مقایسه اثر عصاره میکروجلبک Chlorella vulgaris با بنتونیت سدیم بر عملکرد، پاسخ ایمنی و فراسنجههای خونی جوجه‌های گوشتی آلوده به آفلاتوکسین
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری
سیدسامان سیف
1
,
امیر فتاح
2
,
محسن محمدی ساعی
3
1 - گروه علوم دامی، واحد شهر قدس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - گروه علوم دامی، واحد شهر قدس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - بخش تحقیقات علوم دامی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان لرستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، خرم آباد، ایران
کلید واژه: آفلاتوکسین, بنتونیت, جوجه¬گوشتی, عملکرد, کلرلا ولگاریس,
چکیده مقاله :
این مطالعه به منظور تاثیر عصاره میکروجلبک کلرلا ولگاریس (Chlorella vulgaris) با بنتونیت سدیم بر عملکرد، پاسخ‌های ایمنی و فراسنجههای خونی جوجه‌های گوشتی تغذیه شده با جیره آلوده به آفلاتوکسین انجام شد. آزمایش با استفاده از تعداد 384 قطعه جوجه در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی به 6 گروه آزمایشی در 4 تکرار و 16 قطعه در هر تکرار تقسیم شدند. جیرههای آزمایشی شامل: 1- تیمار شاهد منفي (جيرههاي بدون آفلاتوكسين)؛ 2- تيمار شاهد مثبت (جيرههاي آلوده به 5/0 میلیگرم در کیلوگرم آفلاتوكسين)؛ 3- جیره سالم + عصاره کلرلا ولگاریس (4/0 گرم در کیلوگرم خوراک)؛ 4- جیره آلوده + عصاره کلرلا (4/0 گرم در کیلوگرم خوراک)؛ 5- جیره سالم + بنتونیت سدیم (2 گرم در کیلوگرم خوراک) و 6- جیره آلوده + بنتونیت سدیم (2 گرم در کیلوگرم خوراک) بودند. در این مطالعه فراسنجههای عملکردی، خونی و فراسنجههای ایمنی تعیین شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد افزودن مکمل غذایی بنتونیت و کلرلا به جیره غذایی پایه در دوره پایانی تأثیری بر افزایش وزن و مصرف خوراک نداشت، ولی در دوره آغازین رشد و کل دوره سبب بهبود افزایش وزن و مصرف خوراک در مقایسه با گروه شاهد شد (05/0 > p). اختلاف آماری معنی‌داری بین تیمار شاهد و تیمار آفلاتوکسین در هیچکدام از دوره‌های آزمایشی در زمینه ضریب تبدیل غذایی وجود نداشته است (05/0<p ). جوجه‌های تغذیه شده با 4/0 گرم در کیلوگرم کلرلا در مقایسه با سایر تیمارهای آزمایشی بهترین عملکرد را در زمینه متابولیت‌های بیوشیمیایی خون داشته‌اند. افزودن مکمل کلرلا به جیره غذایی در مقایسه با جیره شاهد تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر تیتر آنتیبادی و وزن نسبی اندامهای لنفاوی نشان داد (05/0>p )، ولی بنتونیت اختلاف معنی‌داری را با شاهد در مورد طحال، تیموس و بورس نشان نداد.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae extract with sodium bentonite on the performance, immune responses and blood parameters of broiler chickens fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diet. The experiment was conducted using 384 chicken pieces in a completely random design and were divided into 6 experimental groups in 4 repetitions and 16 pieces in each repetition. Experimental rations include: 1- negative control treatment (rations without aflatoxin); 2- Positive control treatment (rations contaminated with 0.5 mg/kg of aflatoxin); 3- Healthy diet + Chlorella vulgaris extract (0.4 g/kg feed); 4- Contaminated diet + chlorella extract (0.4 g/kg of feed); 5- Healthy diet + sodium bentonite (2 grams per kilogram of feed); 6- Contaminated diet + sodium bentonite (2 grams per kilogram of feed). In this study, functional parameters, hematological and immune parameters were determined. The results of the research showed that the addition of bentonite and chlorella food supplements to the basic diet in the final period did not affect weight gain and feed consumption, but in the initial period of growth and the whole period improved weight gain and feed consumption compared to the control group (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the control treatment and the aflatoxin treatment in any of the experimental periods in the field of food conversion coefficient (p < 0.05). Chickens fed with 0.4 g/kg of chlorella had the best performance in terms of blood biochemical metabolites compared to other experimental treatments. Adding chlorella supplement to the food diet compared to the control diet showed a positive and significant effect on the antibody titer and the relative weight of the lymphatic organs (p < 0.05), but bentonite did not showe a significant difference with the control in the spleen, thymus, and bursa.
1. Agustini T.W., Suzery M., Sutrisnanto D., Hadiyanto W.F.M. 2015. Comparative study of bioactive substances extracted from fresh and dried Spirulina sp. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 23:282-289.
2. Alcicek A.H., Bozkurt M., Cabuk M. 2003. The effect of an essential oil combination derived from selected herbs growing wild in Turkey on broiler performance. South African Journal of Animal Science, 33(2):89-94.
3. Al-Ruwaili M., Alkhalaileh N.I., Herzallah S.M., Rawashdeh A., Fataftah A., Holley, R. 2018. Reduction of aflatoxin b1 residues in meat and organs of broiler chickens by lactic acid bacteria. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 38(3):325-328.
4. Bozkurt M., Kucukyilmaz K., Catli A.U., Cinar, M. 2008. Growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens given antibiotic, mannan oligosaccharide and dextran oligosaccharide supplemented diets. International of poultry Science, 7(10):969-977
5. Campbell T.C., Hayes J.R. 1976. The role of aflatoxin metabolism in its toxic lesion. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 35:199-222.
6. Dafalla R., Yagi A., Adam, S.E. 1987. Experimental aflatoxicosis in hybro-type chicks: sequential changes in growth and serum constituents and histopathological changes. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 29(3):222-226.
7. Denli M., Blandon J.C., Guynot M.E., Salado S., Perez, J.F. 2009. Effects of dietary AflaDetox on performance, serum biochemistry, histopathological changes, and aflatoxin residues in broilers exposed to aflatoxin B1. Poultry Science, 88(7):1444-1451.
8. Doerr J.A., Huff W.E., Wabeck C.J., Chaloupka G.W., May J.D., Merkley, J.W. 1983. Effects of low level chronic aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 62(10):1971-1977.
9. Fratamico P.M., Bhunia A.K., Smith J.L., 2008. Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Horizon Scientific Press, Norofolk, UK978-1-898486-52-57.
10. Gabal M. A., Azzam, A.H. 1998. Interaction of aflatoxin in the feed and immunization against selected infectious diseases in poultry. II. Effect on one‐day‐old layer chicks simultaneously vaccinated against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease. Avian Pathology, 27(3):290-295.
11. Garcia V., Catala-Gregori P., Hernandez F., Megias M.D., Madrid, J. 2007. Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16(4):555-562.
12. Glahn R.P. 1993. Mycotoxins and the avian kidney: assessment of physiological function. World's Poultry Science Journal, 49(3):242-250.
13. Gupta M., Dwivedi U.N., Khandelwal, S. 2011. C-Phycocyanin: an effective protective agent against thymic atrophy by tributyltin. Toxicology Letters, 204(1), 2-11.
14. Jan Van Rensburg C.J., Van Rensburg C.E.J., Van Ryssen J.B.J., Casey N.H. and Rottinghaus G.E. 2006. In vitro and in vivo assessment of humic acid as an aflatoxin binder in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 85(9):1576-1583.
15. Jayasri A., Srikanth N.R. 2016. Combined effect of aflatoxin and ochratoxin on liver enzymes of broilers and amelioration using adsorbents. Journal Lives Science, 7:26-29.
16. Kumar V., Bhatnagar A.K., Srivastava, J.N. 2011. Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Spirulina platensis and its structural elucidation of bioactive compound. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 32:7043-7048.
17. La Y., Sun M., He Y., Lei J., Han Y., Wu Y., Zhang B. 2022. Mycotoxins binder supplementation alleviates aflatoxin B1 toxic effects on the immune response and intestinal barrier function in broilers. Poultry Science, 101(3):101683.
18. Manafi M., Umakantha M., Ali M.N., Swamy H.N. 2012. Study of the combination effects of aflatoxin and T-2 Toxin on performance parameters and internal organs of commercial broilers. Global Veterinaria, 8(4):393-396.
19. Marquardt R.R., Frohlich, A.A. 1992. A review of recent advances in understanding ochratoxicosis. Journal of Animal Science, 70(12):3968-3988.
20. Maurice D.V., Bodine A.B, Rehrer, N.J. 1983. Metabolic effects of low aflatoxin B1 levels on broiler chicks. Applied and environmental microbiology, 45(3):980-984.
21. Nakono T., Yamaguchi T., Sato M., Iwama, G.K. 2003. Biological effects of carotenoids in fish. In International Seminar Effective Utilization of Marine Food Resource, Songkhla, Thailand, (pp. 1-15).
22. Okoye J.O.A., Gugnani H.C., Okeke C.N. 1989. Pulmonary Infections due to Aspergillus flavus in turkey poults and goslings: lungeninfektionen durch Aspergillus flavus bei Puten‐und Gansenküken. Mycoses, 32(7):336-339.
23. Ortatatli M., Oguz, H. 2001. Ameliorative effects of dietary clinoptilolite on pathological changes in broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis. Research in Veterinary Science, 71(1):59-66.
24. Plail R. 2006. The innovative power of probiotics-A successful attempt to identify the most important characteristics of a probiotic product for poultry. Poultry International, 45(7):34-37.
25. Rashidi N., Khatibjoo A., Taherpour K., Akbari-Gharaei M., Shirzadi, H. 2020. Effects of licorice extract, probiotic, toxin binder and poultry litter biochar on performance, immune function, blood indices and liver histopathology of broilers exposed to aflatoxin-B1. Poultry Science, 99(11):5896-5906.
26. Rezvani M., Shivazad M., Zaghari M., Moravej H. 2012. A survey on Chlorella vulgaris effects on performance and cellular immunity in broiler. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research, 3(1):10-15.
27. Saleemi M.K., Khan M.Z., Khan A., Hameed M.R., Khatoon A., Abadin Z.U. Hassan, Z.U. 2017. Study of fungi and their toxigenic potential isolated from wheat and wheat bran. Toxin Reviews, 36(1):80-88.
28. Sana S., Anjum A.A., Yaqub T., Nasir M., Ali M.A., Abbas M. 2019. Molecular Approaches for Characterization of Aflatoxin Producing Aspergillus flavus Isolates from Poultry Feed. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 39(2):169-172.
29. Senthilkumar T., Sangeetha N., Ashokkumar N. 2012. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and renoprotective effects of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in diabetic rats exposed to cadmium. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 22(8):617-624.
30. Shotwell O.L, Hesseltine C.W, Stubblefield R.D., Sorenson W.G. 1966. Production of aflatoxin on rice. Applied Microbiology 14(3):418-425.
31. Shabani A., Dastar B., Khomeiri M., Shabanpur B. Hasani S. 2010. Effect of nanozeolite on performance, some blood parameters and ileal bacteria population in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin contaminated diets. Research on Animal Production, 1(2):58-68.
32. Smith J.W. and Hamilton P.B. 1970. Aflatoxicosis in the broiler chicken. Poultry Science, 49(1):207-215.
33. Subhani Z., Shahid M., Hussain F., Khan, J.A. 2018. Efficacy of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to ameliorate the hepatotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chickens. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 38(1):13-18.
34. Tessari E.N.C., Oliveira C.A., Cardoso A.L., Ledoux D.R., Rottinghaus, G.E. 2006. Effects of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 on body weight, antibody titres and histology of broiler chicks. British poultry Science, 47(3):357-364.
35. Tung H.T., Smith J.W., Hamilton P.B. 1971. Aflatoxicosis and bruising in the chicken. Poultry Science, 50(3):795-800.
36. Verma J., Swain B.K., Johri T. S. 2002. Effect of various levels of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A and combinations thereof on protein and energy utilisation in broilers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 82(12):1412-1417.
37. Wan X.L., Yang Z.B., Yang W.R., Jiang S.Z., Zhang G.G., Johnston S.L., Chi F. 2013. Toxicity of increasing aflatoxin B1 concentrations from contaminated corn with or without clay adsorbent supplementation in ducklings. Poultry Science, 92(5):1244-1253.
38. Yogeswari R., Murugesan S., Jagadeeswaran A. 2012. Hepatoprotective effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor caju) in broilers fed aflatoxin. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 1(3):104-107.
39. Yunus A.W., Bohm J. 2011. A simple method for producing aflatoxin b1 on rice medium for use in experimental animal feeds. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 21(2): 303-304.
