Paradigmatic Analysis of Environmental Management in Iran
محورهای موضوعی : Environmental policy and management
مهسا فاطمی
1
,
کورش رضائی مقدم
2
,
ماتیس واکرناگل
3
1 - بخش ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز
2 - بخش ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی ایران، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
3 - مؤسس و مدیرعامل، شبکه جهانی ردپا، اوکلند، کالیفرنیا، ایالات متحده آمریکا
کلید واژه: agriculture, Sustainability, Ecological footprint, Technocenterism, Biocenterism, Ecocenterism,
چکیده مقاله :
Iran has many critical environmental changes and challenges, especially in agricultural development. These challenges are due to land reform and subsequent modernization. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the paradigmatic trend of agricultural environmental management of Iran. The study was accomplished through reviewing archival research findings as well as analyzing the content in different documents and worldwide databases. To do so, various global paradigmatic perspectives and strategies about the environmental management were reviewed. Moreover, by reviewing different environmental laws, rules, regulations, and activities in Iran, three distinct phases in environmental management including 'enthusiasm for modernization activities (1962- 1974)', 'concerns about environmental issues (1974- 2005)', and 'crisis of environmental management (2005-present)' were revealed. Thus, the most important problems leading to the unsustainable environment in the three phases and the reasons resulting in the failures of macro-policies were addressed. It is possible to declare that inappropriate paradigms within environmental management thinking, i.e., sustainability, as well as inconsistencies between the paradigms and strategies could be traced in different periods. The findings provide the researchers with the fact that the dominant perspective in environmental management is frontier economics via emphasis on economics and fewer considerations over ecological problems. Accordingly, the environmental degradation increased, via which the authorities were not successful to conduct collaborative systematic actions since the evidence represented the mere accomplishment of some sporadic strategies. As the pedagogical implications of the study, it should be asserted that a basic paradigm shift in environmental activities from technocentrism to ecocentrism seems to be necessary to achieve sustainable agriculture.
چالش‌ها و تغییرات محیط‌زیستی مهمی به‌ویژه در حوزه توسعه کشاورزی در ایران وجود دارد. عمده این مسائل به دوران پس از اصلاحات ارضی و پیامدهای نوسازی در کشاورزی محسوب می‌شود. هدف اصلی از مطالعه حاضر، واکاوی پارادایمی مدیریت محیط‌زیست در ایران با تأکید بر بخش کشاورزی است. این پژوهش با استفاده از تحلیل اسنادی، مطالعه و بررسی مستندات و پایگاه‌های مختلف داده‌ای در سراسر جهان با بهره‌گیری از تکنیک تحلیل محتوا انجام گرفت. از این‌رو، دیدگاه‌های پارادایمی متنوع و همچنین استراتژی‌های متفاوتی که در حیطه مدیریت محیط‌زیست در سطح دنیا مطرح شده است، مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس ضمن مروری جامع و عمیق بر روند تصویب و اجرای قوانین، دستورالعمل‌ها، ضوابط و اقدامات مختلف در زمینه مدیریت محیط‌زیست، ایران از لحاظ بحث مدیریت محیط‌زیستی در گذر زمان به سه فاز مختلف شامل اشتیاق نسبت به دستاوردهای نوسازی (1962-1974)؛ آغاز نگرانی‌ها نسبت به مسائل محیط‌زیستی (1974-2005)؛ و بحران مدیریت محیط‌زیست (2005 تاکنون) تقسیم شد. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است تا مهم‌ترین مشکلات ناپایداری محیط‌زیست و همچنین علل عدم موفقیت سیاست‌های کلان در این حوزه در سه دوره زمانی مدنظر مورد بحث قرار گیرند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که دیدگاه فکری نامناسبی در مدیریت محیط‌زیست ایران حاکم است و از سوی دیگر همچنین ناسازگاری و ناهماهنگی بین دیدگاه فکری و استراتژی‌های بکار گرفته شده در دوره‌های زمانی مختلف، مشاهده می‌شود. طبق یافته‌ها، دیدگاه غالب فکری در زمینه مدیریت محیط زیست در گذر زمان، دیدگاه افراطی اقتصادی با تأکید زیاد بر فاکتورهای اقتصادی و نادیده شمردن مسائل محیط زیستی بوده است. بنابراین، شاهد افزایش تخریب‌های زیست‌محیطی بوده و در مقابل به جای سازماندهی فعالیت‌های نظام‌مند مشارکتی، صرفاً یک سری اقدامات پراکنده و مجزا از سوی نهادهای مختلف انجام گرفته است. در نهایت، راهکار بنیادین در راستای مدیریت پایدار محیط‌زیست در حوزه کشاورزی، تغییر دیدگاه پارادایمی از تکنولوژی‌گرایی به سوی زیست‌بوم‌گرایی است.
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