نظام حقوقی استفاده از انرژی هسته‌ای در فعالیت‌های نظامی ممنوع نشده با تأکید بر قضیه آکوس
محورهای موضوعی : تحقیقات حقوقی بین المللی
صالخ رضایی پیش رباط
1
(
پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته ای
)
کلید واژه: آژانس بین‌المللی انرژی اتمی, پادمان, پیمان آکوس, فعالیت نظامی ممنوع نشده انرژی هسته¬ای, ,
چکیده مقاله :
حقوق بین‌الملل، درعین‌حال که کشورهای غیر دارنده سلاح هسته‌ای را از دستیابی به سلاح هسته‌ای منع نموده، با رعایت شرایطی به آن‌ها اجازه داده است مواد هسته‌ای را در فعالیت‌های نظامی ممنوع نشده استفاده نموده و اعمال پادمان آژانس بین‌المللی انرژی اتمی نسبت به آن را مستثنا نمایند. متعاقب انعقاد پیمان آکوس فی‌مابین امریکا، انگلستان و استرالیا در سپتامبر 2021 مبنی بر انتقال 12 فروند زیردریایی هسته‌ای نظامی از سوی دو دولت نخست به استرالیا (معروف به پیمان آکوس)، موضوع امکان مستثنا نمودن پادمان آژانس نسبت به این فعالیت‌ها، به یک نگرانی بین‌المللی تبدیل گردیده و در دستور کار شورای حکام آژانس قرار گرفت. اینکه به لحاظ حقوقی فعالیت‌های نظامی ممنوع نشده متضمن چه مفهومی بوده و مبانی و جایگاه حقوقی و همچنین شرایط بهره‌مندی از آن در حقوق بین‌الملل به چه صورت می‌باشد پرسشی است که مقاله حاضر به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و با تأکید بر قضیه آکوس به بررسی آن پرداخته است. یافته‌های این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که حقوق بین‌الملل موجود با رعایت شرایطی برخورداری کشورهای غیر دارنده سلاح هسته‌ای از کاربردهای نظامی ممنوع نشده انرژی هسته‌ای و مستثنا نمودن فعالیت‌های مربوط به آن از شمول پادمان آژانس را اجازه داده، لیکن اعطای چنین اجازه‌ای به این کشورها، خلا حقوقی نظام منع گسترش هسته‌ای تلقی و نگرانی‌های بین‌المللی را موجب شده است
International law, while prohibiting non-nuclear weapon states from acquiring nuclear weapons, has allowed them to use nuclear materials in non-proscribed military activities and under certain conditions, exclude them from International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards. Following the conclusion of the Pact between the US, UK and Australia in September 2021 to transfer of 12 military nuclear submarines by the first two states to Australia (known as the Aukus Pact), non-applicability of the Agency safeguard to these activities has become an international concern and the issue was placed on the agenda of the Board of Governors of the Agency. The legal definition of the this non proscribed military activity or and also legal base of permissibility of using nuclear materials in these activities in international law are question the present article has studied I in a descriptive-analytical way with an emphasis on the Ankus Case. The findings of this research indicate that the existing international law allows the non-nuclear weapon states to enjoy the non-proscribed military uses of nuclear energy and to exclude its related activities from the the Agency safeguards, but this is regarded as a grey area and a legal lacuna of the nuclear non-proliferation regime has caused international concerns.
Books & articles
1. Bechhoefer, B. G. & Stein, E. (1957) Atoms for for Peace: The New International Atomic Energy Agency" Michigan Law Review,55, (6),756
2. Blum, R. (2023) AUKUS: Treading Lightly Within The Nuclear NonProliferation Regime: An examination of the Non-Proliferation Treaty in the context of AUKUS and nuclear-powered submarines, Texas Law Review, Vol. 101:1 pp.1-48
3. Carlson, J. (2019) Is the NPT Still Relevant?–How to Progress the NPT’sDisarmament Provisions, Journal For Peace and Nuclear Disarmament, Vol. 2, No, pp. 1, 97–113.
4. Carlson, J. (2021) IAEA Safeguards, the Naval “Loophole” and the. AUKUS Proposal, https://vcdnp. org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Safeguards-and-naval-fuel-JC-211008.pdf
5. Desjardins,M.F, Rauf,T. Opening Pandora's box?: nuclear-powered submarines and the spread of nuclear weapons, Canadian Centre for Arms Control and Disarmament, Ottawa, 1988
6. Fisher, D. (1981)Safeguards — a model for general arms control, IAEA BULLETIN, VOL. 24, No. 2, pp. 45–49
7. Gorove, S. (1969) Distinguishing peaceful from Military Uses of Atomic Energy: Some facts and Consideration, Ohio State Law Journal, Vol.30, No.3, 495-501
8. Hertogen, A.(2016) Letting Lotus Bloom,European Journal of International Law, Vol.26.No.4 pp. 901-926
9. IAEA, Evolution of IAEA Safeguards, IAEA, Vienna 1998.
10. Joyner, D. H. (2013). Iran's Nuclear Nuclear Program and International Law am and International Law m Pann state Journal of Law & International Affairs,Vol.2,No.2,pp. 282-292
11. Kelvin, A. (2022) Applications of nuclear energy and its limitations, Journal of Science and Geosciences, Vol. 10 (3), pp. 38-39
12. Lecaj, M. &, Donat,R.(2022) The AUKUS international legal agreement and its impact on international institutions and security, Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review / Volume 6, Issue 2, 2022,pp.62-70
13. Li, M. (2022) ASEAN’s responses to AUKUS: implications for strategic realignments in the Indo Pacifc, China International Strategy Review (2022) 4:268–287
14. Rauf,T. (2022) Crashing Nuclear Submarines Through IAEA Safeguards, policy Brief,No122, Toda Peace Institute Tokyo
15. Rockwood, Laura Naval Nuclear Propulsion and IAEA Safeguards, Issue Brief, Federation of Americal scientists(FAS) 2017, https://uploads.fas.org/media/Naval-Nuclear-Propulsion-and-IAEA-Safeguards.pdf
16. Roehrlich,Elisabeth, Inspectors for Peace: A History of the International Atomic Energy Agency, ohns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, Maryland 2022
17. Shea, T.E. (2017) The Nonproliferation and Disarmament-Challenges-of-Naval-Nuclear-propulsion,Federation of American Scientists, Washington, DC,2017
18. Suleman, A. M. (2008). Bargaining in the Shadow of Violence: The NPT, IAEA, and Nuclear NonProliferation Negotiations, Berkeliy J. of Int. Law, 26(1),pp 206-253
19. Szasz, Paul C. The Law and Practices of the International Atomic Energy Agency 1970-1980, LEGAL SERIES No. 7-S1 , IAEA. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1993
20. Willrich, Mason, Non-Proliferation Treaty: framework for nuclear arms control, Michie Publishing Company,1969
21. Wright, Tim (2009), Negotiations for a Nuclear Weapons Convention: Distant Dream orPresent Possibility, Melbourne Journal of International Law Vol. 10, No.pp. 1217-1245.
Documents
22. IAEA (2022) Safeguards Statement for 2022. in https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/23/ 23/06/20230612_sir_2022_part_ab.pdf.
23. IAEA General Conference, Sixty-sixth regular session, Plenary Record of the Tenth Meeting, GC(66)/OR.10 I, Issued: December 2022, in https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/gc/gc66-or10-prl.pdf
24. Working paper submitted by China to 2022 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapon, New York, 4–28 January 2022 in https://documents.un.org /doc/undoc/gen/n21/359/43/pdf/n2135943.pdf?token=iPvycckLNqVLh1W2sn&fe=true
25. Cooperation under the AUKUS partnership, Working paper submitted by Australia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, NPT/CONF .2020/WP.66, 22 July 2022 in https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/npt/revcon2022/documents/WP66.pdf
26. The Uinted States Secretary Antony J. Blinken’s Remarks to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference, New York, New York, August 1, 2022 in Secretary Antony J. Blinken’s Remarks to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference
27. Nuclear submarine cooperation among Australia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, Working paper submitted by China, 27 December 2021 English. In https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/npt/revcon2022/documents/WP50.pdf
28. Draft Final Document of 2022 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 22 August 2022, in https://reachingcriticalwill .org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/npt/revcon2022/documents/CRP1.pdf
29. Communication dated 15 September 2021 received from the Permanent Mission of the United States of America to Agency, IAEA INFCIRC/963 21 September 2021. In https://www.iaea .org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/infcircs/2021/infcirc963.pdf
30. IAEA General Conference, Sixty Sixth Regular Session,Record of the Tenth Meeting, GC(66)/OR.10, December 2022 in https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/gc/gc66-or10-prl.pdf
31. IAEA Communication dated 29 October 2021 from the Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the Agency, IAEA Doc. INFCIRC/965 (Nov. 1, 2021)
32. Statute of International Atomic Energy Agency,1956
33. Convention on the Establishment of a Security Control in the Field of Nuclear Energy,1959
34. Antarctic Treaty, 1956
35. Treaty on Non Proliferation of Nuclear weapons,1968
