Zoning and modeling of energy consumption in human settlements and explaining the effective components in the design of green buildings (Case study: Mashhad)

محورهای موضوعی : Research paper

Najiyeh Abavisani Joghtaee ¹ (Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran)
Amir Farajollahi Rod ² (1- Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 2- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran)
Mansour Yeganeh ³ (Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 5- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/10/20 تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/02/13 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/02/11

کلید واژه: Modeling, zoning, Mashhad Metropolis, Optimal Energy Consumption, Green Building,

چکیده مقاله :

The purpose of this study is to achieve the effective components and criteria in the design of green residential settlements with an environmental protection approach in Mashhad. The research method is applied and in terms of implementation is descriptive-analytical. Using the TM sensor and LANDSAT satellite, satellite images of the study area were prepared and modeled by superimposing data related to energy consumption through GIS tools and Arcview software to final synthesis and mapping. Then, using the opinions of experts to extract and prioritize the appropriate components and criteria from each of the mentioned systems. Data were analyzed by structural equation method with least squares approach and Smart - PLS2 software was used for final analysis. Then, after explaining the components and criteria, according to the available data, the optimal limit (10% -20%) for 10 components was proposed as a scenario. Then modeling was done through Design Builder software. The results showed that a total of 4 categories of macro variables have been identified as the main components affecting energy consumption, which are: "management", "environmental performance", "economic performance" and "social performance" variables, all of which have divergent validity. Also, 11 topics and 61 criteria were extracted and explained as components for assessing the sustainability of residential buildings. Finally, it was found that with the implementation of energy optimization strategies, the heating system will be reduced by 36%, the cooling system energy by 41% and the total cooling and heating energy by 38% compared to the base state.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Ahmadi M, Maleki A, Vedadi Kalantar S, Karimi, MS (2017). Energy Efficiency Improvement in Iran: Policy documents and Barriers in the Building Sector. Strategic Studies of public policy Journal. 7(22):131-142.

1. Ayokunle Olubunmi, O., Bo Xia, P., Skitmore, M. 2016. Green building incentives: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59(2016)1611–1621 

3. Bareshadat N, shoaei H, Reznani A (2019). Evaluation of Environmental Sustainability Components and Architecture Design of Iranian Educational Buildings. geores. Geographical Researches Journal. 34(4):559-566.


4. Castro Lacouture D, Sefair JA, Florez, L, Medaglia AL, (2009). Optimization model for the selection of materials using a LEED-based green building rating system in Colombia. Building and Environment Journal. 44(6):1162-1170.

1. Darban, A., Javadnia, M. 2019. Green architecture is a step towards sustainable development, Architecture, first year, number 5, 8 pp.


2. Ding, Z., Fan, Z., W.Y. V., Yu Bian, T., Li, I.M. Chethana S. 2018. Green building evaluation system implementation, Building and Environment, Accepted Date: 8 February 2018.


3. Ghalambaz M (a), Jalilzadeh YR, Davami AH.(2021) Building energy optimization using butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA). Thermal Science. 2021(00):306-.


4. Ghalambaz M (b), Yengejeh RJ, Davami AH.(2021) Building energy optimization using grey wolf optimizer (GWO). Case Studies in Thermal Engineering.;27:101250.


5. Ghiabaklou, Z., 2017. Investigating the Effect of Changing the Transmitted Light’s Color on Thermal and Visual Comfort. Naghshejahan 4, no. 6 (2017): 1-14.


6. Goodhew S. (2016). Sustainable Construction Processes A Resource Text. John Wiley & Son.


7. Gurgun AP, Arditi D (2018). Assessment of Energy Credits in LEED-Certified. Buildings Journal. 8(29):2-20.


8. Huo, X., Yu, A.T.W. 2017. Analytical review of green building development studies, Journal of Green Building, vol. 12, pp. 130-148, 2017.

1. 2020. Iran Meteorology Organization.


2. Kellert, Stephen R. (2005), Building for Life, ISLANDPRESS, Washington


3. Kosheleva E, Elliott J (2006). Green Building in the Russian Context: An Investigation into the Establishment of a LEED®-based Green Building Rating System in the Russian Federation. Journal of Green Building. 1(3):105–123.


4. (2013). U.S. Green Building Council. www.usgbc.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19.


5. Li, Y. et al. 2014. Green building in China: needs great promotion. Sustain Cities Soc 2014; 11: 1–6.


6. Liu, Lei; Ledwich, Gerard; Miller, Wendy. (2016). Community centre improvement to reduce air conditioning peak demand. doi:10.4225/50/58107ce163e0c.


7. Miller, Wendy; Liu, Lei Aaron; Amin, Zakaria; Gray, Matthew. (2018). Involving occupants in net-zero-energy solar housing retrofits: An Australian sub-tropical case study. Solar Energy. 159: 390. Bibcode:2018SoEn..159..390M. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.10.008.


8. Mokheiri H, Jameie F (2017). Review of conventions, treaties and environmental policies of governments at the international level to deal with the environmental crisis. tehran, Association for the Development and Promotion of Basic Sciences and Technologies.


9. Moradi, A., Daneshpoor, A.H., Daneshvar, M., Bahmanpour, H. 2020. Determining the range of tourism and recreation range of natural areas of Mashhad in line with sustainable urban and suburban planning, Journal of Geographical Research, Vol. 33, 446-454 pp.


10. Najam A (2005). Developing Countries and Global Environmental Governance: From Contestation to Participation to Engagement. Int Environ Agreements Journal. 5:303-321.


11. Newsham, G. R., Mancini, S. & Birt, B. J., 2009. Do LEED-certified buildings save energy? Yes, but …. Energyand Buildings Journal. 41(8):897-905.


12. Niksima v (2009). A look at energy management system and environmental design (LEED system). tehran, Housing and Building Research Center.


13. Raeisi Z, Nikravan M (2016). Review and comparison of common building scoring systems based on sustainability indicators and comparison with national regulations. Architecture in hot and dry climate. 4:1-14.


14. Roodman DM, Lenssen N (1995). A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns Are Transforming Construction. 124 ed. Washaington: Worldwatch Institute.


15. Setayeshzadeh, A., Moosavi Shaker, S.H., Kazemzadeh, M.A. 2021. Feasibility study of the emergence of eclectic architecture influenced by traditional climatic architecture Iran and Western Green Architecture, Shabak Scientific and Specialized Journal, Year 6, Serial Issue 5 (56): 16 pages.

1. Shi, Q. 2010. Green building assessment in China: present and future; 2010.


2. Si, J., Marjanovic-Halburd, L., Nasiri, F., Bell, S. 2016. Assessment of building-integrated green technologies: A review and case study on applications of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method, Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 27, pp. 106-115, 2016/11/01/ 2016.


3. Song，L., Zhang，C., LI，H. 2016. Statistical report of the label of national green building evaluation in 2015, Construction Science and Technology, pp. 12-15, 2016.


4. USGBC. 2015. United States Green Building Council. LEED. Available: http://www.usgbc.org/


5. Zuo J, Zhao, Z.Y. 2014. Green building research–current status and future agenda: a review.RenewSustainEnergyRev2014; 30: 271–81.