanak, M., & Mozaffar, F. (1398). Critique of the architectural design of the Nasir al-Mulk Mosque in Shiraz based on religious texts. Bagh Nazar, 16(78), 53-68. doi: 10.22034/bagh.2019.104311.3283. . (In Persian)
Aqili, A., Esmaeili, M., & Tabatabaii, M. (1401). Relationship and cohesion of color in the Quran and mosque architecture in Islamic civilization, Quarterly of Quran, Culture and Civilization, 3(4). . (In Persian)
Arnheim, R. (1386). Art and Visual Perception (Psychology of Creative Vision), translated by Majid Akhgari, SAMT: Tehran. . (In Persian)
Asaadi, S., Amiri, Sh., & Akbari, S. (1390). Investigation of gender differences in color preference order in children. Psychological Studies, 7(1), 49-64. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/67585/fa. . (In Persian)
Asadpour, H., Montazerolhoje, M., & Sharifnejad, M. (1398). Recognizing the factors affecting citizens’ visual perception of urban spaces (Case Study: Hafez Historical Axis in Shiraz), Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism, 8(1): 49-66. . (In Persian)
AvazNezhad, F., & Sheibani, H. (1400). Study and examination of color in the architecture of Nasir al-Mulk Mosque in Shiraz. Studies in the World of Color, 1(11), 23-34. . (In Persian)
Balcetis E, Dunning D. See what you want to see: motivational influences on visual perception. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006 Oct;91(4):612-25. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.612. PMID: 17014288.
Barati, N., & Soleimannejad, M. (1390). Perception of stimuli in controlled environments and its gender impact: a case study of students from the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the International Imam Khomeini University, Bagh Nazar, 8(17), 19-30. . (In Persian)
Bentley, E. Alcock, A. Murrain, P. McGlunn & S. Smith, G. (1985). The responsive environments, a manual for designers. Routledge Press.
Carmola, M., Heath, T., OC, T. & Tiesdell, S. (2003) Pubice spaces, Urban Spaces. Architectural Press.
Carmona M. Heath, T. Oc, T. & Tiesdell, S. (2010) Public Places Urban Spaces, Second Edition: The Dimensions of Urban Design, 2nd Edition, Oxford: Taylor & Francis Ltd. https://www.amazon.com/Public-Places-Urban-Spaces-Second/dp/1856178277
Cassatella, C.; Peano, A. (eds.) (2011): Landscape indicators: Assessing and monitoring landscape quality, Documents d'anàlisi geogràfica / [publicacions del Departament de Geografia, Universitat Autònoma de. . (In Persian)
Cheraghifar, F., Hossein, S., & Ghoddusifar, H. (2021). Explaining the Cognitive Aspects of Elderly's Space Perception in Architecture based on Age, Gender and Length of Residence. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 11(4), 51-64. doi: 10.30495/ijaud.2021.17847. . (In Persian)
Chraif, M. (2013). Gender influences in peripheral and central visual perception for the young. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 84, 1100-1104.
Cullen, G. (1995). The Concise Townscape. Oxford: Architectural Press.
Cuthbert, A. (2006). The Form of Cities; Political Economy and Urban Design. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Dai, A., Wang, J., Yu, J., & Fukuda, H. (2022). The Influence of Viewing Time and Color on Architectural Aesthetic Judgment. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 752996.
Du, H., Zhao, Z., Lyu, J., Li, J., Li, X., Yang, Y. & Lian, Z. (2023). Gender differences in thermal comfort under coupled environmental factors. Energy and Buildings, 295, 113345.
Edge, K. J. (2003). Wall color of patient’s room: effects on recovery. University of Florida.
Ehteshami, A. and Soltaninejad, M. (2019) An Introduction to Architecture of Nasir Al-Mulk Mosque. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7, 652-675. . (In Persian)
Evans, G. W., Smith C, Pezdek, K. (1982), Cognitive Maps and Urban Form. Journal of American Planning Association; 48(2):232-44.
Fider, N. A., and N. L. Komarova. 2019. “Differences in Color Categorization Manifested by Males and Females: A Quantitative World color Survey Study.” Palgrave Communications 5 (142): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1057/ s41599-019-0341-7
Ghamari, I., Talischi, Gh., & Dezhdar, A. (1396). An analytical approach to examining gender and its differences in spatial perception (Case Study: Cultural Centers in Tehran), Arman Shahr Architecture and Urbanism, 10(21), 86-77. . (In Persian)
Ghouchani, M., & Mousavi, M. (1401). Spiritual interpretation influenced by colors in mosque architecture based on the movement path of worshipers (Case study: Nasir al-Mulk Mosque in Shiraz). Haft Hesar Environmental Studies, 39(10), 57-72. . (In Persian)
Guneroglu, N., & Bekar, M. (2022). Visual perception of urban greening in public parks: evidence from Trabzon city, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management. 30. 124-134. 10.3846/jeelm.2022.16399.
He, F., He, Y., & Sun, L. (2023). Gender differences in color perceptions and preferences of urban façades based on a virtual comparison. Building and Environment, 245, 110907.
Holmes, M. (1387). Gender and Everyday Life, Tehran: Cultural Heritage Authorities Publications. . (In Persian)
Hosseinzadeh, A. (1391). Gender Differences, Role, and Function, Marefat, 10(74), 61-71. . (In Persian)
Herzog T. R. (1992). A Cognitive Analysis of Preference for Urban Spaces. Journal of Environmental Psychology; 12(3):237-248. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494405801380
Iravani, M., & Khodapanahi, M. (1371). Psychology of Sensation and Perception, Tehran: SAMT. . (In Persian)
Jaglarz, Anna. (2023). Perception of Color in Architecture and Urban Space. Buildings. 13. 2000. 10.3390/buildings13082000
Jam, F., Azemati, H. R., Ghanbaran, A., Ebrahimpour, R., & Esmaily, J. (2020). Analyzing the Impacts of Color on Aesthetic Judgment and Eye Movement Indicators of Experts and Non-experts in Architecture Case Study: Residential Building Façades in Tehran. Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning, 12(26), 97-115. . (In Persian)
Kalantari, S., Tripathi, V., Kan, J., Rounds, J. D., Mostafavi, A., Snell, R., & Cruz-Garza, J. G. (2022). Evaluating the impacts of color, graphics, and architectural features on wayfinding in healthcare settings using EEG data and virtual response testing. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 79, 101744.
Kaplan R, Kaplan S. (1989), The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kaplan, S. (1988). Perception and landscape: Conceptions and misconceptions. In J. L.
Kaviani, S., Ahmadi, E., & and Rajaei, B, (1402). Evaluation of Sense of Place in Nasir Al-Molk Mosque with Emphasis on Physical. Creative City Design.
Khaleghimoghaddam, N. (2023). A neurological examination of gender differences in architectural perception. Architectural Science Review, 1-10.
Khalili A, Soltanzadeh H, Ghoddusifar S H. (2020). Effect of Lights and Colors on the Environmental Perception and Legibility Using Augmented Reality Technology. Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology. 2(3), 148-159. . (In Persian)
Khoramirouz, R., Fallamaki, M., & Norouz Borazjani, V. (1399). Reading gender components in design of shopping centers in Tehran city (Case Study: Palladium Shopping Center, Cyrus Shopping Center, Tirajeh 2 Shopping Center, Kuwaiti Passageways), Hoviateshahr Journal, 14(3), 61-74. . (In Persian)
Lelhaj, R., & Mousavi, M. (1397). Psychological perspective on the role of gender in architectural spatial perception capabilities, Arman Shahr Architecture and Urbanism, 11(23), 94-85. . (In Persian)
Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the city. MIT Press.
Maule, J., Skelton, A. E., & Franklin, A. (2023). The development of color perception and cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 87-111.
Modiri, A., & Nourollahi oskooyi, N. (1394). Evaluation of spatial visual perception of Imam Hussein Square, Urban Studies, 3(11), 84-75. . (In Persian)
Nasar J. L. (1998), The Evaluative Image of the City, California: Sage
Nieves, Juan & Valero, E. & Hu, Yu & Marina, Jesús & Hernández-Andrés, Javier & Morón, Elena & Romero, Javier. (2011). Influence of color scales and subjective color impressions in the development of architectural projects.
Pakzad, J., & Saki, A. (1393). Aesthetic experience of the environment. Journal of Fine Arts - Architecture and Urbanism, 3(19), 5-14. . (In Persian)
Paramei, G. V., Y. A. Griber, and D. Mylonas. 2018. “An Online Color Naming Experiment in Russian Using Munsell Color Samples.” Color Research & Application 43 (3): 358–374.
Perovic, S. and Folic, N. K. (2012). Visual Perception of Public Open Spaces in Niksic. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 921-933.
Pourafkari, N. (1401). Semiotics of Mental Illnesses, Azadeh: Tehran. . (In Persian)
Pourmohammad S. mokhtabadi M, Habib F. Equilibrium in Plural Shape of Unique Light in Case of Sash Windows of Nasir al-Mulk Mosque. Naqshejahan-Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning. 2022 Jun 22;12(2):21-45. . (In Persian)
Salingaros, N. A., & Mehaffy, M. W. (2006). A Theory of architecture. UMBAU-VERLAG Harlad Puschel.
Rahmanian, S., & Mahmoudi, M. (2020). Investigating the impact of light and color in the design of therapeutic spaces: Case study of Rahimi Hospital and Ashayer Martyrs Hospital in Khorramabad. Arman Shahr Architecture and Urbanism, 13(31), 67-78. (In Persian)
Rezvani, A. (1395). Soul of the City, a redefinition of the city, urban space, and determination of revitalizing indices, Journal of Green Architecture, 55-79.
Shaqiri, A. Brand, A. Roinishvili, M. Kunchulia, M. & Sierro, G. Willemin, J. Chkonia, E. Iannantuoni, L. Pilz, K. Mohr, C. Herzog, M. Grzeczkowski, L. (2016). Gender differences in visual perception. Journal of Vision. 16. 207. 10.1167/16.12.207.
Shabani, G., Sozanchi, K., & Javanmardi, M. (1399). Explaining the effective components on visual perception in mountainous recreational areas (Case study: Kalakchal Axis), Manzar, 12(53), 40-53. (In Persian)
Shahcheraghi, A., & Bandarabad, A. (1396). Environment in Architecture (Application of Environmental Psychology in Architecture and Urbanism), Publication of Jahad University Organization: Tehran. (In Persian)
Shaqiri, A., Roinishvili, M., Grzeczkowski, L., Chkonia, E., Pilz, K., Mohr, C., ... & Herzog, M. H. (2018). Sex-related differences in vision are heterogeneous. Scientific reports, 8(1), 7521.
Shooshtari, Faezeh & Habib, Farah & Shahcheraghi, Azadeh. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Common Patterns of Language and Architecture in Traditional and Modern Mosques of Iran. 9. 35-48. (In Persian)
Sitte, C. (1965). City planning according to artistic principles (No. 2). Phaidon Press.
Smith, A.D. (2002), the Problem of Perception, Harvard University Press.
Sohrabzadeh, N., Baghaei, A., & Moeini, M. (2022). Investigating the role of gender in the perception of architectural design of commercial complexes in the geographic area of Chabahar. Geography Quarterly (Regional Planning), 49(12). (In Persian)
Taghipour, M., Heydari, A., & Javanmardi, M. (1398). Evaluation of users’ visual perception based on regular and irregular geometries in spatial organization, Haft Hesar Environmental Studies, 8(29), 89-99. (In Persian)
Tahertolou Del, M., Kamalitabrizi, S., & Heydari Pour, A. (1398). Study of the educational potential of Virtual Reality technology based on the evaluation of visual perception components of students, Iranian Higher Education Quarterly, 161-199. (In Persian)
Tibbalds, F. (2000). Making People-Friendly Towns: Improving the Public Environment in Towns and Cities (1st Edition). Oxford: Taylor & Francis Ltd. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134558643
Touousian Shandiz, Gh., & Hajighafouri, M. (1401). Research on the mysticism of light, color, and geometry in the western nocturnal paintings of Nasir al-Mulk Mosque in Shiraz. Iranian Journal of Industrial Arts, 1(5), 101-110. (In Persian)
Vanston, J. & Strother, L. (2017). Sex Differences in the Human Visual System. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 95. 617-625. 10.1002/jnr.23895.
Varmaghani, H. (1394). Relationship of gender and space in Qajar residential units, Doctoral dissertation, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran. (In Persian)
Vernon, M. D. (1962). Psychology of Sensation and Perception, translated by Ali Poormaghad, Mashal Publications: Isfahan.
Xin, J., Y. Zhang, Y. Tang, and Y. Yang. (2019). “Brain Differences between Men and Women: Evidence from Deep Learning.” Frontiers in Neuroscience 13: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00185.
Xiong, J., Lian, Z., Zhou, X., You, J., & Lin, Y. (2015). Investigation of gender difference in human response to temperature step changes. Physiology & behavior, 151, 426-440.
Yuan, L., Kong, F., Luo, Y., Zeng, S., Lan, J., & You, X. (2019). Gender differences in large-scale and small-scale spatial ability: A systematic review based on behavioral and neuroimaging research. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, Article 128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00128
Žák, P. and Zálešák, J. (2016). The Influence of Spectral Properties of Light in Street Lighting on Visual Perception. Paper Presented at The Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen), IEEE.
Zareiyan, S., Balilan, L., Satarzadeh, D., & Hashempour, P. (1400). Explaining the relationship between gender stereotype perceptions and spatial quality perceptions in female students (Case study: Second High Schools in Baneh), Women’s Research Journal, 12(36), 65-104. (In Persian)
Zhao, Q., Lyu, J., Du, H., Lian, Z., & Zhao, Z. (2023). Gender differences in thermal sensation and skin temperature sensitivity under local cooling. Journal of Thermal Biology, 111, 103401.
Zhou, S., Li, B., Yao, R., Yu, W., Du, C., & Xi, Z. (2024). Gender disparities in thermal responses under vertical air temperature differences. Energy and Buildings, 114031.
Zucker, P., (1959), Town and Square: From the Agora to the Village Green, New York: Columbia University Preu.