Correlation of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production with Sugar and Lipid Content among Pistachio Cultivars

محورهای موضوعی : Aflatoxin

Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam ¹ (Crop and Horticultural Sciences Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran)
Mohammad Moradi ² (Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran)
Amir Hossein Mohammadi ³ (Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran)
Seyed Reza Fani ⁴ (Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Yazd Province, AREEO, Yazd, Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/12/15 تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/02/19 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/02/11

کلید واژه: Mycotoxin, Food Safety, Spectrophotometry, Thin layer chromatography,

چکیده مقاله :

Aflatoxin is an important fungal contaminant in various crops. The substrate and its compounds are involved in the growth of fungus and the production of toxins. In order to investigate correlation between sugar and lipid content as the major chemical composition of pistachio kernels with Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production, the total sugar content was extracted by phenol-sulphoric method and estimated by spectrophotometry. The lipid was also extracted by Soxhlet method. A toxigenic A. flavus strain was used for the study of the fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 production. For that, 20 gram of kernels of different pistachio cultivars were inoculated with 1 ml of fungal spore suspension (2×106 spores/ml) in a completely randomized design with three replications. Eight days after inoculation, the average percent of fungal growth and colonization of A. flavus were calculated. The aflatoxin produced in inoculated pistachios was extracted by Best Foods (BF) method and measured by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The results showed that there was no significant difference in the amount of sugar content in different cultivars of pistachios kernel but the amount of total lipid content was different (P≤0.05). Results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between sugar content with fungal growth and aflatoxin production in pistachio cultivars as well as lipid percentage and aflatoxin B1 production. Therefore, to find sources of resistance to A. flavus in commercial pistachio cultivars in aflatoxin management programs, these two factors cannot be used as a standard scale of resistance.

منابع و مأخذ:

Amaike S, Keller NP (2011) Aspergillus flavus. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 49, 107-133. Doi: 10.1146/ annurev-phyto-072910-095221

Barkai-Golan R, Paster N (2011) Mycotoxins in fruit and vegetables. Academic Press, Burlington. pp. 395.

Chang PK, Horn BW, Dorner JW (2005) Sequence breakpoints in the afatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster and flanking regions in nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus favus isolates. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 42, 914–923. Doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.07.004

Danesh D,  Mojtahedi H, Barnett R, Cambell A (1979) Correlation between climatic data and aflatoxin contamination of Iranian pistachio nuts. Phytophthology.  69, 715-716.

Ehrlich KC (2014) Non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus to prevent aflatoxin contamination in crops: advantages and limitations. Frontiers in Microbiology 5)50), 1-9. Doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00050

Elahinia SA (2014) Mycology and Plant Pathology. Fourth Edition. University of Guilan Press. Iran. pp. 666.

Fani SR, Javanshah J, Moradi M (2014a) Prevalence of aflatoxin in Rafsanjan processed pistachios during 2011-12, and its relation with time of harvest. Tolooe behdasht. 12(4), 175-189. (In Persian with English abstract).

Fani SR, Moradi M, Probst C, Zamanizadeh HR, Mirabolfathy M, Haidukowski M, Logrieco AF (2014) A critical evaluation of cultural methods for the identification of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates for aflatoxin mitigation in pistachio orchards of Iran. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 140(4), 631-642. Doi: 10.1007/s10658-014-0499-1

Fani SR, Sedaghati E, Moradi M, Zamanizadeh H (2011) Specific identification of atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus isolated from pistachio orchards of Iran and detection of aflD, aflR, aflJ, aflG genes and C3 region. In I International Symposium on Mycotoxins in Nuts and Dried Fruits, Damghan, Iran 10-12 September 2011. Doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.963.15

Gbashi S, Madala NE, Adekoya I, Adebo O, De Saeger S (2018) The socio-economic impact of mycotoxin contamination in Africa. In: Njobeh PB (ed) Fungi and Mycotoxins-Their Occurrence, Impact on Health and the Economy as well as Pre- and Postharvest Management Strategies, Intech Open: London, UK.

Ghewande MP, Nagaraj G, Desai S, Narayan P (1993) Screening of groundnut bold seeded genotypes for resistance to Aspergillus flavus seed colonization and less aflatoxin production. Seed Science and Technology. 21, 45-51.

Gradziel TM, Wang d (1994) Susceptibility of California almond cultivars to aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus. HortScience. 29, 33-35.

Hosseini N, Rezanejad F, Zamani Bahramabadi E (2022) Effects of soil texture, irrigation intervals, and cultivar on some nut qualities and different types of fruit blankness in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9(1), 41-53. doi: 10.22059/ijhst.2020.303725.374

Latha P, Sudhakar P, Sreenivasulu Y, Naidu PH, Reddy PV (2007) Relationship between total phenols and aflatoxin production of peanut genotypes under end-of-season drought conditions. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 29(6), 563-566. Doi: 10.1007/s11738-007-0068-8.

Mahbobinejhad Z, Aminian H, Ebrahimi L, Vahdati K (2019) Reduction of aflatoxin production by exposing Aspergillus flavus to CO₂. Journal of Crop Protection 8(4), 441-448.

Marsh PB, Simpson ME, Trucksen MW (1975) Effect of trace metal on the production of aflatoxin by A. flavus. Applied Microbiology. 30, 52-54. Doi: 10.1128/am.30.1.52-57.1975

Mirrokni S, Rahnam H, Zeynali H (2014) Evaluation of total carbohydrate and soluble sugars in transgenic potato resistant to potato tuber moth. Genetic Engineering and Biosafety Journal. 3(2), 67-75

Moreno J, Kang M (1999) Aflatoxins in maize: The problem and genetic solutions. Plant Breeding. 118, 1-16.

Moghaddam MM, Goltapeh EM, Hokmabadi H, Haghdel M, Mortazavi AM (2006) Evaluation of susceptibility of pistachio cultivars to aflatoxigenic  Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B₁ production. In IV International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds, Tehran, Iran 22-25 May 2005. Doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.726.113

Moghadam MM, Rezaee S, Mohammadi AH, Zamanizadeh HR, Moradi M (2020). The potential of aflatoxin production in the Aspergillus section Flavi isolates of pistachio in Iran. Journal of Fasting and Health. 8(4), 254-263.

Mohammadi Moghadam M, Rezaee S, Mohammadi AH, Zamanizadeh HR, Moradi M (2020) Relationship between Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B₁ and B₂ production with phenolic and flavonoid compounds in green hull and kernels of pistachio cultivars. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology. 87(2), 13-23. Doi: 10.22092/ JAEP.2019. 126742.1288

Moradi M, Ershad D, Mirabolfathi M, Panahi B (2004) The role of plant debris, soil and manure on population density of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger groups in pistachio orchards of Kerman Province.  Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology. 40, 221-234.

Moradi M, Fani SR (2018) Review of aflatoxin in pistachio and its control strategies. Plant Pathology Sciences. 7(2), 22-33. [In Persian]

Moradi M, Hokmabadi H (2011) Control of mycotoxin bioactives in nuts: farm to fork. In Tokusoglu,Ö (ed) Nut and cereal bioactives sources. chemistry, and applications. CRC Press. Turkey.

Moradi M, Javanshah A (2006) Distribution of aflatoxin in processed pistachio nut terminals. In IV International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds, Tehran, Iran 22-25 May 2005. Doi: 10.17660/ ActaHortic. 2006.726.69

Moradi M, Rohani M, Fani SR, Mosavian MTH, Probst C (2020) Biocontrol potential of native yeast strains against Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in pistachio. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 7(11), 1963-1973. Doi: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1811901

Muller HG (1988) An introduction to tropical food science. Cambridge University Press. UK. pp. 328.

Pourhosseini R, Sedaghati E, Fani SR, Nadi M, Moradi M, Ahmadi Z (2020) Potential of cyclopiazonic acid production in non-aflatoxinogenic strains of Aspergillus flavus of Iranian Pistachio. Pistachio and Health Journal. 3(3), 6-17. Doi: 10.22123/PHJ. 2021.262373.1067

Singh P, Behagat S (1990) Aflatoxin elaboration and nutritional deterioration in some pulse cultivars during infestation with Aspergillus flavus. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 27(1), 60-62.

Rouhani M, Moradi M, Hamed-Mosavian MT, Fani SR (2018) Efficacy of saprophytic yeasts on growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production. Pistachio and Health Journal. 1(1), 26-30. Doi: 10.22123/PHJ.2017.54297

Salehi,Z, Kheirkhah B, Masoumalinejad Z, Zinatizadeh MR (2018) Identification of aflR gene in aflatoxigenic Aspergillus isolated from pistachio kernel of Sirjan region using molecular method. Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 12(1), 43-50. [In Persian]

Shin CN, Marth EH (1974) Some cultural condition that control biosynthesis of lipid and aflatoxin by A. parasiticus. Applied Microbiology. 27, 452-456. Doi: 10.1128/am.27.3.452-456.1974

Smela M, Currier S, Bailey E, Essigmann J (2001) The chemistry and biology of aflatoxin B₁: from mutational spectrometry to carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 22, 535- 545. Doi: 10.1093/carcin/22.4.535

Tiemersma E, Omer R, Bunschoten A, van’t Veer P, Kok F (2001) Role of genetic polymorphism of glutathione-S-transferase T1 and microsomal epoxide hydrolase in aflatoxin associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiology and Biomakers and Prevention. 10, 785-791.

Trial F, Mahanti N, Linz J (1995) Molecular biology of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Microbiology 141, 755-765.

Wallin GR (1986) Production of aflatoxin in wounded and whole maize kernels by Aspergillus flavus. Plant Diseases. 10, 429-430.

Wilson DM, Payne GA (1994) Factors affecting Aspergillus flavus group infection and aflatoxin contamination of crops. In: Ethon DL, Groopman JD (eds) The Toxicology of Aflatoxins. Human Health, Veterinary, and Agricultural Significance. Academic Press, San Diego, USA.

Woloshuk C, Prieto R (1998) Genetic organization and function of the aflatoxin B₁ biosynthetic genes. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 160, 169-176. Doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968. 1998.tb12907.x