business opportunities for rural areas in Ilam province
همایون مرادنژادی
1
(2- دانشیارگروه کارآفرینی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکاه ایلام، ایران)
مرجان واحدی
2
(استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ایلام، ایران)
کلید واژه: Employment, Rural economy, Rural area, Rural Businesses, business opportunities,
چکیده مقاله :
The rural areas of Ilam province are facing many problems in the field of employment and production, and the development of entrepreneurial activities in these areas is very necessary. Opportunity identification has a very fundamental role in entrepreneurial activities.The study was carried out to home business opportunities for rural areas in Ilam province. The research used a combined qualitative and quantitative methodology. The methodology was qualitative in the first phase using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The second phase was run by a descriptive-survey methodology. Participants were purposefully selected from village administrators, experts of the Coordination Office of Economic Affairs Governor, experts of the Jahad-e Agriculture organization, experts of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, and experts of the Industry, Mining and Trade Organization. Data were collected from 72 participants in nine sessions as focus group discussion attended by 6-11 people. They were qualitatively analyzed by Strauss and Corbin’s constant comparison method in three coding phases. They were quantitatively analyzed with SPSS Software Package. In the end, the home businesses in priority in each Township were introduced for agricultural sector, processing industries, and handicraft industries.
چکیده انگلیسی :
این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی فرصت‌های کسب و کارهای خانگی برای مناطق روستایی استان ایلام به انجام رسیده است. روش شناسی پژوهش، جزو روش‌های ترکیبی کیفی و کمی است. روش پژوهش در مرحله اول، کیفی و با استفاده از مصاحبه های نیمه ساختارمند و بحث گروهی متمرکز و مرحله دوم، کمی و به روش توصیفی–پیمایشی انجام شده است. در این پژوهش شرکت کنندگان به صورت هدفمند از میان دهیاران، کارشناسان دفتر هماهنگی امور اقتصادی استانداری، کارشناسان سازمان جهاد کشاورزی، کارشناسان اداره کل میراث فرهنگی و کارشناسان سازمان صنعت، معدن و تجارت انتخاب شدند. گردآوری داده ها با مشارکت تعداد 72 نفر در قالب 9 جلسه شش تا 11 نفره به صورت متمرکز و به روش FGD ( Focus Group Discussion) به انجام رسید. تحلیل داده ها در روش کیفی از راهبرد مقایسه مداوم و همزمان Corbin و Strauss و در سه مرحله کدگذاری و در مرحله کمی از نرم افزار spss استفاده شد. در پایان، کسب و کارهای خانگی دارای اولویت در زیربخش های کشاورزی، صنایع تبدیلی و صنایع دستی برای هر کدام از شهرستان های استان ایلام، معرفی شد.
Home business opportunities for rural areas in Ilam province
Abstract
The rural areas of Ilam province are facing many problems in the field of employment and production, and the development of entrepreneurial activities in these areas is very necessary. Opportunity identification has a very fundamental role in entrepreneurial activities.The study was carried out to home business opportunities for rural areas in Ilam province. The research used a combined qualitative and quantitative methodology. The methodology was qualitative in the first phase using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The second phase was run by a descriptive-survey methodology. Participants were purposefully selected from village administrators, experts of the Coordination Office of Economic Affairs Governor, experts of the Jahad-e Agriculture organization, experts of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, and experts of the Industry, Mining and Trade Organization. Data were collected from 72 participants in nine sessions as focus group discussion attended by 6-11 people. They were qualitatively analyzed by Strauss and Corbin’s constant comparison method in three coding phases. They were quantitatively analyzed with SPSS Software Package. In the end, the home businesses in priority in each Township were introduced for agricultural sector, processing industries, and handicraft industries.
Keywords: business opportunities, rural area, rural businesses, rural economy, employment
Introduction
Accurate identification of issues related to villages is very important; because it helps to solve all problems and backwardness such as widespread and severe poverty, growing inequality, rapid population growth and increasing unemployment in rural areas (Li & Zhang, 2015). During the past decades, the establishment and development of rural businesses with the support of the government and other relevant institutions have grown twice as much (Geravand et., all, 20019). It is obvious that the development of agricultural and non-agricultural jobs in rural areas leads to the guidance of young forces in constructive ways for regional and national development (Nain, et. al., 2015).Given the crucial role of rural areas in national economy in general and in agricultural production in particular, it is necessary to focus more on rural areas, particularly on their role in sustainable food security (Rezvani, 2004). A great part of employed people are working in rural areas, especially in developing countries (Badri, 2012). Subsistence stability and economical security in rural areas are two important components of sustainable development because they increase efficiency and boost the exploitation of potential and active capacities and strengths of economical activities on the one hand and allow spatial diversification of economical activities in rural areas to ensure subsistence persistence, job creation, and income generation on the other hand (Javan et al., 2011). The diversification of the activities should be taken into consideration in spatial and regional planning in order to have a dynamic rural economy (Motiei Langrudi & Najafi Kani, 2011). Development scholars argue that most issues in developing and third world countries including unemployment can be rooted in the undeveloped status of their villages (Azkia, 2006). Despite the presence of creative and assiduous people in rural areas, entrepreneurial activities are not institutionalized because of such reasons as the lack of funding for farmers, proposals and plans with no preplanned program, unresponsiveness to new ideas and suggestions and the lack of a suggestions systems, the risk of idea stealing, the lack of common perspective on innovation, the lack of access to reliable and authentic information, mechanical structure, the lack of entrepreneurship support culture, the gap between market and services, the gap in access to capital, the decrease in networking and communication opportunities, and the lack of industrial clusters for innovation acceleration (Markley, 2002; Heritot, 2002). In Iran, the main problems in rural areas can be mentioned as the lack of job opportunities, unemployment, and poverty, which cause the migration to urban areas and create problems for both cities and villages, and indeed for whole country. So, it is necessary to seek solutions to unemployment problem in order to realize sustainable economical growth (Aghili et al., 2012). Economical development of rural areas needs approaches that can motivate entrepreneurship development, effective executive institutions, and environmental policy empowerment (REED, 2003). Rural small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) can play an effective role in fulfilling economical and social objectives of the rural development. SMBs are advantageous in some productions to some larger industries in terms of scale economy. It is shown that production units will be inefficient if they are larger than a specific size. The small size of economical units in western countries and the organizational division of larger institutions into smaller independent departments are examples of this economical rule (Sahraeie, 2001). There is always a hidden unemployment during farming activities and a kind of seasonal unemployment in villages due to high labor:land ratio and the seasonal nature of agricultural activities. Thus, the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in agricultural, industrial and service sectors in rural areas can create permanent employment for some rural people, especially the academic graduates and youths, and temporary employment for seasonally unemployed people because SMEs, in nature, have a high potential for job creation. Many development economists argue that a strong self-employment sector plays a vital role in employment of rural residents (Mohapatra et al., 2007). Since SMBs are diverse in such measures as objectives, need diverse resources, are less risk-taking, and need lower investment, it is necessary to facilitate their launch (Memili et al., 2015). The villagers will access their demanded goods and services with the development of entrepreneurship and the establishment of entrepreneurial small firms that will deeply influence the economical growth of the villages and the control of migration to urban areas. The villages like cities pose a lot of undiscovered opportunities whose discovery and exploitation and the establishment of new, competitive businesses on the basis of them can create considerable economical advantages for villagers (Lordkipanidze et al., 2005). The experience of many countries show that home businesses are a sensible approach to reduce unemployment rate and create jobs for women and youths (Fallah Jelodar et al., 2007). Home businesses are necessary to be developed as an approach to increase small and medium-sized employments, especially for women and youths who are adequately skillful but are not recruited due to the parlous state of employment in the market (Bigdali Shamlou, 1933). The development of these business is a good chance for fulfilling low-risk, low-cost entrepreneurial initiatives, so that they can help the growth of SMBs. It is shown that over 70% of successful entrepreneur have first started their business from the home (Gordon & Nell, 2006). Today, home businesses are a vital part of economical activities in developed countries. They can diversify and develop the community and economy of the countries through job creation and innovation in products and services. Also, home businesses are a good starting point for youths to launch their personal businesses because they are much easier to be started than other kinds of businesses (Mohebi, 2011). Currently, regulations of home businesses have adopted in over 150 countries. In china, 30% of all jobs are devoted to home businesses. This figure is 80% for Taiwan and 20% for the US (Nejahi & Qasempour, 2010). Home businesses are the greatest business group in Australia, so that they form 67% of small businesses and 58% of all businesses. Also, this type of business constitutes about half of small businesses in the UK and 52% of private sector activities in the US, playing an important role in their economies (Khanifar et al., 2010). The Comprehensive Plan of Home Businesses has been developed on the basis of numerous studies to accomplish the development-aimed objectives (Larijani & Shabaninejad, 2010). The development of SMBs can reduce unemployment rate significantly, and the share of small businesses is estimated to be, on average, 30% in alleviating unemployment (Sepehri, 2009). According to a study by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor in 2002, home businesses have attracted trade and business researchers in the recent decade because of their potential impact on easy and low-cost creation of jobs (Ahmadpour Dariani, 2006). Despite the long history of this business type in Iran and the fact that it can be a good approach for optimizing and improving the efficiency of human resources and for creating new opportunities for rural women, it lacks the capacities as a good occupational option for women and its development faces some obstacles (Yaghoubi Farahani et al., 2014).
Ilam Province is located to the west of Iran. It has 20 counties and 627 inhabited villages. According to the census of 2011 conducted and published by Statistical Center of Iran, 35.74% of the population of the province lives in rural areas. Evidence shows that rural population always had a negative growth rate in 1966-2011, so that it reached -0.4% in 1996-2006. On the other hand, urban areas have had a population growth, partly because of the migration from rural areas (Anonymous, 2011). Rural areas in Ilam Province are struggling with some issues and challenges including families’ income deficiency, high illiteracy rate, villages’ discharge, high unemployment rate, and high family size. These problems hinder the development of rural areas in this province. Attempts to understand and analyze these challenges and to propose approaches to overcome or, at least, minimize them will have such consequences as the prosperity of agriculture sector, the optimum exploitation of the potentials of rural areas, the stabilization of population in these areas, and finally, the development of rural areas of this province (Azadi & Beik Mohammadi, 2012). Despite economic advantages and trained human resources in Ilam province, the unemployment rate is high and the rate of entrepreneurial activities is low (Moradanjadi, 2023). Surveys show that the state of development and economic indicators among the cities of Ilam province are also different and unequal (Meshkini et al. (2018). Since economical activities in particular and resources and facilities in general have inappropriate centralization in terms of spatial distribution, each region needs specific plans in accordance with its special requirements for which it is necessary to recognize the current status by scientific methodology (Faraji Sabokbar, 2015). It seems that the development of home businesses in Ilam Province can help the rural development of this province. Since no comprehensive study has been yet conducted on identifying home businesses in rural areas of Ilam Province, the present study was carried out to identify home businesses appropriate for rural areas of Ilam Province.
Review of Literature
Review of literature shows that despite of the importance of developing home businesses in rural areas and the necessity of identifying appropriate home businesses for different villages, unfortunately few studies have focused on them. This section summarizes some studies on subject closer to the topic of the present study Momenzadeh et al. (2023) in a research titled identifying small business opportunities and in the average tourist villages, they did Shemiranat. Among the opportunities for tourism development, the following categories were deemed suitable: economic, social-cultural, infrastructural-opportunity, spatial, psychological, and attractive opportunities. Based on the T-paired test, the most crucial opportunities were determined to be the attractive, psychological, and infrastructural ones. Seif Elahi and Akbari Arbatan (2023) conducted a research titled identifying the challenges and opportunities of the digital economy in the development of rural women's home businesses. The results of the present study indicated that, the rapid growth of the digital economy, and especially the COVID-19 pandemic, has accelerated the spread of digital technology use, leading to an urgent need to align rural women's home businesses with government policies. Many rural women's home businesses have been digitally deprived due to the digital divide and the resulting limitations. They may face challenging business conditions to continue their careers. In addition, the female workforce in rural areas lacks the necessary flexibility in labor markets to adapt. This shows that rural women's home businesses should use technology and upgrade training programs to equip themselves with the right skill sets. Therefore, during the rapid digital transformation, not only should immediate investment be considered in digital connectivity and networks for rural businesses that are underserved by digital services, but also digital skills and literacy should be increased and help absorb new digital innovations.
Heydari et al. (2022) in a research titled Identifying opportunities of agricultural production businesses for rural cooperatives in Ilam province. The results showed that cases such as; Development of mushroom production and problem solving, development of native poultry production, development of honey production and problem solving of honey treatment, development of medicinal plants, development of livestock breeding (sheep, lamb and goat) and development of city gardens such as grapes and pomegranates and fruits and products market Garden, are some of the opportunities are available in all counties. Heydari et al. (2021) research titled identifying opportunities for service businesses in the agricultural sector (case study: cooperatives village of Ilam Province) did. The results showed that things like; Creation of livestock and agriculture input markets, collection and packaging of animal oil region, establishment of the village bazaar store (direct supply of agricultural products with the cooperation of rural cooperative companies) and Creating a specialized store for agricultural tools and inputs are among the opportunities that are available in all cities. There are studies. The findings showed that the production and packaging of vermicomposting got an almost favorable grade. In general, the results indicated that according to the experts, jobs related to agriculture and related industries have the possibility of more development in the rural areas of Dezful, and on the other hand, jobs related to the field of animal husbandry have the possibility of less development (Forouzani & Mardani, 2021). Ahmadvand and Kanani's study (2018) showed that in relation to the identification of job development areas in the rural areas of Mashhad, Marghab, and infrastructure-environmental areas are suitable for creating employment. The results of the study by Aghajani Afrozi and Alizadeh (2017) in identifying entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism industry in Mazandaran Province showed that among the five dimensions of horticulture and greenhouses, fish farming and fishing, packaging and transformation industries, livestock and poultry, and cultural and residential opportunities, cultural and residential opportunities as opportunities Entrepreneurship was first recognized in the rural tourism industry. Nain et al. in rural areas India prioritized rural jobs and job opportunities.The results of their study showed that floriculture jobs, seed production, Hand basket production, vermicomposting/organic products, breeding Bees and honey production, mushroom production and dairy products were prioritized (Nain, et. al., 2015). In a study on strategic planning for the development of employment in rural regions of Javanrood City, Ghadermarzy (2015) concluded that offensive strategy that mainly relied on internal strengths and external opportunities could be the most appropriate approach for developing employment in deprived and very deprived villages of Javanrood. In a study aimed at identifying non-agricultural businesses for youths in rural areas of Ilam Township , Ahmadi (2014) found that the top-rated agricultural service business was animal fat production and packaging, the top-rated non-agricultural service business was plastering, the top-rated agricultural industries business was the production of different sauces, the top-rated non-agricultural business was cement production unit, the top-rated handicraft and tourism industry business was carpet (silk and decorative), Kilim and Gabbeh weaving units, and the top-rated mine subsector business was sand mining unit. Vahedi (2015) prioritized agricultural processing industries for development in Ilam Province and presented 10 first feasible priorities for each Township of the province. According to Najafi and Safa (2014)’s study on entrepreneurial home businesses, there are numerous impediments and challenges against their development in rural areas including, above all, the lack of a sound business plan, the lack of experience and expertise among villagers, the lack of villagers’ access to market, unavailability of information and databanks, the lack of funding for investment on home businesses, and legal restrictions. In a study on the development of rural home businesses in Golestan Province, Sharifzadeh (2010) found the main obstructions of their development as to be unfavorable environment for businesses in rural areas, undeveloped market, transition and gap between generations in the transfer of values, skills and culture of rural home businesses, the lack of official, institutional support, harmful interaction between family and business, inefficient management of production and business functions, and social pressure. In a pathological investigation on the impacts of home business development in rural areas, Mirlotfi et al. (2014) reported buying products at low prices, the lack of support by officials, and the lack of financial support as the main impediments of home business development. Taghibaygi et al. (2014) looked at the impediments of the development of rural home businesses in Eslamabad-e Gharb Township and found that the personality, personal, economical, family and governmental factors were the main obstructions of the development of home businesses. In an economical evaluation of rural women’s home businesses in Hamedan Province, Saadi (2013) reported that the businesses that had an innovation and had no or few similar analogies in the region had higher cost-benefit. Moradnezhadi et al. (2014) tried to identify medicinal herb businesses in Chardavol County and concluded that looking from both feasibility and necessity aspects, drying units, garlic powdering and packaging, and cowslip tea bag production units were the first-priority businesses among initial processing businesses and canola oil extraction and packaging units and mint extraction and packaging units were the first-priority businesses among secondary processing businesses. In an attempt to recognize impediments of rural women’s attitudes towards home businesses, Yaghoubi Farahani et al. (2014) mentioned cultural and social, infrastructural and financial, personality-related, supportive, family and educational factors as the main obstructions.
Methodology
The research methodology was a combined qualitative-quantitative method. A qualitative method was used in the first stage of data collection, and a quantitative method was used in the second stage. The research was a descriptive survey. Q methodology was applied in the first stage. It consists of five steps. After the topic of the study is determined, the researcher first specifies the desired relevant study population. Then, some statements are collected as the concourse from the participants about the topic in question. In the third step, the researchers select a limited number of statements out of all statements collected in the previous step. In the fourth step, researcher asks the participants in concourse to rank and sort the statements according to a certain scale (from completely agree to completely disagree). Then, the researchers should describe and interpret participants’ viewpoints (the sorts resulted from the fourth step) about studied topic (Papzan et al. as cited in Barry and Proops, 1999). The participants were selected by purposive sampling method and it was tried to select people who were more informed of appropriate home businesses in rural areas of Ilam Province. So, participants were selected from Dehyars, experts of Governor’s Economical Affairs Coordination Office, experts of Jahad-e Agriculture Organization, experts of Cultural Heritage Organization, and experts of Industry, Mining and Commerce Organization. The samples were selected until the saturation of data. Data were collected by two methods: semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Before interview and discussion, participants were briefed about the objective of the study. To collect data, nine sessions were held for 6-14 people in the form of focus group discussion. In total, 72 people participated in the interviews. Data were validated by their continuous checkout, their analysis along with their collection, the review of codes derived from participants, and the continuous review and revision of data. A secretary was present in all sessions for taking notes of the interviews. The sessions lasted for 45-80 minutes. Data were qualitatively analyzed by Strauss and Corbin’s constant comparative method and were coded at three phases. SPSS Software Package was used in the quantitative stage. In the end of each focus group meeting, home businesses were derived and were handed to participants to sort and prioritize them from 1 to 10. Then, data were fed into SPSS Software Package to specify the prioritization of home businesses and to introduce businesses whose rank mean was greater than 5.
Results and Discussion
This section presents the priorities of home businesses for each Township in three sectors of handicraft, agricultural sector-related processing industries, and agricultural sector home businesses.
Home Businesses for Ilam Township
Table 1 shows the home businesses in priority for Ilam Township. It shows that the businesses in priority are lamb and kid husbandry in agricultural sector home businesses, animal fat production and packaging in processing industries, and carpet and Kilim weaving in handicraft sector.
Table 1. Home businesses priority in Ilam Township
Sector | Home businesses in priority | Mean |
Agricultural | Lamb and kid husbandry Local chicken husbandry Honey bee husbandry Edible mushroom production | 8.87 8.81 8.30 7.7 |
Processing industries | Animal fat production and packaging Pastes and jams production Dried fruits processing Vegetables processing and packaging Tarhana production and packaging Pickles production and packaging Medicinal herbs production and packaging Bakery | 8.2 7.8 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 |
Handicraft industries | Kilim weaving Hand-made leather artifacts Local attire production Giveh weaving Decorative boxes production Toy assembly Wood mosaic | 8.6 8.2 7.9 7.5 7.3 6.7 6.4 |
Home Businesses for Eyvan Township
According to the findings about home business appropriate for Eyvan Township (Table 2), it can be concluded that such businesses as local chicken husbandry in agriculture sector, animal fat production and packaging in processing sector, and carpet, felt, and Djadjim weaving in handicraft sector are the options in priority for employment in this Township.
Table 2. Home businesses priority in Eyvan Township
Sector | Home businesses in priority | Mean |
Agricultural | Local chicken husbandry Lamb and kid husbandry Turkey husbandry | 7.49 7.29 7.18 |
Processing industries | Animal fat production and packaging Dried fruits processing Cereals packaging Pastes and jams production Vinegar and grape syrup production | 8.3 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.5 |
Handicraft industries | Carpet weaving Felt, Djadjim and Kilim weaving Local attire production Hand-made leather artifacts Giveh weaving | 7.9 7.3 7.1 6.2 5.9 |
Home Businesses for Abdanan Township
According to the results summarized in Table 3, lamb and kid husbandry in agriculture sector, the production and packaging of pickles, pickled cucumber, and salt olive in processing sector, and the weaving of carpet (silk and decorate), Kilim, and Gabbeh, and traditional spinning in handicraft sector are the prioritized home businesses in Abdanan Township.
Table 3. Home businesses priority in Abdanan Township
Sector | Home businesses in priority | Mean |
Agricultural | Lamb and kid husbandry Local chicken husbandry Lamb finishing | 7.22 6.22 5.84 |
Processing industries | Pickles, pickled cucumber, and salt olive production Cereals packaging Animal fat production and packaging Pastes and jams production Bakery | 8.4 8.3 7.2 7.1 6.2 |
Handicraft industries | Carpet (silk, decorative), Kilim and Gabeh weaving Traditional spinning Djadjim weaving | 8.6 8.4 6.3 |
Home Businesses for Darreh Shahr Township
Results for superior home businesses for Darreh Shahr Township in accordance with its attributes and facilities show that lamb and kid husbandry in agricultural sector, the production and packaging of pickles, pickled cucumber, and salt olive in processing sector and the weaving of carpet (silk and decorative) in handicraft sector are the important businesses (Table 4).
Table 4. Home businesses priority in Darreh Shahr Township
Sector | Home businesses in priority | Mean |
Agricultural | Lamb and kid husbandry Local goose and turkey husbandry Quail husbandry Local chicken husbandry | 8.9 6.7 6.5 6 5.3 |
Processing industries | Pickles, pickled cucumber, and salt olive production Pastes and jams production Medicinal herbs packaging Cereals packaging Animal fat production and packaging Processing and package of the germs of wheat, vetch, lentil, … | 8.4 8.1 7.9 7.3 6.8 6.5 |
Handicraft industries | Carpet (silk, decorative), Kilim and Gabeh weaving Traditional spinning Toy assembly | 7.1 6.5 6.2 |
Home Businesses for Dehloran Township
The sorting of priorities for home businesses proposed for Dehloran Township is shown in Table 5. It shows that sheep and goat husbandry in agriculture sector, the production of sauces, pastes and jams in processing sector, and hand-made leather textile in handicraft sector had higher ranks and so, they can be developed in this Township.
Table 5. Home businesses priority in Dehloran Township
Sector | Home businesses in priority | Mean |
Agricultural | Sheep and goat husbandry Local chicken husbandry Lamb and kid finishing | 9.79 9.69 9.53 |
Processing industries | Pastes and jams production Date packaging Lump sugar production Noodle production Local candies production and packaging Processing and packaging of grains germs and bran | 7.6 7.3 6.7 6.6 6.3 6.2 |
Handicraft industries | Hand-made leather artifacts Prayer rug weaving Basket weaving Decorative box production Wood mosaic | 8.5 8.3 7.6 7.2 6 |
Home Businesses for Chardavol Township
Table 6 reveals that the superior businesses include sheep and goat husbandry, animal fat production and packaging, and carpet weaving in agricultural, processing and handicraft sectors in Chardavol Township, respectively. Thus, they need to be implemented and invested on.
Table 6. Home businesses priority in Chardavol Township
Sector | Home businesses in priority | Mean |
Agricultural | Sheep and goat husbandry Local chicken husbandry Lamb finishing Honey bee husbandry Turkey husbandry Edible mushroom production | 9.38 9.38 8.58 7.17 6.51 6.5 |
Processing industries | Animal fact production and packaging Medicinal herbs packaging Lump sugar production Local egg packaging Edible mushroom production, collection, and packaging | 7.5 6.8 6.67 5.60 5.5 |
Handicraft industries | Rug weaving Local attire production Kilim weaving Felt weaving Djadjim weaving | 6.78 5.74 5.39 5.20 5.05 |
Home Businesses for Sirvan Township
Results about priority home businesses for Sirvan Township showed that such businesses as lamb husbandry in agriculture sector, the production of pickles, pastes, and jams in processing industries, and the weaving of Djadjim, Giveh, and Moaj in handicraft sector are of higher importance (Table 7).
Table 7. Home businesses priority in Sirvan Township
Sector | Home businesses in priority | Mean |
Agricultural | Lamb finishing Local chicken husbandry Local goose and turkey husbandry Damask rose cultivation Honey bee husbandry Edible mushroom production | 9.89 9.77 9.75 9.43 8.73 6.7 |
Processing industries | Pickles, pastes and jams production Animal fact production and packaging Dried fruit production and packaging Rice flour packaging Cereals packaging Herbal essential oil extraction | 8.7 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.2 5.4 |
Handicraft industries | Djadjim, Giveh and Moaj weaving Felt weaving Local attire production Rug weaving | 8.5 7.9 7.3 6.6 |
Home Businesses for Malekshahi Township
Table 8 presents the top priorities of home businesses for Malekshahi Township in agricultural, processing and handicraft sectors. Accordingly, such businesses as sheep and goat husbandry in agricultural sector, the packaging of cereals in processing sector, and the weaving of carpet (silk and decorative) in handicraft sector are in priority.
Table 8. Home businesses priority in Malekshahi Township
Sector | Home businesses in priority | Mean |
Agricultural | Sheep and goat husbandry Local chicken husbandry Honey bee husbandry Lamb and kid finishing Goose and turkey husbandry | 10.00 10.00 9.88 7.88 6.41 |
Processing industries | Cereals packaging Animal fat production and packaging Pastes and jams production Medicinal herbs packaging Pickles production and packaging | 8.5 8.2 8 7.7 7.4 |
Handicraft industries | Carpet (silk and decorative), Kilim, Djadjim and Giveh weaving Felt weaving Moaj weaving Local attire production | 7.1 6.4 6.1 5.5 |
Home Businesses for Mehran Township
As Table 9 shows, local chicken husbandry, sauces, pastes, and jams production, and carpet weaving are options in priority for implementation and investment in Mehran Township.
Table 9. Home businesses priority in MehranTownship
Sector | Home businesses in priority | Mean |
Agricultural | Local chicken husbandry Lamb and kid finishing Damask rose cultivation Turkey husbandry | 10.00 9.80 9.50 9.10 |
Processing industries | Pastes and jams production Medicinal herbs packaging Lump sugar production Candy production Olive, sesame and soybean oil production Bakery | 9.6 9.3 8.4 7.9 6.2 5.3 |
Handicraft industries | Rug, Djadjim, prayer’s rug and Kilim weaving Felt weaving Basket weaving Painting on pottery Pottery | 7.80 7.3 6.8 6.1 5.7 |
Conclusions and Recommendations
Due to its geographical location, Ilam province is a four-season province, and each city has many potentials for the production of various agricultural products due to its geographical location and climate. The economy of Ilam province is based on agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry. Therefore, the development of agricultural businesses is a necessity. Results of the study on identifying home businesses appropriate for rural areas of Ilam Province shows that agricultural home businesses are of higher priority in rural areas of all cities in this province. This is in agreement with Alikhani (2014) and Ahmadi (2014). These findings reveal the relative advantage of rural areas of the province in agricultural sector. So, the Jahad-e Agriculture Organization is recommended to give permit for the initiation of the agricultural businesses reported as the priorities. Also, the Training and Extension Service of the Jahad-e Agriculture Organization should focus on preparing appropriate training packages for these businesses and on taking extension and training actions for these businesses.
Also, it was found that a lot of prioritized home businesses are in handicraft sector, which is consistent with Ahmadi (2014). Therefore, it is suggested to the Cultural Heritage, Handicraft and Tourism Office of Ilam Province to design a comprehensive plan for the launch and support of these businesses and to give solutions for the impediments to facilitate their launch.
The Employment and Investment Workgroup in this province should prioritize these businesses and should require banks and financial institutions of the province to prioritize these businesses in loan granting. Also, it should be tried to simplify the regulations for giving loans to people who are going to launch a home business in rural areas.
The Technical and Vocational Training Offices in different cities of the province are recommended to hold training workshops for the home businesses identified for the respective Township , so that most training courses in each Township should be held for home businesses appropriate for that Township .
The Entrepreneurship and Hope Fund should have a special program for giving loans to home businesses identified as appropriate for each Township.
The Employment and Investment Workgroup in the province should cooperate with home business-related organizations and executives to design a plan for marketing the products of the home businesses.
Holding exhibitions at city, province, and regional level to offer and sale the products of home businesses should be in the agenda of the relevant governmental organizations. It is recommended to recognize competitive goods of rural home businesses in order to help them being offered in domestic exhibitions. Also, given that the Iraqi market is near Ilam Province, the province governor should cooperate with commerce chamber of the province to hold goods exhibitions in different provinces of Iraq.
Given the potential role of home businesses in generating wealth and increasing employment rate in rural areas, it is recommended to introduce the home businesses that have a relative advantage to the students in universities and higher education centers in order to motivate students, especially those from rural areas, to launch similar businesses. The introduction of successful home businesses and lecture by those who run successful home businesses can encourage students.
The provincial IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) is recommended to introduce the businesses that have a relative advantage to different cities and the successful entrepreneurs who have launched home businesses in rural areas. Since studies show the effectiveness of radio programs in rural areas, it is suggested to produce radio programs for the development and extension of home businesses in rural areas.
Given the potential role of entrepreneurship consulting centers in the development of home businesses and in the guidance of villagers to run appropriate businesses, the Cooperative, Labor and Social Welfare Organization is recommended to develop similar centers.
Since insurance can motivate villagers to start home businesses, the Employment and Investment Workgroup in the province is recommended to find legal solutions for the insurance coverage of villagers and people who run home businesses in rural areas.
Because the initiation and development of some home businesses may need access to raw materials that are difficult to be procured by villagers, it is recommended to launch cooperatives and supportive businesses in each Township to provide home businesses with the required raw material.
Acknowledgement
The present paper is derived from a research plan to recognize successful home businesses in rural areas of Ilam Province funded by the Housing Foundation of Ilam Province. So, the researcher expresses his deep gratitude to this foundation and also, to Research Deputy of Ilam University.
References
Aghajani Afrouzi, A. and M. Alizadeh. 2017. Identify entrepreneurial opportunities in rural tourism.
Aghili, F., Tayyebi, S., Zamani, Z., & Ibrahimi, N. (2012). Effect of entrepreneurship and SMEs on employment: Experiences of some selected developing countries. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development , 5 (16), 145-164.
Ahmadi, N. (2014). Identification of non-agricultural businesses for rural youths in Ilam City (M.Sc. Thesis). Ilam, Iran: Islamic Azad University.
Ahmadpour Dariani, M. (2006). Enterpreneurship in home businesses. Tehran: Qalam Publication.
Ahmadvand, M. and E. Kanani, 2018. Identifying feasibilities and effective strategies for developing
Alikhani, Z. (2014). Identification of medicinal herbs businesses in Chardavol County (M.Sc. Thesis). Ilam, Iran: Islamic Azad University.
And prioritization of agri-enterprises in national capital region of India. Indian Journal of Agricultural
Anonymous. (2011). General census of people and houses in rural areas of Ilam Province. Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran.
Azadi, Y., & Beik Mohammadi, H. (2012). Analysing and ranking of development levels of rural regions in the township of Ilam Province. Spatial Planning , 2 (2), 41-62.
Azkia, M. (2006). The sociology of rural development and undevelopment in Iran. Tehran, Iran: Etelaat Press.
Badri, N. (2012). An introduction to rural economical development, employment creation and handicraft development. Tehran, Iran: Iranian Mayoralties and Dehyaris Organization Press, Khajeh Nasir Toosi Foundation.
Barry, J., and Proof, J., 199. Seeking sustainability discourses with Q methodology. Ecological Economics, 28: 337-345.
Bigdali Shamlou, A. (1933). Organizing home businesses into cooperatives for meeting the requirements of businesses. Ministry of Cooperatives, Deputy of Cooperatives Establishment, Development and Monitoring. Tehran: Office of Distributive Cooperatives.
Fallah Jelodar, R., Farajollah Hosseini, S., Hosseini, S., & Mirdamadi, S. (2007). Factors affecting the success of rural women's entrepreneurship in northern Iran. Village and Development , 10 (4), 87-115.
Faraji Sabokbar, H. (2015). Analysis of spatial pattern of employment in main activity sectors in rural areas of Iran. Quarterly of Spatial Economics and Rural Development , 4 (1), 1-14.
Forouzani, M., Mardani Najafabadi M. Ranking of Entrepreneurial Enterprises in Rural Areas of Dezful County. jea 2021; 7 (14) :43-56
Geravandi, S., Kakehazar, R., Lorestani, B. (2019). Consequences of Developing Rural Entrepreneurial Businesses; Using the Technique of Future Wheels (Case study: Zarduee village of Paveh County). Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development, 6(2), 29-40
Ghadermarzy, H. (2015). Strategic planning for the development of employment in rural areas of Javanrood City. Quarterly of Spatial Economics and Rural Development , 4 (1), 109-130.
Gordon, R., & Nell, M. (2006). Home based entrepreneurs: Research Findings and Recommendations. Shisaka Development Management Services (Pty) Ltd & CSIR Built Environment.
Heritot, K. (2002). A new approach to rural entrepreneurship: A case study of two rural electric cooperatives. Western Kentucky University, and Noel D. Cambell, North Georgia College & State Univesity.
Heydari, S., Moradnezhadi, H. & Saymohammadi, S. (2022). Identifying opportunities of agricultural production businesses for rural cooperatives in Ilam province. Journal of Cooperation and Agriculture, 11(42), 15-30. (In Persian). DOI: 10.22034/ajcoop.2022.288667.1692
Heydari, S., Moradnezhadi, H., & Saymohammadi, S. (2021). Identifying Opportunities of Agricultural Service Businesses (Case Study: Rural Cooperatives of Ilam Province). Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development, 8(1), 1-16. doi: 10.22069/jead.2021.19259.1502
Javan, J., Alavizadeh, A., & Kermani, M. (2011). The role of economical activity diversification in sustainable development of rural areas (A cases study of Semirom City). Geography , 9 (29), 17-43.
Job opportunity in rural areas of the Mashhad-e-Morghab district. Journal of Entrepreneurial Strategies in Agriculture, 5(10): 33-44 (In Persian).
Journal of Entrepreneurial Strategies in Agriculture, 4(7): 57-65 (In Persian).
karimzadeh, H., & valaei, M. (2021). Analyzing the Role of Tourism Development in Boosting Small Rural Revenues Case Study: Barough District, Miandoab County. Journal of Tourism and Development, 10(3), 147-166.
Khanifar, H., Ahmadi Azarm, H., & Zamanifar, M. (2010). The role of motivations and demographic factors in home entrepreneurship. Work and Community , 127, 59-73.
Larijani, N., & Shabaninejad, I. (2010). A study on the role of home business in the development of women's occupation and enterpreneurship. The First International Conference on Management, Innovation, and Enterpreneurship. Shiraz.
Li, H., & Zhang, X. (2015). “A review and trend on rurality”. Human Geography. 30(1), 16-20.
Lordkipanidze, M., Brezet, H., & Backman, M. (2005). The tntrepreneurship factor in sustainable tourism development. Journal of Cleaner Production , 13 (8), 787-798.
Markley, D. (2002). Entrepreneurship in rural America. Prepared for the NCSL Rural Development Task Force. Center for Rural Entrepreneurship.
Memili, E., Fang, H., Chrisman, J., & Massis, A. (2015). The impact of small- and medium-sized family firms on economic growth. Journal of Small Business Economics , 45 (4), 771-785.
Meshkini, A., tardast, Z., & Karami, A. (2019). TT. Border Science and Techniques, 8(1), 1-27. doi: DOR:20.1001.1.25384090.1398.8.1.1.2
Mirlotfi, M., Alavizadeh, S., & Badakhsh, Y. (2014). The pathology of home business development in rural areas (Case Study: Dyshmuk District in Kohgiluyeh County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning , 3 (5), 1-12.
Mohapatra, S., Scott, R., & Rachel, G. (2007). The rise of self-employment in rural China: Development or distress? World Development , 35 (1), 163-181.
Mohebi, M. (2011). A look at types of businesses. Tehran, Iran: Armagan Publication.
Momenzadeh Sh, Ghadiri M, Faraji Sokbar HA, Torkashvand Z, Khorasani MA. Small and Medium Businesses in the Shemiranat Tourist villages. Geographical Research. 2023; 38(2):287-298.
moradnezhadi, H. (2023). Identifying and analyzing the factors affecting the work culture among the youth of Ilam province. Socio-Cultural Strategy, 12(2), 527-564. doi: 10.22034/scs.2022.162116
Motiei Langrudi, S., & Najafi Kani, A. (2011). Rural development and industrialization (industrial development theories, methods and strategies). Tehran, Iran: Tehran University Press.
Nain, M.S., R. Singh, J.P. Sharma, R.R. Burman and V.P. Chahal. 2015. Participatory identification
Najafi, B., & Safa, L. (2014). A study on entrepreneurial home business and the impediments and challenges against their development in rural areas. Enterpreneurship in Agriculture , 1 (2), 61-73.
Nejahi, A., & Qasempour, A. (2010). A review of models of home business and an introduction of an appropriate model for Iran. First National Conference on Home Business Development: Challenges and Approaches. Tehran.
REED. (2003). Guide to Rural Economic and Enterprise Development. Eschborn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH.
Rezvani, M. (2004). An introduction to rural development planning in Iran. Tehran, Iran: Ghoomes Publication.
Saadi, H. (2013). Economic evaluation of rural women small enterprises (A case study: Hamedian Province). Agricultural Economics , 7 (3), 41-58.
Sahraeie, S. (2001). Organizing small industries in Iran. Tehran, Iran: Ma'aref Publications.
Sciences, 85(6): 787-91.
Seifollahi, N., & Akbari Arbatan, G. (2023). Identifying the challenges and opportunities of the digital economy in the development of rural women's home businesses. Woman in Development & Politics, 21(3), 780-806. doi: 10.22059/jwdp.2023.351079.1008275
Sepehri, M. (2009). The requirements of home business as an approach for the development of employment in Iran. Tiban Zanjan News Group .
Sharifzadeh, A., Arabioon, A., & Sharifi, M. (2010). An examination of barriers to development of agro-enterprises in Golestan Province of Iran. Village and Development , 13 (4), 129-160.
Taghibaygi, M., Agahi, H., & Mirakzadeh, A. (2014). A study on barriers and suitable solution in development of rural household jobs from the perspective of rural women and expert in the city of West Islamabad. Journal of Rural Research , 5 (2), 283-310.
Vahedi, M. (2015). Prioritization of the development of processing industries in agricultural sector of Ilam Province. Deputy of Research, Islamic Azad University. Ilam: Unpublished Research Report.
Yaghoubi Farahani, A., Vahdat Moaddab, H., & Latifi, S. (2014). Identifying inhibitions of rural women's tendency towards home businesses (Case study: Sardroud district, Razan county). Women in Development and Politics , 11 (4), 559-574.
