تأثیر کم‌آبیاری مديريت شده و کاربرد کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر عملکرد و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی کینوا (Chenopodium quinoa)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیحسن فاطمی کیان 1 , مریم تاتاری 2 , محمدرضا تکلو 3 , معصومه صالحی 4 , کمال حاج محمدنیا قالیباف 5
1 - دانشجوی دکتری زراعت(فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی)، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیروان
2 - استادیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیروان، شیروان، ایران
3 - استادیارگروه زراعت،دانشکده کشاورزی،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بجنورد
4 - استاديار مركز ملي شوري، مركز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی یزد، یزد، ایران
5 - استاديار گروه اگروتكنولوژي، دانشكده كشاورزي، دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد، مشهد، ایران
کلید واژه: شاخص سطح برگ, کود دامی, سرعت رشد نسبی, کینوا,
چکیده مقاله :
فراهمی مواد آلی در شرایط کم‌آبیاری می‌تواند راه حلی عملی برای تعدیل اثرات منفی ناشی از تنش خشکی باشد. به منظور بررسی اثر دو عامل کم‌آبیاری و کاربرد کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر عملکرد و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی کینوا آزمایشی در سال 1398 به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در دو مکان (مشهد و نیشابور) و در سه تکرار انجام شد. سطوح مختلف کم‌آبیاری در کرت اصلی و تیمارهای کودی در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفت. سطوح کم‌آبیاری شامل I0: آبیاری کامل، I1 :کم‌آبیاری مرحله سبز شدن، I2: کم‌آبیاری مرحله طویل شدن ساقه، I3: کم‌آبیاری مرحله گلدهی، I4: کم‌آبیاری مرحله دانه بستن بود و تیمارهای کودی شامل شاهد (عدم مصرف کود)، کود شیمیایی بر اساس توصیه کودی، 10تن کود دامی و 20تن کود دامی در هکتار بودند. بیشترین وزن هزار دانه در تیمار 20 تن کود دامی و تیمار I2 در نیشابور به دست آمد. کمترین وزن هزار دانه در تیمار 10 و 20 تن کود دامی و کم‌آبیاری I1 در نیشابور حاصل شد. کمترین عملکرد دانه در تیمار I1 در نیشابور و بیشترین عملکرد دانه در تیمار I0 با کاربرد 20 تن کود دامی در مشهد مشاهده شد. اعمال تیمارهای کودی سرعت رشد محصول را در هر دو مکان آزمایش افزایش داد، اما تأثیر کودهای دامی بر افزایش سرعت رشد محصول بیش از تأثیر کود شیمیایی بود. در مجموع تیمار I2 همراه با مصرف 10 تن کود دامی در هکتار در هر دو مکان، عملکرد دانه و تولید ماده خشک بالایی داشت.
The availability of organic matter in deficit irrigation conditions can be a practical solution to compensate the negative effects of drought stress. In order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and chemical fertilizers on yield and some physiological traits of quinoa an experiment was conducted in 2019 as split plot based on a randomized complete block design in two locations (Mashhad and Neishabour). Irrigation levels included, I0: full irrigation, I1: irrigation at emergence stage, I2: irrigation at stem elongation stage, I3: irrigation at flowering stage, I4: irrigation at seed setting stage. Fertilizer treatments included control (no fertilizer application); chemical fertilizer application according to local practices; manure application of 10 tons; and manure application of 20 tons per hectare. Seed yield and yield components, leaf area index, crop growth rate and relative growth rate were measured. The highest 1000-seed weight was obtained in 20 tons of manure and I2 treatment in Neishabour. The lowest 1000-seed weight was obtained in 10 and 20 tons of manure and I1 in Neishabour. The lowest grain yield in I1 treatment was observed in Neishabour and the highest grain yield in I0 treatment with 20 t.ha-1 manure was observed in Mashhad. Fertilizer treatments increased crop growth rate in both experimental sites, but the effect of manure on increasing crop growth rate was greater than the effect of chemical fertilizer. However, due to the high fat content of quinoa, the use of 20 tons of manure per hectare is recommended if it is purely economic. In general, I2 treatment along with the application of manure in both places had high grain yield and dry matter production.
• Aghaei, A.H., and P. Ehsanzadeh. 2011. Effect of water deficit stress and nitrogen on yield and some physiological parameters of oilseed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). Iranian Journal of Horticulture Science. 42(3): 291-299. (In Persian).
• Ahmadian, A., A. Ghanbari, and M. Golvi. 2009. The interaction effect of water stress and animal manure on yield components, essential oil and chemical composition of Cuminum cyminum. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 40(1): 173-180. (In Persian).
• Álvaro-Fuentes, J., M.V. López, C. Cantero-Martínez, and J.L. Arrúe. 2008. Tillage effects on soil organic carbon fractions in Mediterranean dryland agroecosystems. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 72(2): 541-547.
• Anwar, M., D.D. Patra, S. Chand, K. Alpesh, A.A. Naqvi, and S.P.S. Khanuja. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 36(13-14): 1737-1746.
• Bagheri, M., Z. Anafjeh, S. Keshavarz, and B. Foladi. 2020. Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of new quinoa genotypes in spring cultivation at Karaj. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 18(4): 465-475. (In Persian).
• Beyrami, H., M.H. Rahimian, M. Slehi, R. Yazdani Biouki, M. Shiran-Tafti, and M. Nikkhah. 2020. Effect of irrigation frequency on yield and yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under saline condition. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 30(3): 347-357. (In Persian).
• Darzi, M.T. 2012. Effects of organic manure and biofertilizer application on flowering and some yield traits of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4(3):103-107.
• Emam, Y., A.M. Ranjbar, and M.J. Bahrani. 2007. Evaluation of yield and yield components in wheat genotypes under post-anthesis drought stress. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology. 11(1): 317-328. (In Persian).
• Fuentes, F., and A. Bhargava. 2011. Morphological analysis of quinoa germplasm grown under lowland desert conditions. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 197(2): 124-134.
• Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L. Mitchell. 2017. Physiology of crop plants. (No. Ed. 2). Scientific Publishers.
• Geerts, S., D. Raes, M. Garcia, J. Vacher, R. Mamani, J. Mendoza, R. Huanca, B. Morales, R. Miranda, J. Cusicanqui, and C. Taboada. 2008. Introducing deficit irrigation to stabilize yields of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). European Journal of Agronomy. 28(3): 427-436.
• Goksoy, A.T., A.O. Demir, Z.M. Turan, and N.A.Z.A.N. Dağüstü. 2004. Responses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to full and limited irrigation at different growth stages. Field Crops Research. 2(87): 167-178.
• Gomaa, E.F. 2013. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and biofertilizers on quinoa plant. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 9(8): 5210-5222.
• Hartley, I.P., D.W. Hopkins, M. Sommerkorn, and P.A. Wookey. 2010. The response of organic matter mineralisation to nutrient and substrate additions in sub-arctic soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42(1): 92-100.
• Hirich, A., and R. Choukr-Allah. 2014. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) production under deficit irrigation with treated wastewater applied during vegetative stage. Desalination and Water Treatment. 52(10-12): 2214-2219.
• Hirich, A., R. Choukr‐Allah, and S.E. Jacobsen. 2014. Deficit irrigation and organic compost improve growth and yield of quinoa and pea. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 200(5): 390-398.
• Hirich, A., R.C. Allah, S.E. Jacobsen, L. El Youssfi, and H. El Homaria. 2012. Using deficit irrigation with treated wastewater in the production of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Morocco. Revista Científica UDO Agrícola. 12(3): 570-583.
• Hunt, R. 2012. Basic growth analysis: plant growth analysis for beginners. Springer Science & Business Media.
• Jacobsen, S.E. 2003. The worldwide potential for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Reviews International. 19(1-2): 167-177.
• Jacobsen, S.E., C. Monteros, J.L. Christiansen, L.A. Bravo, L.J. Corcuera, and A. Mujica. 2005. Plant responses of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to frost at various phenological stages. European Journal of Agronomy. 22(2): 131-139.
• James, L.E.A., 2009. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): composition, chemistry, nutritional, and functional properties. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 58: 1-31.
• Kammann, C.I., S. Linsel, J.W. Gößling, and H.W. Koyro. 2011. Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd and on soil–plant relations. Plant and Soil. 345(1): 195-210.
• Karam, F., R. Lahoud, R. Masaad, R. Kabalan, J. Breidi, C. Chalita, and Y. Rouphael. 2007. Evapotranspiration, seed yield and water use efficiency of drip irrigated sunflower under full and deficit irrigation conditions. Agricultural Water Management. 90(3): 213-223.
• Karimi Kakhki, M., A. Sepehri, and M.A. Aboutalebian. 2010. Effect of deficit irrigation at reproductive growth stages on growth and yield of four new sunflower cultivar. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 41(3): 599-612. (In Persian).
• Karimzadeh-asl, Kh., D. Mazaheri, and S.A. Peyghambari. 2004. Effect of four irrigation intervals on seed yield and physiological indeces of three sunflower cultivars. Biaban. 9(2): 255–266. (In Persian).
• Kaul, H.P., M. Kruse, and W. Aufhammer. 2005. Yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of the pseudocereals amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat under differing nitrogen fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy. 22(1): 95-100.
• Nowak, V., J. Du, and U.R. Charrondière. 2016. Assessment of the nutritional composition of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Chemistry. 193: 47-54.
• Patel, J.B., V.J. Patel, and J.R. Patel. 2006. Influence of different methods of irrigation and nitrogen levels on crop growth rate and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Indian Journal of Crop Science. 1(1and2): 175-177.
• Razzaghi, F., S.H. Ahmadi, S.E. Jacobsen, C.R. Jensen, and M.N. Andersen 2012. Effects of salinity and soil–drying on radiation use efficiency, water productivity and yield of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 198(3): 173-184. (In Persian).
• Razzaghi, F., S.H. Ahmadi, V.I. Adolf, C.R. Jensen, S.E. Jacobsen, and M.N. Andersen. 2011. Water relations and transpiration of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under salinity and soil drying. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 197(5): 348-360. (In Persian).
• Rieger, S., W. Richner, B. Streit, E. Frossard, and M. Liedgens. 2008. Growth, yield, and yield components of winter wheat and the effects of tillage intensity, preceding crops, and N fertilisation. European Journal of Agronomy. 28(3): 405-411.
• Saeidi, M., F. Moradi, and M. Abdoli. 2017. Impact of drought stress on yield, photosynthesis rate, and sugar alcohols contents in wheat after anthesis in semiarid region of Iran. Arid Land Research and Management. 31(2): 204-218.
• Sezen, S.M., A. Yazar, S. Tekin, and M. Yildiz. 2016. Use of drainage water for irrigation of quinoa in a Mediterranean environment. 2nd World Irrigation Forum (WIF2) 6-8 November, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
• Shams, A.S. 2012. Response of quinoa to nitrogen fertilizer rates under sandy soil conditions. In Proc. 13th International Conference of Agronomy. Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt. 9-10.
• Shao, H.B., L.Y. Chu, C.A. Jaleel, and C.X. Zhao. 2008. Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331(3): 215-225.
• Sosa‐Zuniga, V., V. Brito, F. Fuentes, and U. Steinfort. 2017. Phenological growth stages of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) based on the BBCH scale. Annals of Applied Biology. 171(1): 117-124.
• Tavousi, M., and G.A. Lotfali Ayene. 2017. Quinoa cultivation and related research results. Tehran: Agricultural Education Publishing.
• Vega Gálvez, A., M. Miranda, J. Vergara, E. Uribe, L. Puente, and E.A. Martínez. 2010. Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.), an ancient Andean grain: A Review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 90(15): 2541-2547.
• Wang, X., M. Vignjevic, D. Jiang, S. Jacobsen, and B. Wollenweber. 2014. Improved tolerance to drought stress after anthesis due to priming before anthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) var. Vinjett. Journal of Experimental Botany. 65(22): 6441-6456.
• Wolton, W. 2005. Leaf area index and radiation as related to corn yield. Agronomy Journal. 65: 459-461.
