تغییرات آب و هوایی و اقدامات در جهت سازگاری با آن: در کشورهای سوئد و نروژ
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت محیط زیست
1 - گروه محیط زیست، واحد الکترونیکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - گروه جغرافیا، واحد ماهشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ماهشهر، ایران. * (مسوول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: تغییرات اقلیمی, مخاطرات طبیعی, گازهای گلخانهای, سوئد, نروژ.,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: تغییرات آب و هوایی حلقه واسط میـان تخریـب و آلودگی محیط زیست از یـک سـو و بـه خطـر افتـادن حیات انسان‌ها و کره خاکی از سوي دیگر است. بـه‌‌ایـن معنا که‌‌این پدیده، از یک طرف، معلول تخریب محیط زیسـت اسـت و از سـوي دیگـر عـاملی بـراي تهدیـد موجودیت انسان، لذا بـا قطـع ایـن زنجیـره، تهدیدات زیست جمعی، از سر انسـان تـا حـد زیـادي رخت بر می‌بندد. هدف از این پژوهش مطالعه اقدامات کشورهای سوئد و نروژ در جهت سازگاری با تغییرات اقلیمی است.
روش بررسی:این مطالعه به لحاظ ماهیت توصیفی- تحلیلی، از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و به لحاظ داده کیفی به شمار می‌رود. روش گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق مطالعه اسناد، مدارک، مقالات و کتب در‌‌این زمینه می‌باشد که در سال ۱۴۰۲ انجام شده است.
یافته‌ها: در سوئد اقداماتی به مانند برگزاری کنفرانس‌هاو کمپین‌های مختلف در خصوص حفاظت از محیط زیست، جایگزین کردن منابع انرژی تجدیدپذیر به جای سوخت‌های فسیلی، ایجاد شهرهای سبز، برقی کردن اتوبوسها، قطارها، مترو و ترامواها، معرفی سازگاری آب به عنوان مکملی برای کاهش، پیش بینی مخاطرات طبیعی‌آینده با استفاده از سناریوها، استفاده از ابزارها و منابع جهت حرکت به سمت ریسک‌سازی، تاکید بر دانش تخصصی اجرا می‌گردد. در نروژ اقداماتی به مانند سیاست‌های تنبیهی اخذ مالیات‌های سنگین از صنایع آلاینده در بخش صنعت و کشاورزی، اقدامات تشویق کننده برای استفاده از انرژی‌های پاک، کمک به توسعه فناوری‌های مرتبط با جایگزین نمودن انرژی‌های پاک، استفاده از هیدروژن برای کربن زدایی از بخش صنایع آلاینده، فناوری اخذ و ذخیره سازی کربن نیز یک فناوری بسیار بالا برای کربن زدایی از صنایع است که نروژ تجربه 25 ساله‌‌ای در‌‌این صنعت دارد، توسعه واردات خودروهای صرفا الکتریکی اجرا می‌گردد. سیاست جذب و ذخیره کربن(CCS) نروژ تاکنون در پنج مرحله متمایز تکامل یافته است.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: توسعه پایدار" یک اولویت دائمی و محوری در سیاست داخلی و خارجی در کشورهای نروژ و سوئد می‌باشد که جلوه‌‌ای مهم از نحوه حکمرانی این دو کشور است. بخش اعظمی از برنامه‌های توسعه دولت‌های‌‌این دو کشور در چارچوب مفهوم کلان توسعه پایدار و مصادیق آن همچون تلاش برای "مقابله با تغییرات اقلیمی ناشی از انتشار گازهای گلخانهای"، "تحقق صد درصدی تامین انرژی کشور از منابع تجدید شونده"،"استفاده از فناوری‌های نوین و پاک در تولید محصولات و فرآورده‌های غذایی"، توجه به "پاکیزگی و بهره برداری صحیح و بهینه از اقیانوس‌ها" و همچنین عضویت و نقش فعالانه در پیمانهای جهانی و منطقه‌‌ای همچون "معاهده جهانی پاریس" یا "توافق سبز اروپایی" می‌باشد.
Background and Objectives: climate change is the middle link between the destruction and pollution of the environment on the one hand and endangering the lives of humans and the planet on the other hand, in the sense that this phenomenon, on the one hand, is the result of the destruction of the environment and on the other hand It is a factor that threatens the human existence because by cutting this chain, threats to the collective life will disappear from the human head to a large extent. In the meantime, in the first step, the international community recognizes the phenomenon of climate change as a definite threat and then predicts technical, executive and scientific measures based on binding legal standards in the next step, its understanding and concern in dealing effectively and comprehensively with this phenomenon. updated Based on this, since the 1980s and with the certainty of scientific findings that the Earth's life is at risk due to climate change, several international agreements were concluded with the participation and consent of the majority of countries in the world, and following it, the legislative system of the countries affected by this wave. In order to fulfill the shared international responsibility, they acted to internalize the international norms and align the domestic laws with the international agreements, and the important result of this collective cooperation showed itself in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the partial restoration of the ozone layer. Most of the studies are in the field of conventions or the position of some solutions, while in this research, for the first time, he studied the actions of other countries and compared the actions of these countries in the field of climate change and adapting to it.
Material and Methodology: This research is considered to be a descriptive-analytical type of research, and it is considered to be an applied type in terms of its purpose and a qualitative type in terms of data. The method of collecting information is through the study of documents, documents, articles and books in this field. This research was carried out in the library method and by reviewing numerous legal texts and referring to scientific sources compiled on the topic of environment and climate change, natural hazards and answers the questions that the legal mechanisms that have been compiled in international treaties so far Despite its breadth and diversity, due to some structural gaps, it has not been able to achieve the desired result in reducing the effects of climate change.
Findings: The results showed that in Sweden, measures such as holding various conferences and campaigns regarding environmental protection, replacing renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels, creating green cities, electrifying buses, trains, subways and trams, introducing compatibility Water is implemented as a supplement to reduce, predict future natural hazards using scenarios, use tools and resources to move towards risk management, and emphasize specialized knowledge. In Norway, measures such as punitive policies of collecting heavy taxes from polluting industries in the industrial and agricultural sectors, encouraging measures for the use of clean energy, helping to develop technologies related to replacing clean energy, using hydrogen to decarbonize the industrial sector. Pollutant, carbon capture and storage technology is also a very high technology for decarbonization of industries that Norway has 25 years of experience in this industry, the development of import of purely electric cars is implemented. Norway's carbon capture and storage (CCS) policy has evolved in five distinct phases so far.
Discussion and Conclusion: "Sustainable development" is a permanent and central priority in domestic and foreign policy in Norway and Sweden, which is an important manifestation of the governance of these two countries. Most of the development programs of the governments of these two countries are within the framework of the macro concept of sustainable development and examples. It is such as trying to "combat climate change caused by the emission of greenhouse gases", "achieving 100% of the country's energy supply from renewable sources", "using new and clean technologies in the production of food products", paying attention to "cleanliness and efficiency". Correct and optimal removal of the oceans" as well as membership and active role in global and regional agreements such as "Paris Global Agreement" or "European Green Agreement".
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