Investigating the Role of Orchard Management in Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Stained Shell: A Questionnaire Study
Mohammad Abdollahi Ezatabadi
1
(
Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran
)
Hamid Alipour
2
(
Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran
)
Najmeh pakdaman
3
(
Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran
)
کلید واژه: Manure channel, Orchard management, Pistachio, Stained shell,
چکیده مقاله :
A white and unstained shell enhances the marketability of pistachios, while shells with yellow or dark stains are less desirable. Furthermore, studies suggest a direct correlation between shell stains and contamination with aflatoxin which significantly decreases pistachio exports and reduces farmers' earnings from pistachios. Current study aimed to investigate the impact of orchard characteristics and management on pistachio shell staining in Anar and Rafsanjan counties in Kerman province. Data were collected in the fall of 2023 from 286 pistachio orchards in these two counties and analyzed using analysis of variance and SPSS26 software. The results revealed that both quantitative and qualitative water stress on trees, as well as heavy soil texture, increase the likelihood of pistachio shell staining. During summer, preventing the temperature from exceeding 40°C on the surface of the pistachio nuts on the tree can reduce the likelihood of shell staining. Furthermore, the results indicated that the use of calcium-rich fertilizers such as chicken manure, annual application of nitrogen fertilizers, using potassium fertilizers, and pruning excessive spurs in cultivars like Akbari, can decrease the percentage of pistachios with stained shells. Minimizing root damage during nutrition and soil improvement operations also reduces the likelihood of producing pistachios with stained shells. For instance, it is advisable to use manual labor instead of machinery for digging manure channel.
چکیده انگلیسی :
A white and unstained shell enhances the marketability of pistachios, while shells with yellow or dark stains are less desirable. Furthermore, studies suggest a direct correlation between shell stains and contamination with aflatoxin which significantly decreases pistachio exports and reduces farmers' earnings from pistachios. Current study aimed to investigate the impact of orchard characteristics and management on pistachio shell staining in Anar and Rafsanjan counties in Kerman province. Data were collected in the fall of 2023 from 286 pistachio orchards in these two counties and analyzed using analysis of variance and SPSS26 software. The results revealed that both quantitative and qualitative water stress on trees, as well as heavy soil texture, increase the likelihood of pistachio shell staining. During summer, preventing the temperature from exceeding 40°C on the surface of the pistachio nuts on the tree can reduce the likelihood of shell staining. Furthermore, the results indicated that the use of calcium-rich fertilizers such as chicken manure, annual application of nitrogen fertilizers, using potassium fertilizers, and pruning excessive spurs in cultivars like Akbari, can decrease the percentage of pistachios with stained shells. Minimizing root damage during nutrition and soil improvement operations also reduces the likelihood of producing pistachios with stained shells. For instance, it is advisable to use manual labor instead of machinery for digging manure channel.
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