The Effect of Proline and Salt Stress on Growth Characteristics of Three Olive Cultivars at Three Different Stages of the Growing Season
محورهای موضوعی :Naghimeh Pouri 1 , Esmaeil Seifi 2 , Mahdi Alizadeh 3
1 - MSc. Graduated Student, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
کلید واژه: Sodium chloride, Spraying, Olea europaea, Arbequina, Arbosana, Koroneiki,
چکیده مقاله :
Proline is a vital amino acid, commonly distributed in all plants. It is widely accumulated in plants under salt stress. It has been suggested that foliar application of proline has an important effect in reducing destructive effects of non-living stresses on plants. On the other hand, an excessive amount of free proline has negative effects on cell growth as well as protein functions. In this study, the six-months-old plantlets of three olive cultivars, including Arbequina, Arbosana and Koroneiki were sprayed with proline at 0, 100, and 200 mg/L for three times in intervals of 10 days. In addition, the samples were subjected to salinity at 0, 50, 100 and 200 mM sodium chloride for five months. Measurement of morphological characteristics of stems and leaves was conducted in three stages (4, 12 and 20 weeks after treatment). The results showed that stem length and number of nodes gradually increased over time at all concentrations of proline. Furthermore, at stage 3, stem diameter, number of leaves and branch number increased and leaf width decreased. The highest leaf thickness was observed at stage 1. However, no significant difference was found among the proline concentrations in the mentioned traits in any experimental stage. Plants sprayed with proline were later encountered the increased leaf necrosis. At stage 3, the control plants had a lower percentage of abscission than proline-treated plants. At stage 2, plants sprayed with proline had lower leaf thickness than control plants. Throughout the experiment, salinity, especially 200 mM, reduced cumulative stem length, number of shoots, internode length, number of nodes and number of leaves. The highest percentages of leaf abscission and necrosis, as well as the highest leaf thickness were observed at 200mM NaCl treatment. In general, despite the fact that proline increased in the plants under stress conditions, its external application was not significantly effective.
1. Verma D.P.S., 1999.Biotechnology Intelligence Unit 1. In: Molecular Responses to Cold, Drought, Heat and Salt Stress in Higher Plants. Edited by Shinozaki, K. and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., R.G. Landes Company: Austin. pp. 153-168.
2. Filippou P., Bouchagier P., Skotti E., and Fotopoulos V., 2014. Proline and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species metabolism is involved in the tolerant response of the invasive plant species Ailanthus altissima to drought and salinity. Environ Exp Bot. 97, 1-10.
3. Sumithra K., Jutur P. P., and Dalton Carmel B., 2006. Salinity-induced changes in two cultivars of Vigna radiata: responses of antioxidative and proline metabolism. Plant Growth Regul. 50, 11-22.
4. Mirmohammadi meybodi A.M., Qarehyazi B., 2002. Physiological Aspects and Breeding for Salinity Stress in Plants, Isfahan University of technology publication center: Isfahan, Iran.
5. Yang S.L., Lan S.S., and Gong M., 2009. Hydrogen peroxide-induced proline and metabolic pathway of its accumulation in maize seedlings. Plant Physiol. 166, 1694–1699.
|
145 |
6. Lutts S., Kinet J. M., and Bouharmont J., 1996. Effects of salt stress on growth, mineral nutrition and proline accumulation in relation to osmotic adjustment in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Plant Growth Regul. 19, 207-218.
7. Omima M., El-Gammal O.H.M., and Salama A.S.M., 2014. Effect of ascorbic acid, proline and jasmonic acid foliar spraying on fruit set and yield of Manzanillo olive trees under salt stress. Sci Hortic. 176, 32-37.
8. Farzaneh M., Ghanbari M., Eftekhariyan Jahromi A., 2013. Investigation of the Effect of Hydropriming on Germination and Proline Content of Radish Seed (Raphanus sativus L.) under Salinity Stress. J Plant Res. 29, 65-74.
9. Kaya C., Levent Tuna A., Ashraf M., and Altunlu H., 2007. Improved salt tolerance of melon (Cucumis melo L.) by the addition of proline and potassium nitrate. Environ. Exp Bot. 60, 397-403.
10. Hoque A., Akhter Banu N., Okuma E., Amako K., Nakamura Y., Shimoishi Y., and Murataa Y., 2007. Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase NaCl-induced ascorbate–glutathione cycle enzyme activities, and proline improves salt tolerance more than glycinebetaine in tobacco Bright Yellow-2 suspension-cultured cells. J Plant Physiol. 164, 1457-1468.
11. Dawood M.G., Taie H.A.A., Nassar R.M.A., Abdelhamid M.T., Schmidhalter U., 2014. The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress. S. Afr. J. Bot. 93, 54-63.
12. Chutipaijtt S., Cha-UM S., and Sompornpailin K., 2009. Differential accumulations of proline and flavonoids in indica rice varieties against salinity. Pak J Bot. 41(5), 2497-2506.
13. Mani S., Van de Cotte B., Van Montagu M., Verbruggen N., 2002. Altered levels of proline dehydrogenase cause hypersensitivity to proline and its analogs in Arabidopsis. J Plant Physiol. 128, 73-83.
14. Nanjo T., Fujita M., Seki M., Kato T., Tabata S., Shinozaki K., 2003. Toxicity of free proline revealed in an Arabidopsis T-DNA-tagged mutant deficient in proline dehydrogenase. Plant Cell Physiol. 44, 541–548.
15. Lin C.C., Kao C.H., 2001. Cell wall peroxidase against ferulic acid, lignin and NaCl-reduced root growth of rice seedlings. J Plant Physiol. 158, 667-671.
16. Heuer B., 2003. Influence of exogenous application of proline and glycinebetaine on growth of salt-stressed tomato plants. Plant Sci. 165, 693-699.
17. Ashraf M., Foolad M.R., 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ Exp Bot. 59, 206–216.
18. Cimatoa A., Castelli b. S., Tattini M., and Traversia M.L., 2010. An ecophysiological analysis of salinity tolerance in olive. Environ Exp Bot. 68, 214–221.
19. Sedef N.El., Karakaya S., 2009. Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. Nutr Rev. 67(11), 632–638.
20. Han J., Talorete T.P.N., Yamada P., Isoda H., 2009. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Cytotechnology. 59, 45-53.
21. Petridis A., Therios I., Samouris G, and Tananaki C., 2012. Salinity-induced changes in phenolic compounds in leaves and roots of four olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.) and their relationship to antioxidant activity. Environ Exp Bot. 79, 37– 43.
22. Shahbaz M., Mushtaq Z., Andaz F., and Masood A., 2013. Does proline application ameliorate adverse effects of salt stress on growth, ions and photosynthetic ability of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Sci Hortic. 164, 507–511.
23. AhmadiKhah A., 2009. The reaction of plants to non-viable environmental stresses, Norouzi press: Gorgan, Iran.
24. Chartzoulakis K., Psarras G., Vemmos S., Loupassaki M., Bertaki M., 2006. Response of two olive cultivars to salt stress and potassium supplement. J Plant Nutr. 29, 2063–2078.
25. Gucci R., Lombardini L., Tattini M., 1997. Analysis of leaf water relations in leaves of two olive (Olea europaea) cultivars differing in tolerance to salinity. Tree Physiol. 17, 13-21.
26. Gucci R. and Tattini M., 1997. Salinity tolerance in olive. Hortic Rev. 21, 177-214.
|
146 |
27. Chartzoulakis K.S., 2005. Salinity and olive: Growth, salt tolerance, photosynthesis and yield. Agric. Water Manage. 78, 108–121.
28. Seydlar Fatemy L.S., Tabatabaei S.J., and Fallahi E., 2009. The effect of silicon on the growth and yield of strawberry grown under saline conditions. J Hortic Sci. 23(1), 88-95.
29. Chartzoulakis K., Loupassaki M., Bertaki M., and Androulakis I., 2002. Effects of NaCl salinity on growth, ion content and CO2 assimilation rate of six olive cultivars. Sci Hortic. 96, 235–247.
30. Kchaou H., Larbi A., Gargouri K., Chaieb M., Morales F., Msallem M., 2010. Assessment of tolerance to NaCl salinity of five olive cultivars, based on growth characteristics and Na+ and Cl- exclusion mechanisms. Sci Hortic. 124, 306-315.
31. Xing L., Zhu J.H., 2002. Molecular and genetic aspects of plant responses to osmotic stress. Plant Cell Environ. 25, 131-139.
32. Gunes A., Inal A., and Alpaslan M., 1996. Effect of salinity on stomatal resistance, proline, and mineral composition of pepper. Plant Nutr. 19(2), 389-396.
33. Nounjan N., Nghia P. T., Theerakulpisut P., 2012. Exogenous proline and trehalose promote recovery of rice seedlings from salt-stress and differentially modulate antioxidant enzymes and expression of related genes. J Plant Physiol. 169, 596– 604.
34. Khorsandi O., Hassani A., Sefidkon F., Shirzad H., and Khorsandi A., 2010. Effect of salinity (NaCl) on growth, yield, essential oil content and composition of Agastache foeniculum kuntz. Iran. J Med Aromat Plants. 26 (3), 438-451.
35. Zarinkamar F., Farkhah A.S., 2005. Comparative studies between different aspects of the three halophyte speacies (Salsola dendroides, Aeluropus lagopoides, and Alhagi persarum) under saline treatments. Res Development. 66, 50-66.
36. Momenpour A., Bakhshi D., Imani A., and Rezaie H., 2015. Effect of salinity stress on the morphological and physiological characteristics in some selected almond (Prunus dulcis) genotypes budded on GF677 rootstock. Plant Produc Technol. 15(2), 137-152.
37. Kamiab F., Talaie A., Javanshah A., Khezri M., and Khalighi A., 2012. Effect of long-term salinity on growth, chemical composiyion and mineral elements of pistachio (Pistacia vera cv. Badami-Zarand) rootstock seedlings. Anal Biol Res. 3(12), 5545-5551.
38. Kumar V., Sharma D.R., 1989. Effect of exogenous proline on growth and ion content in NaCl stressed and nonstressed cells of mungbean, Vigna radiate var. radiata. Indian J Exp Biol. 27, 813–815.
39. Eskandari Zanjani K., Shirani Rad A.H., Moradi Aghdam A., TaherKhani T., 2013. Effect of Salicylic acid application under salinity conditions on physiological and morphological characteristics of Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.). J Crop Echophysiol. 6(4), 415-428.
40. Perica S., Goreta S., and Selak G. V., 2008. Growth, biomass allocation and leaf ion concentration of seven olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under increased salinity. Sci Hortic. 117, 123–129.
41. Oraei M., Tabatabaei S.J., Fallahi E., and Imani A., 2009. The effects of salinity stress and rootstock on the growth, photosynthetic rate, nutrient and sodium concentrations of almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.). J Hortic Sci. 23(2), 131-140.
42. Abdollahi F., Jafari L., Gordi Takhti S., 2013. Effect of GA3 on growth and chemical composition of jujube leaf (Ziziphus spina-christi) under salinity condition. J Plant Proc Func. 2(2), 53-67.
43. De-Lacerda C.F., Cambraia J., Oliva M.A., Ruiz H.A., and Prisco J.T., 2003. Solute accumulation and distribution during shoot and leaf development in two sorghum genotypes under salt stress. Environ Exp Bot. 49, 107– 120.
44. Jampeetong A. and Brix H., 2009. Effects of NaCl salinity on growth, morphology, photosynthesis and proline accumulation of Salvinia natans. Aquat Bot. 91, 181-186.
45. Abbassi F., Koocheki A., and Jafari A., 2009. Evaluation of germination and vegetative growth of modder (Rubia tinctorum L.) under different levels of NaCl. Iran J Field Crops Res. 7(2), 515-525.
46. Amini F. and Abediny E., 2012. Evaluation of seed Germination, Growth and plant anatomy of Salsola arbuscula Pall. In salt stress in in vitro. J Cell Tissue. 3(3), 237-249.
47. Yamada M, Morishita H, Urano K, Shiozaki N, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, and Shinozaki K, 2005. Effects of free proline accumulation in petunias under drought stress. J Exp Bot. 56, 1975–1981.
48. Akça Y. and Samsunlu E., 2012. The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, proline and nutrients accumulation, and K/Na ratio in Walnut. Pak J Bot. 44(5), 1513-1520.
49. Bai Bordi A., 2013. Evaluation of tolerance of almond cultivars to salinity. J. Crop Prod. Process. 3(9), 217-225.
50. Wahome P.K., Jesch H.H., Grittner I., 2001. Mechanisms of salt stress tolerance in two rose rootstocks: Rosa chinensis Major and R. rubiginosa. Sci Hortic. 87, 207-216.
51. Munns R., 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ. 20, 239–250.
52. Tabatabaei S.J., 2006. Effects of salinity and N on the growth, photosynthesis and N status of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees. Sci Hortic. 108, 432–438.
53. Lopez-Climent M.F., Arbona V., Perez-Clemente R.M., Gomez-Cadenas A., 2008. Relationship between salt tolerance and photosynthetic machinery performance in citrus. Environ Exp Bot. 62, 176-184.
