Persian Translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Venuti’s Domestication/Foreignization Dichotomy in Focus
محورهای موضوعی : نشریه زبان و ترجمهFatemeh Jafari 1 , Vida Rahiminezhad 2
1 - Department of English, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Research Institute for Education, Organization for Educational Research and Planning, Tehran, Iran
کلید واژه: Culture-specific items, Translation strategy, Venuti’s Domestication/Foreignization Dichotomy,
چکیده مقاله :
Translation of cultural-specific items (CSIs) has always been a challenge for translators. To overcome this problem, translators employ different strategies. The purpose of the current study was to analyze Culture-Specific Items (CSIs) in an English translation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland based on Venuti’s Domestication/Foreignization dichotomy. The design of the study was a descriptive one. Thus, the translation strategies used in the translations were identified and compared. The results indicated that domestication was the most pervasive strategy in the translation of Pirzad and Haran. Contrasting each ST-TT pair of the first part of the corpus, seventy-one examples of culture–specific samples were manually collected and systematically classified into six procedures of domestication strategy including Explanation, Addition, Cultural Equivalence, Cultural Adjustment, Deletion, Syntactic Adjustment, and three procedures of foreignization strategy; namely, Transliteration (loan word), Literal translation, and Calque. The findings revealed that domestication was far more frequently used in TT1 (93/13%) compared to foreignization (6/83%), while in TT2, domestication (87/64%) was more frequent compared to foreignization (12/31%). The most frequent culture-specific items in TT1 and TT2 related to this category were idioms, measuring systems, and food.
Translation of cultural-specific items (CSIs) has always been a challenge for translators. To overcome this problem, translators employ different strategies. The purpose of the current study was to analyze Culture-Specific Items (CSIs) in an English translation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland based on Venuti’s Domestication/Foreignization dichotomy. The design of the study was a descriptive one. Thus, the translation strategies used in the translations were identified and compared. The results indicated that domestication was the most pervasive strategy in the translation of Pirzad and Haran. Contrasting each ST-TT pair of the first part of the corpus, seventy-one examples of culture–specific samples were manually collected and systematically classified into six procedures of domestication strategy including Explanation, Addition, Cultural Equivalence, Cultural Adjustment, Deletion, Syntactic Adjustment, and three procedures of foreignization strategy; namely, Transliteration (loan word), Literal translation, and Calque. The findings revealed that domestication was far more frequently used in TT1 (93/13%) compared to foreignization (6/83%), while in TT2, domestication (87/64%) was more frequent compared to foreignization (12/31%). The most frequent culture-specific items in TT1 and TT2 related to this category were idioms, measuring systems, and food.
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Persian Translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Venuti’s Domestication/Foreignization Dichotomy in Focus
Fatemeh Jafari1, Vida Rahiminezhad2*
1Department of English, Islamic Azad University-South Tehran Branch, Iran
2Assistant Professor, Research Institute for Education, Organization for Educational Research and Planning, Iran
2023-02-04 2023/04/27
Abstract
Translation of cultural-specific items (CSIs) has always been a challenge for translators. To overcome this problem, translators employ different strategies. The purpose of the current study was to analyze Culture-Specific Items (CSIs) in an English translation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland based on Venuti’s Domestication/Foreignization dichotomy. The design of the study was a descriptive one. Thus, the translation strategies used in the translations were identified and compared. The results indicated that domestication was the most pervasive strategy in the translation of Pirzad and Haran. Contrasting each ST-TT pair of the first part of the corpus, seventy-one examples of culture–specific samples were manually collected and systematically classified into six procedures of domestication strategy including Explanation, Addition, Cultural Equivalence, Cultural Adjustment, Deletion, Syntactic Adjustment, and three procedures of foreignization strategy; namely, Transliteration (loan word), Literal translation, and Calque. The findings revealed that domestication was far more frequently used in TT1 (93/13%) compared to foreignization (6/83%), while in TT2, domestication (87/64%) was more frequent compared to foreignization (12/31%). The most frequent culture-specific items in TT1 and TT2 related to this category were idioms, measuring systems, and food.
Keywords: Culture-specific items, Translation strategy, Venuti’s Domestication/Foreignization Dichotomy
INTRODUCTION
In Catford's words, translation is simply defined as "the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language" (Catford,1965). Following this definition, it seems, at the first sight, that translation is quite a linguistically-oriented and easy kind activity. However, translation is, in fact, more than the mere replacement of material from one language into another language. It was in 1990 that Bassnet and & Lefevere for the first time coined the term "cultural turn" to point to the fact that translation should be reviewed not only in terms of linguistically-loaded perspectives but also in accordance with culture-specific translation and such terms as power, ideology, and patronage.
Venuti (1995,p.305) believes that translation should highlight similarities between language and culture, especially similar messages and formal techniques, However, it always encounters dissimilarities, and in reality,a translation should not try to eradicate all these dissimilarities. A translated text should reflect a different culture so that the reader can face a cultural other and opposition. Theoretically, what characterizes a good translation is its ability to give the reader the same concept that the native reader gets when he reads the original text. Domestication and Foreignization are two terms in Translation Studies coined by Lawrence Venuti [3]. As explained before,the former refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent and fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for the target language (TL) readers. It means making the text recognizable and familiar and,thus,bringing the foreign culture closer to that of the reader. Venuti points out that “all translation is fundamentally domestication and is really initiated in the domestic culture [4]. The latter strategy,foreignizing translation,designates the type of translation in which a TT “deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original” [5]. It means taking the reader to a foreign culture and making him or her feel the linguistic and cultural differences. It encourages a translation practice in which traces of the foreign are left as much as possible within the translated text. The root of the two terms can be traced back to the German philosopher Schleiermarcher’s speech in 1813. He believes that there are only two different methods of translation.
Literature has a great influence on culture,and translations of literary texts are usually the main reason for cultural changes. The translations of the literary texts deliver new ideas and cultural elements to the nations. Some cultures,being dominated by others,are more ready for cultural changes.
For the purpose of the current study,the researcher would like to compare translation strategies (Domestication and Foreignization) in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (based on Venuti's model) and its two Persian translations,translated by Mohmmad-Taghi Bahram Haran (1374) and Zoya Pirzad (1375) .
The Problem
The rapid growth in translation fields has led to diverse issues that have to be faced by translators. One of them is the different language systems between the source language and the target language. In addition,translators often face the complexity of semantic and stylistic aspects as a product of the different socio-culture of the source language and the target language. (Nababan,1999,pp.57-8)
The translation ideology can be either target language-oriented or source language-oriented. The former is called domestication ideology whereas the latter is called foreignization ideology. Both ideologies play a pivotal role in the decision of the translation purpose.
Domestication and foreignization ideologies emerge due to the difference in socio-cultural and geographical aspects of both the source language and the target language. Domestication leads to the attachment of the global target readers due to the fact that it is naturalness-oriented implemented by the translators in order to transfer cultural concepts as naturally as possible to the target readers. Moreover,it is target reader-oriented and undertaken in order to attach the target readers who do not possess cultural knowledge of the source language. Conversely,foreignization leads to the detachment of the global target readers due to the fact that it is accuracy-oriented which is implemented to render cultural concepts as accurately as possible to the target readers. This ideology is inclined to be close to the source language in an attempt to produce foreign texts for the target readers. However,it sometimes results in the target reader’s confusion due to uncategorized cultural concept emergencies.
For the purpose of the present study,the researcher compared translation strategies (Domestication and Foreignization) used in the Persian translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland based on Venuti's model. In the current research,Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland was the source text,and its two Persian-translated texts by Haran (1374) and Pirzad (1375) were the target texts.
Research Question
Based on what was stated above and the purpose of the study,the following research question was addressed:
RQ. To what extent are domestication and foreignization strategies used in the Persian translations of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland?
METHOD
Design
This study is descriptive in nature and draws on Venuti's model to obtain frequency counts and percentage indexes of the domestication and foreignization strategies.
Materials
The material of the current research consisted of Alice’s adventures in Wonderland as the source text (ST), written by Carrol (1866), and its Persian translations Haran (1374=1995) and Pirzad (1375=1996).
Procedure
To conduct the study,Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was first closely read and culture-specific terms were cited. Then,the cited terms were compared with their equivalents in the two Persian translations to identify the employed translation strategies (domestication,foreignization) with an eye on Venuti’s translation strategies for culture-specific translation,that is,Omission,Addition,Cultural adjustment,Cultural equivalence,Syntactic adjustment,literal Translation,Calque,and Transliteration. The results are represented in a series of tables and figures below.
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
The results obtained from the analysis of the collected data are presented in the following tables:
Table 1
Comparison of ST with TT by Pirzad and Haran
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | TT1 (Pirzad) | TT2 (Bahrami Haran) |
1 | And so it was indeed: she was now only ten inches high her face brightened up (P.8) | Hamin ham bod; ghadesh shodeh bod 25 santimeter va gol az golash shekoft (p.28). | Dar vaghe ham hamin tor bod :hala ghadesh faghat 10 inch shodeh bod khili khoshhal shod (P.18). |
2 | now I’m opening out like the largest telescope that ever was(P.11) | Engar mesele bozorgtarin teleskop donya az ham baz shodam(P.31) | Man hala mesele bozorgtarin teleskop donya shodam (P.20) |
3 | London is the capital of Paris, and Paris is the capital of Rome,and Rome(P.14) | Landan paytakht paris,paris paytakht rom,rom paytakhte(P.34) | Landan paytakhteh paris ast paris paytakhteh rom va rom (P.22) |
Strategies used in TT1 and TT2
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | Culture- specific items | Translation strategy | Strategy | |||
TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | ||
111 | ten inches high | Measuring system | Measuring system | Cultural equivalence | Transliteration | Domestication | Foreignization |
12 | largest telescope | Measuring system | Measuring system | Transliteration | Transliteration | Foreignization | Foreignization |
3 | London is the capital of Paris,and Paris is the capital of Rome | Measuring system | Measuring system | Transliteration | Transliteration | Foreignization | Foreignization |
In Table 2,the phrase 'And so it was indeed: she was now only ten inches high.’has been translated to 'shodeh bod 25 santimeter ‘in TT1 by Pirzad. The translation strategy is cultural equivalence which is related to replacing an SL idiom,proverb,expression,word of exclamation,etc. with a TL one,almost with the same meaning which is one of the the domestication strategies. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘10 inch shodeh bod ‘in TT2. The translation strategy in TT2 is transliteration which is one of the foreignization strategies according to Venuti's theory. Based on Venuti's theory,the the measuring system is considered one of the culture-specific items (Venuti,1995).
As shown in Table 2,in the first example,the phrase 'I’m opening out like the largest telescope ‘has been translated to 'bozorgtarin teleskop’in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated it to 'bozorgtarin teleskop’in TT2. The translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 is transliteration which is one of the foreignization strategies. The measuring system,Venuti's theory,is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
Table 3shows that in the fifty-sixth example,the phrase ‘London is the capital of Paris 'has been translated to 'Landan paytakht paris,paris paytakht rom,rom paytakhte’in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated it to 'Landan paytakhteh paris ast paris paytakhteh rom va rom’in TT2. The translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 is transliteration which is one of the foreignization strategies. According to Venuti's theory,the the measuring system is as one of the culture-specific items (Venuti,1995).
Table 3
Comparison of ST with TTs by Pirzad and Haran
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | TT1 (Pirzad) | TT2(Bahrami Haran) |
1 | I shall have to go and live in that poky little house(P.14) | Hala majboram toyeh khaneyeh andazeyeh ghoti kebrit zendegi konam (P.34) | Hala majboram beram toyeh an khaneh kochak va tang va Tarik zenegi konam (P.22) |
2 | When they had been running half an hour (P.23). | Bad az in ke azayeh goroh nim sati davidan (P.45) | Ama bad az an ke nim sati davidan(p.33). |
3 | walked a little quicker(P.26). | Be sorateh ghadmhayash afzod(P.49) | Kami be sorateh khod afzod (P.37) |
Table 4
Comparison of strategies used in TT1 and TT2
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | Culture specific items | Translation strategy | Strategy | |||
TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | ||
1 | I shall have to go and live in that poky little house. | Measuring system | Measuring system | The literal translation | Addition | Foreignization | Domestication |
2 | When they had been running half an hour | Measuring system | Measuring system | Addition | Cultural equivalence | domestication | Domestication |
3 | walked a little quicker. | Measuring system | Measuring system | Cultural equivalence | Cultural equivalence | Domestication | Domestication |
The above tables indicate that the phrase 'I shall have to go and live in that poky little house’has been translated to 'Hala majboram toyeh khaneyeh andazeyeh ghoti kebrit zendegi konam’in TT1 by Pirzad. The translation strategy in TT1 is the literal translation which is one of the foreignization strategies. In this example, Haran has translated 'Hala majboram beram toyeh an khaneh kochak va tang va Tarik zenegi konam’to TT2. The translator has added / tang va Tarik /. The translation strategy in TT2 is addition which is one of the foreignization strategies. Based on Venuti's theory,the the measuring system is seen as one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
The results also show that the sentence 'when they had been running half an hour’has been translated to 'Bad az in ke azayeh goroh nim sati davidan’in TT1 by Pirzad. The translation strategy is addition. The translator has added translating of / azayeh goroh / which is one of the the domestication strategies. This example has been translated to 'Ama bad az an ke nim sati davidan’in TT2 by Haran. The translation strategy in TT2 is cultural equivalence which is one of the the domestication strategies. According to Venuti's theory, the the measuring system is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
Also, the phrase ‘And walked a little quicker ‘has been translated to’ Be sorateh ghadmhayash afzod ‘in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘Kami be sorateh khod afzod ‘in TT2. Translation strategys in TT1 and TT2 are cultural equivalence which are among the the domestication strategies. Based on Venuti's theory,the the measuring system is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
Table 5
Comparison of ST with TTs by Pirzad and Haran
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | TT1 (Pirzad) | TT2(Bahrami Haran) |
1 | everything seemed to have changed since her swim in the pool,and the great hall,with the glass table and the little door,had vanished completely(p.29). | Engar bad az shena dar hoz hameh chiz az talar bozorg gerefteh ta dareh kochak va mizeh shisheh bighib shodeh bod (P.51).
| Zaheran bad az shenayash dar an berkeh hameh chiz taghir yafteh bod .mizeh shishey va dareh kochak hameh napadid shodeh bod (p.40). |
2 | when one wasn’t always growing larger and smaller(P.32) | Dam be daghigheh bozorgo kochek nemishodam (P.54) | Chon anja dighar adam poshte sareh ham bozorg va kochak nemishavad.(P.43) |
3 | An enormous puppy was looking down at her with large round eyes(P.38) | Toleh sageh ghol peykari sar payin gerefteh bod va ba chashmhayeh gerd va gondeh be Alis negah mikard.(P.59) | Ye toleh sag bozorg joseh ke cheshmaneh gerd farakhi dasht be o negah mikard(P.50) |
Table 6
Measuring system: Comparison of strategies of ST to TT1 and TT2
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | Culture specific items | Translation strategy | Strategy | ||||
TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | |||
1 | great hall,with the glass table and the little door | Measuring system | Measuring system | Literal translation | Literal translation | Foreignization | Foreignization | |
2 | when one wasn’t always growing larger and smaller(P.32) | Measuring system | Measuring system | Cultural equivalence | Cultural equivalence
| Domestication | Domestication | |
3 | An enormous puppy was looking down at her with large round eyes. | Measuring system | Measuring system | Cultural equivalence | Addition | Domestication | Domestication | |
The above table shows that 'everything seemed to have changed since her swim in the pool, and the great hall, with the glass table and the little door, had vanished completely’ has been translated to 'Engar bad az shena dar hoz hameh chiz az talar bozorg gerefteh ta dareh kochak va mizeh shisheh bighib shodeh bod’in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘Zaheran bad az shenayash dar an berkeh hameh chiz taghir yafteh bod. Mizeh shishey va dareh kochak hameh napadid shodeh bod’ in TT2. Translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 are the literal translation that belongs to the foreignization strategies. According to Venuti's theory, the the measuring system is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
As the table indicates, the sentence ‘An enormous puppy was looking down at her with large round eyes ‘has been translated to ‘Toleh sageh ghol peykari sar payin gerefteh bod va ba chashmhayeh gerd va gondeh be Alis negah mikard ‘in TT1 by Pirzad. The translation strategy is cultural equivalence which is one of the the domestication strategies. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘Ye toleh sag bozorg joseh ke cheshmaneh gerd farakhi dasht be o negah mikard 'in TT2. He has added / farakhi /. Therefore, the translation method in TT2 ian s addition which is one of the the domestication strategies. Based on Venuti's theory, the the measuring system is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
Table 7
Comparison of ST with TTs of Pirzad and Haran translation
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | TT1 (Pirzad) | TT2(Bahrami Haran) |
1 | Its eyes were getting extremely small for a baby: altogether Alice did not like the look of the thing at all (P.59). | Chashmha ham khili riztar az chashmhayeh bachehhayeh mamoli bod.dar majmoAlis az ghiyafeh in mojod aslan khoshash niyamad(P.78) | Chashmhayash bar yek bache ,khili khili kochak bod.ba khod goft:((shayad faghat geryeh mikard,va bareh digar be chashmhayeh an negah kard ta bebinad ashkalod ast ya na(P.74) |
2 | she began nibbling at the right hand bit again,and did not venture to go near the house till she had brought herself down to nine inches high(P.50) | Riz riz az teke gharch dast rasti khord va jorat nakard be khaneh nazdik shavad ta ghadash resid be 25 santimeter (P.70) | Shoro be chavidan gharch dast rast kard. Be khod jorat nemidad be khaneh nazdik shavad ta in ke toleh ghadesh be 9 inch resid(P.67) |
3 | The Hatter opened his eyes very wide on hearing this; but all he said was,‘Why is a raven like a writing-desk(P.62)? | Ba shenidane in harf chashmhayeh kolah forosh gerd va gondeh shod va goft((agar gofti shabahate kalagh va mizeh tahrir dar chist))(P.86) | Kolahdoz vaghti in ra shenid ba hirat be o negah kard ama tanha chizi ke goft in bod:((chera kalagh siyah mesleh mizeh tahrir ast))(P.79) |
4 | she began nibbling at the right hand bit again,and did not venture to go near the house till she had brought herself down to nine inches high(P.50) | Riz riz az teke gharch dast rasti khord va jorat nakard be khaneh nazdik shavad ta ghadash resid be 25 santimeter (P.70) | Shoro be chavidan gharch dast rast kard. Be khod jorat nemidad be khaneh nazdik shavad ta in ke toleh ghadesh be 9 inch resid(P.67) |
Table 8
Comparison of strategies of ST to TT1 and TT2
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | Culture specific items | Translation strategy | Strategy | ||||||
TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | |||||
1 | Its eyes were getting extremely small for a baby: altogether Alice did not like the look of the thing at all. | Measuring system | Measuring system | Addition | Literal translation | Domestication | Domestication | |||
2 | she began nibbling at the right hand bit again,and did not venture to go near the house till she had brought herself down to nine inches high | Measuring system | Measuring system | Cultural equivalence | Transliteration | Domestication | Foreignization | |||
3 | The Hatter opened his eyes very wide on hearing this; but all he said was,‘Why is a raven like a writing-desk. | Measuring system | Measuring system | Addition | cultural adjustment | Domestication | Domestication | |||
4 | she began nibbling at the right hand bit again,and did not venture to go near the house till she had brought herself down to nine inches high(P.50) | Measuring system | Measuring system | Cultural equivalence | Transliteration | Domestication | Foreignization | |||
As the above table shows, the phrase ‘its eyes were getting extremely small for a baby: altogether Alice did not like the look of the thing at all’ has been translated to ‘Chashmha ham khili riztar az chashmhayeh bacheyeh mamoli bod.’in TT1 by Pirzad. The translator has added / mamoli /. The translation strategy is “addition”. In this example, Haran has translated it to’Chashmhayash baraye yek bache, khili khili kochak bod ‘in TT2 and its translation strategy is the literal translation which is one of the foreignization strategies. Based on Venuti's theory, the measuring system is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
The table shows that the phrase ‘she began nibbling at the right hand bit again,and did not venture to go near the house till she had brought herself down to nine inches high ‘has been translated to’be 25 santimeter ‘in TT1 by Pirzad. The translation strategy is cultural equivalence which is one of the domestication strategies. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘be 9 inch resid ‘in TT2. The translation strategy in TT2 is transliteration which is one of the Foreignization strategies. Based on Venuti's theory, the measuring system is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
As shown in the table, the sentence ‘The Hatter opened his eyes very wide on hearing this; but all he said was,’has been translated to’Ba shenidane in harf chashmhayeh kolah forosh gerd va gondeh shod va goft ‘in TT1 by Pirzad. The translator has added /gerd/, so the translation strategy is addition which is one of the domestication strategies. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘Kolahdoz vaghti in ra shenid ba hirat be o negah kard ama tanha chizi ke goft in bod ‘in TT2. Here, the translation strategy in TT2 is a cultural adjustment which is one of the domestication strategies. As explained via Venuti's theory the measuring system is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti1995).
As the table shows, the phrase 'she began nibbling at the right-hand bit again, and did not venture to go near the house till she had brought herself down to nine inches high ‘has been translated to’be 25 centimeters in TT1 by Pirzad. The translation strategy is cultural equivalence which is one of the domestication strategies. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘be 9-inch resid ‘in TT2. The translation strategy in TT2 is transliteration which is one of the foreignization strategies. Based on Venuti's theory, the measuring system is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
Table 9
Food and Drinks: Comparison of ST with target texts of Pirzad and Haran translation
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | TT1 (Pirzad) | TT2(Bahrami Haran) |
1 | I hope they’ll remember her saucer of milk at tea time. Dinah my dear. I wish you were down here with me! (P.5) | Khoda konad faramosh nakonand vaghteh chay asraneh kasehyeh shirash ra por konand Dania ,azizam ,kash in payin to ham ba man bodi(P.24) | ((Omidvaram anha yek boshgab shireh asraneash ra farmosh nakonand .Dania,azizam,ey kash hamin hala kenaram bodi va ba man soghot mikardi (P.15)! |
2 | beautiful Soup (P.110) | Sope gashang (P.128) | Sope ali (P.121) |
3 | The Queen of Hearts, made some tarts (P.113) | Koloche ra pokht malakeh del (P.131) | Kolocheyeh khoshmazeh khoshbo va narm (p.124) |
Food and Drinks: Comparison of strategies of ST to TT1 and TT2
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | Culture-specific items | Translation strategy | Strategy | ||||||
TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | |||||
1 | I hope they’ll remember her saucer of milk at tea-time. Dinah my dear. I wish you were down here with me. | Drink | Drink | Addition | Omission | Domestication | Domestication | |||
2 | beautiful Soup. | Food | Food | Cultural equivalence | Cultural equivalence | Domestication | Domestication | |||
3 | The Queen of Hearts,she made some tarts. | Food | Food | Cultural equivalence | Cultural equivalence | Domestication | Domestication | |||
As the above table indicates, the phrase ‘I hope they’ll remember her saucer of milk at tea-time. Dinah my dear. I wish you were down here with me’ has been translated to ‘vaghteh chay asraneh kasehyeh shirash ra por konand ‘in TT1 by Pirzad. The translator has added / asraneh /. So, the translation strategy is an addition which is one of the domestication strategies. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘boshgab shireh asraneash ra farmosh nakonand’ in TT2. He has omitted /tea-time/. The translation strategy here in TT2 is, therefore, omission which is one of the domestication strategies. Based on Venuti's theory, drink is considered one of the culture-specific items (Venuti,1995).
The table indicates that the phrase ‘beautiful Soup’ has been translated to ‘Sope gashang’ in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated ‘Sope ali’ to TT2. The translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 is cultural equivalence which are among the domestication strategies. Based on Venuti's theory, food is considered one of the culture-specific items (Venuti1995).
As shown in the table, the phrase ‘The Queen of Hearts, she made some tarts’ has translated to ‘Koloche ra pokht malakeh del’ in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated ‘Kolocheyeh khoshmazeh khoshbo va narm’ to TT2. Translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 are cultural equivalence which are among the the domestication strategies. According to Venuti's theory, idioms are considered one of the culture-specific items (Venuti1995).
Table 11
Food and Drinks: Comparison of ST with target texts of Pirzad and Haran translation
ST (Lewis Carroll) | TT1 (Pirzad) | TT2 (Bahrami Haran) |
sort of mixed flavour of cherry-tart, custard, pineapple, roast turkey, toffee, and hot buttered toast (P.8) | Tasavor konid mazeyeh nane dagh karehyeh mal va keyk albalo va khameh va ananas va boghalmone sorkh shodeh va abnabateh hameh yekja va baham (P.28). | Dar vaghe makhloteh khoshmazehi bod ke tameh chan chize khordani ra ba ham dasht: kolocheh gilas, khardal. Ananas, kabab boghalamon, shirni khameder va nane bereshteh kareh zadeh shodeh (P.17). |
Table 12
Comparison of strategies of ST to TT1 and TT2
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) Culture-specific items | Culture-specific items | Translation strategy | Strategy | ||||||
TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | |||||
1 | hot buttered toast | Food | Food | Addition | Addition | Domestication | Domestication | |||
2 | roast turkey | Food | Food | Literal translation | The literal translation | Foreignization | Foreignization | |||
3 | Toffee | Food | Food | Addition | Cultural adjustment | Domestication | Domestication | |||
As shown in the above table, the phrase ‘hot buttered toast’ has been translated to 'nane dagh kareehyeh mal’ in TT1 by Pirzad. She has added the words /nane /and / mal/ to the above phrase. And she has used the addition method, which is an extra part of the language that does not exist in ST. Therefore, it has been added to TT (Aminpour & Dastjerdi,2014). This method is added to TT which is one of the domestication strategies. In TT2, Haran has translated this phrase to ‘nane bereshteh kareh zade shodeh'. Haran has also added the word /nane/ and used the addition method in TT2, which is the domestication strategy. Based on Venuti's theory, food is considered one of the according to Venuti's theory (Venuti,1995).
As the table indicates, the phrase 'roast turkey’ has been translated to 'boghlamone sorkh shodeh’ in TT1 by Pirzad. Haran has translated this phrase to 'kababe boghlamon’ in TT2. Both of them have used the literal translation strategy. In literal translation, the translator takes an ST expression and renders it in the TT with an expression (Aminpour & Dastjerdi,2014) that has the same exact dictionary definition as the ST expression. According to Venuti's theory, literal translation is one of the foreignization strategies. Based on this theory, food is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
As the last item indicates,'Toffee’has been translated to 'abnabateh hame yekja va ba ham’ in TT1by Pirzad. She has used the addition method since she added some words /hameh yekja va ba ham/. The translation strategy in TT1 is an addition that, according to Venuti's theory, is related to the domestication strategy. In this example, Haran has translated 'Toffee’to 'shirini khamedar’in TT2. He has used cultural adjustment which replaces the missing item (Aminpour & Dastjerdi,2014). The translation strategy in TT2 is a cultural adjustment, one of the domestication strategies according to Venuti's theory. According to this theory, food is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti,1995).
Table 13
Idiom: Comparison of strategies of ST to TT1 and TT2
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | Culture-specific items | Translation strategy | Strategy | |||
TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | ||
1 | By the time she had caught the flamingo and brought it back, the fight was over, and both the hedgehogs were out of sight: | Idiom | Idiom | Cultural equivalence | Cultural equivalence | Domestication | Domestication |
2 | So, she tucked it away under her arm, that it might not escape again, | Idiom | Idiom | Cultural equivalence | Cultural equivalence | Domestication | Domestication |
3 | Take care of the sense, and the sounds will take care of themselves. | Idiom | Idiom | Cultural adjustment | Cultural adjustment | Domestication | Domestication |
The above table shows that the phrase ‘By the time she had caught the flamingo and brought it back, the fight was over, and both the hedgehogs were out of sight’ has been translated to ‘Ta raft felamingo ra gereft va bargasht did az gharar davayeh jojeh tighiha tamam shodeh chon asari az asareh hichkodam nabod’ in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘Ta vaghti ke morghe ghavas ra gereft va bargardand nabard be payan resideh va har do khareh posht az nazar napadid shodeh bodand ‘in TT2. The translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 is cultural equivalence which belongs to the domestication strategies. According to Venuti's theory, the idiom is considered one of the culture-specific items (Venuti1995).
The table also indicates that the phrase ‘So she tucked it away under her arm, that it might not escape again’ has been translated to ‘Felamingo ra mohkam zad zireh baghal ke dobareh farar nakonan va rah oftad raft baz’ in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘Benabarin an ra mohkam zireh baghalesh gereft ta natavanad dobare bargorizad ‘in TT2. The translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 is cultural equivalence, one of the domestication strategies. Based on Venuti's theory, the idiom is considered one of the Culture-Specific items (Venuti1995).
The table shows that the phrase ‘Take care of the sense, and the sounds will take care of themselves ‘has been translated to ‘Hekmatash ine ke:mana mana jam gardad va angahi alfaz shavad’ in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘Movazebe mani bash, lafz khod be khod dorost mishavad’ in TT2. The translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 is a cultural adjustment which belongs to the domestication strategies. According to Venuti's theory, the idiom is considered one of the culture-specific items (Venuti1995).
Table 14
Idiom: Comparison of strategies of ST to TT1 and TT2
No | ST (Lewis Carroll) | Culture-specific items | Translation strategy | Strategy | |||
TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | TT1 | TT2 | ||
1 | Off with his head!’ or ‘Off with her head | Idiom | Idiom | Cultural equivalence | Cultural equivalence | Domestication | Domestication |
2 | The Duchess took her choice and was gone in a moment. ’Let’s go | Idiom | Idiom | Cultural equivalence | Cultural equivalence | Domestication | Domestication |
3 | The Queen in front of them, with her arms, folded, frowning like a thunderstorm. | Idiom | Idiom | Cultural equivalence | Cultural equivalence | Domestication | Domestication |
The above table indicates that the phrase ‘Off with his head ‘has been translated to ‘Sareh in mard ra bezanid' in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘Sare an ghat shavad’ in TT2. The translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 is cultural equivalence, one of the domestication strategies. Based on Venuti's theory, the idiom is considered one of the culture-specific items (Venuti1995).
As shown in table, the phrase ‘The Duchess took her choice and was gone in a moment. ‘Let’s has been translated to ‘Doshs entekhab kard va zad be chak’ in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘Doshs entekhab kard,va dar yek lahzeh az barabareh cheshmane malake dor shod’ in TT2. The translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 is cultural equivalence, one of the domestication strategies. Based on Venuti's theory, the idiom is considered one of the culture-specific items (Venuti1995).
As indicated in the table, the phrase ‘the Queen in front of them, with her arms folded, frowning like a thunderstorm ‘has been translated to ‘Malakeh ra did ke roberoyeshan istadeh, dast be kamar va akhmo eyneh borjeh zahrma’ in TT1 by Pirzad. In this example, Haran has translated it to ‘Malakeh ra dar barabareh khod did ke dasthkhod ra zireh baghal gozashteh va chereash mesleh aseman gab az ragbar tireh shodeh’ in TT2. The translation strategy in TT1 and TT2 is cultural equivalence, one of the domestication strategies. According to Venuti's theory, the idiom is considered one of the culture-specific items (Venuti 1995).
Idiom: Comparison of ST with target texts of Pirzad and Haran translation
ST | Type & non-literal meaning | TT1 | TT2 |
’Once,’ said the Mock Turtle at last, with a deep sigh, ‘I was a real Turtle.’ (P.95) | Propositional phrase | Belakhareh lakposht ba aho boland gheseash ra shoro kard. ((rozi rozegari, man yek lakposht rast rastaki bodam)) (p.114) | Saranjam shebh lakposht abi aheh amighi keshid va goft:((rozegari man yek lakposht vagheyi bodam))(P.106) |
In the end | |||
And how many hours a day did you do lessons?’said Alice, in a hurry to change the subject (P.98) | Propositional phrase | Alis bar avaz kardne mozo ba ajaleh goft ((rozi chand sat darsmigereftand))(P.117). | Alis, ke ajaleh dasht mozo ra taghir dahad, porsid :( (rozi chand sat dars dashtid)) (P.110) |
Rushed | |||
’—as far out to sea as you can—’ (P.101) | Verb phrase | An dor dorhayeh toyeh darya (P.119) | Toyeh darya part mikonim (P.112) |
That’s not as far out as you might think |
Frequency and percentage of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in TT1 by Pirzad
| Omission | Addition | Cultural adjustment | Cultural equivalence | Syntactic adjustment | Literal translation | Calque | Transliteration | Total |
Frequenc y | 0 | 6 | 8 | 54 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 73 |
Percentage | 0% | 8/21% | 10/95% | 73/97% | 0% | 4/10% | 0% | 2/73% | 100 |
The above table indicates that cultural equivalence, cultural adjustment, addition, literal translation, and transliteration were the most frequent translation strategies in Pirzad’translation.
Table 17
Frequency and percentage of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in TT2 by Haran
| Omission | Addition | Cultural adjustment | Cultural equivalence | Syntactic adjustment | Literal translation | Calque | Transliteration | Total |
Frequency | 1 | 3 | 9 | 51 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 73 |
Percentage | 1/36% | 4/10% | 12/32% | 9/86% | 0% | 2/73% | 0% | 9/58% | 100 |
As shown in the above table, cultural equivalence, cultural adjustment, transliteration, addition, literal translation, and omission were found to be the most frequent translation strategies.
Figure 1
Data based on Venutie's Strategies
Percentage of Domestication and Foreignization in TT1 by Pirzad
| Percentage in TT1 | Percentage in TT2 |
Domestication | 93/13% | 87/64% |
Foreignization | 6/83 | 12/31% |
Total | 100% | 100% |
Table 16 shows that domestication was more frequent in both TT1 and TT2 compared to foreignization
Figure 2
Domestication and Foreignization in TT1 &TT2 based on Frequency and percentage
Analysis of the data revealed that domestication appeared far more frequently in TT1 translations (93/13%) compared to foreignization (6/83%) while in TT2 translation, domestication (87/64%) was more frequent in TT2 compared to foreignization (12/31%). not the same.
CONCLUSION
The purpose of the current study was basically to analyze Culture-Specific Items (CSIs) in two Persian translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland based on Domestication vs. Foreignization dichotomy proposed by Venuti (1998). The findings revealed that domestication was far more frequent in TT1 (93/13%) than in TT2 (87/64%) in terms of foreignization in both translations. Such findings are close to those of Siregar, Sinar, Lubis & Muchtar (2015), since just 30 instances of foreignization have been found in the translation of the 8th Habit by Stephen R. Covey into Bahasa Indonesia. On the other hand, the findings of this study are in contrast with Obeidat & Abu-Melhim’s (2017) findings in translating English-Arabic Baby Formula Labels, since foreignization makes 90% out of the overall number of the strategies whereas domestication makes just 10%. This seems to be in favor of Venuti′s optimistic attitude toward foreignization (Venuti,2008).
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Biodata
Fatemeh Jafari has got her Master’s degree from Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch.
Email: donyajafari1994@gmail.com
Vida Rahiminezhad, assistant professor at Research Institute for Education, Organization for Educational Research and Planning in Iran, Iran. Her interests are English Literature, education, and Immigration.
Email: vrahiminejad@yahoo.com
