Phyto-Chemical and Morphological Characters of Calendula officinalis as Affected by Micronutrients
محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان زینتی
1 - Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University
کلید واژه: Nutrition, GC/MS, Extraction, pot marigold, Phytochemical,
چکیده مقاله :
In order to study the effect of foliar applications of micronutrients on yield, extraction oil production and chemical composition of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), two experiments were conducted in the randomized complete block design with three replications in Shahrekord, Iran during two growing seasons 2014 and 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of foliar Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ applications (0, 200 and 400 ppm) on flavonoid, phenols, carotenoids, extraction percentage, dry weight of the flower and the number of flowers of pot marigold. Results showed that foliar applications of Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ had significant effects on fresh and dry flower yield, number of flowers, extraction oil percentage and flavonoids, phenols, carotenoids of pot marigold plants, so that the highest dry weight of flowers (11.9 g per plant), number of flowers per plant (33.5), extraction oil percentage (1) and flavonoids (31.2 mg/ 100 g F.W.), phenols (56.2 mg/ 100 g F.W.) and carotenoids (0.8 mg/ 100 g F.W.) content were obtained from the application of a combination of Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ at 400 ppm concentration as compared to control in the second year. It seems that in climatic and edaphic conditions of Shahrekord, the best treatments for obtaining the highest extraction percentage and morphological characters of Calendula is 400 ppm of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn.
در جهت ارزیابی محلولپاشی عناصر ریزمغذی بر عملکرد و ترکیبات عصاره همیشه بهار، دو آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در طی دو فصل زراعی سال‌های 1393 و 1394 در شهرکرد انجام شد. اهداف مورد مطالعه در این تحقیق بررسی اثرگذاری عناصر ریزمغذی آهن، مس، روی و منگنز هر کدام در غلظت‌های 0، 200 و 400 میلی گرم در لیتر، بر میزان فلاونوئید، فنول، کاروتنوئید، درصد عصاره، وزن خشک و تعداد گل در همیشه بهار بود. نتایج نشان داد که عناصر ریزمغذی آهن، روی، مس و منگنز بر وزن تر و خشک گل، تعداد گل، درصد عصاره، ترکیبات فلاونوئید، فنل و کاروتنوئید، اثر معنیداری داشتند. بیشترین وزن خشک گل (9/11 گرم در گیاه)، تعداد گل در هر گیاه (5/33)، درصد عصاره (1)، فلاونوئید (2/31 میلیگرم در 100 گرم وزن تر)، فنل (2/56 میلیگرم در 100 گرم وزن تر) و کاروتنوئید (8/0 میلیگرم در 100 گرم وزن تر) در تیمار ترکیبی آهن، روی، مس و منگنز با غلظت 400 میلی گرم در لیتر نسبت به شاهد و در سال دوم تحقیق بدست آمد. به نظر میرسد در شرایط اقلیمی و ادافیکی شهرکرد بهترین تیمار در جهت بدست آوردن بهترین میزان عصاره و خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی گیاه همیشه بهار، تیمار 400 میلیگرم در لیتر از عناصر ریزمغذی آهن، روی، مس و منگنز میباشد.
Adams, R.P. 2001. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/ mass spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corp, Carol Stream, USA.
Babaeian, M., Esmaeilian, Y., Tavassoli, A. and Asgharzade, A. 2012a. Efficacy of different iron, zinc and magnesium fertilizers on yield and yield components of barley. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6: 5754-5756.
Babaeian, M., Tavassoli, A., Ghanbari, A., Esmaeilian, Y. and Fahimifard, M. 2012b. Effects of foliar micronutrient application on osmotic adjustments, grain yield and yield components in sunflower under water stress at three stages. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6: 1204-1208.
Borghei, M., Arjmandi, R. and Moogouei, R. 2011. Potential of Calendula alata for phytoremediation of stable cesium and lead from solutions. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 181: 63–68.
Bourgou, S., Riadh, K., Amor, B. and Ines, S. 2008. Phenolic composition and biological activities of Tunisian Nigella sativa L. shoots and roots. Computer Renew Biology, 331: 48–55.
Bunghez, I.R. and Ion, R.M. 2011. Complex spectral characterization of active principles from pot marigold (Calendula officinalis). Journal of Science Arts, 1(14): 59-64.
Dadhich, S.K. and Somani, L.L. 2007. Effect of integrated nutrient management in soybean-wheat crop sequence on the yield, micronutrient uptake and post-harvest availability of micronutrients on typic ustochrepts soil. Acta Agriculture Hungary, 55(2): 205–216.
Datta, J.K., Kundu, A. and Dilwar, S. 2011. Studies on the impact of micronutrient on germination, seedling growth and physiology of Bengal Gram under laboratory condition. Asian Journal Crop Science, 3(2): 55-67.
Galavi, M., Ramroudi, M. and Tavassoli, A. 2012. Effect of micronutrients foliar application on yield and seed oil content of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). African Journal Agriculture Research, 7: 482-486.
Habib, M. 2012. Effect of supplementary nutrition with Fe, Zn chelates and urea on wheat quality and quantity. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11: 2661-2665.
Heidari, M., Galavi, M. and Hassani, M. 2011. Effect of sulfur and iron fertilizers on yield, yield components and nutrient uptake in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under water stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10: 8816-8822.
Heidarian, A.R., Kord, H. and Mostafavi, K.H. 2011. Investigating Fe and Zn foliar application on yield and its components of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) at different growth stages. Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology Sustainable Development, 3: 189-197.
Khalifa, R., Omaima, K.M., Hafez, M. and Abd-El-Khair, H. 2009. Influence of foliar spraying with boron and calcium on productivity, fruit quality, nutritional status and controlling of blossom end rot disease of Anna apple trees. World Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(2):237-249.
Naguib, N.Y., Khalil, M.Y. and El Sherbeny, S.E. 2005. A comparative study on the productivity and chemical constituents of various sources and species of Calendula plants as affected by two foliar fertilizers. Journal of Applied Science Research, 1(2): 176-189.
Nasiri, Y., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., Nasrullahzadeh, S. and Ghasemi-Golezani, K. 2010. Effects of foliar application of micronutrients (Fe and B) on flower yield and essential oil of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(17): 1733-1737.
Rawia, A., Eid, R.K.M. and Shaaban, S.H.A. 2010. Effect of foliar application of zinc and benzyladenine on growth, yield and chemical constituents of tuberose plants. Research Journal of Agriculture Biology Science, 6:732-743.
Said-Al Ahl, H.A.H. and Mahmoud, A. 2010. Effect of boron and / or iron foliar application on growth and essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under salt stress. Ozean Journal of Applied Science, 3(1): 97-111.
Said-Al Ahl, H.A.H. and Omer, E.A. 2009. Effect of spraying with boron and / or iron on growth and chemical composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) harvested at three stages of development. Journal of Medicinal Food Plants, 1(2): 30-46.
Samia, M.Z. and Mohmoud, A.M.A. 2009. Effects of corms storage, zinc application and their interaction on vegetative growth, flowering, corms productivity and chemical constituents of Tritonia crocata Ker. Gawl. Plant. Journal of Agricultural Research, 35: 230-255.
Schönherr, J., Fernandez, V. and Schreiber, L. 2005. Rates of cuticular penetration of chelated Fe III: Role of humidity, concentration, adjuvants, temperature, and type of chelate. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 53: 4484–4492.
Sedghi, M., Pirzad, A. and Amanpour, B. 2011. Light absorption and carotenoids synthesis of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) in response to phosphorous and potassium varying levels. Academic Press. Not. Science Biology, 3(1): 46-50.
Yadegari, M. 2015. Foliar application of micronutrients on essential oils of borago, thyme and pot marigold. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 15 (4). Head of Print.
Younis, A., Riaz, A., Sajid, M. and Nadeem, M. 2013. Foliar application of macro- and micronutrients on the yield and quality of Rosa hybrida cvs. Cardinal and Whisky Mac. African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(7): 702-708.
