Development of Graft Union Formation and Histological Observations in Cactus Influenced by Benzyladenine, Grafting Method and Rootstock
محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان زینتیNajme Kamalzade 1 , Seied Mehdi Miri 2 , Noushin Ghazijahani 3
1 - Department of Horticulture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
2 - Department of Horticulture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
3 - Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
کلید واژه: Histology, Cytokinin, Callus formation, grafting, Cactus,
چکیده مقاله :
Attractive and colorful cultivars of cactus have been developed that are mainly propagated by grafting. The aim of this study was to determine histological events during graft union formation in Gymnocalycium cactus influenced by BA (Benzyladenine) application, grafting method and rootstock. The basal end of the scions and the top end of the rootstocks were first dipped into BA solution at concentrations of 0, 100 and 500 mg L-1 for 10 s, before being grafted on Lemaireocereus marginatus and Myrtillocactus geometrizans rootstocks using horizontal or wedge techniques. Longitudinal sections of the graft union were taken weekly to observe the developmental process of graft formation. The rootstocks did not have a significant effect on grafting success and scion growth, while horizontally grafted Gymnocalycium showed better grafting success rate. The grafting rate and scion growth were enhanced by application of BA compared with the control. The best results were obtained from treating the graft cut-surfaces of both scions and rootstocks with 100 mg L-1 BA. Histological observations showed that the graft union process involved development of a thin necrotic layer, callus formation at the graft interface, cambium differentiation and initiation of new vascular elements, developing the new vascular tissue, and connection of scion and rootstock vascular bundles. BA stimulated rapid proliferation of callus between the scion and rootstock as well as differentiation of vascular elements. We suggest the horizontal graft and application of BA (100 mg L-1) on the cut surfaces of both scion and rootstock as an easy and reliable method for successful graft union in Gymnocalycium cactus, which may have potential use in the commercial production of other cactus species as well.
ارقام جذاب و رنگارنگی از کاکتوس توسعه پیدا کرده اند که عمدتا از طریق پیوند تکثیر میشوند. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین فرایند بافت شناسی در طی تشکیل اتصال پیوند در کاکتوس Gymnocalycium تحت تأثیر کاربرد BA (بنزیل آدنین)، روش پیوند و پایه بود. ابتدا بخش انتهایی پیوندکها و بالایی پایهها در غلظتهای 0، 100 و 500 میلیگرم در لیتر محلول BA به مدت 10 ثانیه غوطهور شدند، سپس پیوندکها به روش افقی یا گوهای روی پایههای Lemaireocereus marginatus و Myrtillocactus geometrizans پیوند زده شدند. برشهای طولی از محل پیوند بطور هفتگی برای مشاهده روند تشکیل پیوند تهیه شد. پایهها تاثیر معنیداری در موفقیت پیوند و رشد پیوندک نداشتند، در حالی که میزان موفقیت پیوند درGymnocalycium هایی که بطور افقی پیوند شده بودند بهتر بود. میزان گیرایی پیوند و رشد پیوندک با استفاده از BA در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش یافت و بهترین نتیجه با تیمار سطح پیوندک و پایه با 100 میلی گرم در لیتر BA بدست آمد. مشاهدات بافتشناسی نشان داد که فرآیند اتصال پیوند شامل توسعه یک لایه نکروز نازک، تشکیل کالوس در خط اتصال پیوند، تمایز کامبیوم و آغازش عناصر آوندی جدید، توسعه بافت آوندی جدید و اتصال دسته های آوندی پیوندک و پایه میباشد. BA باعث تکثیر سریع بافت کالوس بین پیوندک و پایه و همچنین تمایز عناصر آوندی گردید. روش پیوند افقی و استفاده از BA (100 میلیگرم در لیتر) بر روی سطوح برش خورده پیوندک و پایه بهعنوان یک روش آسان و قابل اعتماد برای اتصال پیوند موفق در کاکتوسGymnocalycium پیشنهاد میگردد که ممکن است در تولید تجاری سایر گونههای کاکتوس نیز استفاده بالقوه داشته باشد.
Arteca, R.N. 1996. Plant growth substances. Springer, Dordrecht.
Aruna, P. and Mangaiyarkarasi, R. 2020. Grafting studies in ornamental cacti. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 9 (3): 38-40.
Bach, D. 1981. The double-cut technique for grafting cacti to Trichocereus pachanoi rootstock. Desert Plants, 3 (1): 10-12.
Cabahug, R.A.M., Nam, S.Y., Lim, K.B., Jeon, J.K. and Hwang, Y.J. 2018. Propagation techniques for ornamental succulents. Flower Research Journal, 26 (3): 90-101.
Cary, D.J. 2008. The effects of benzyladenine on ornamental crops. M.Sc Thesis of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University.
Couto, M.F., Peternelli, L.A. and Barbosa, M.H. 2013. Classification of the coefficients of variation for sugarcane crops. Ciência Rural, 43 (6): 957-961.
Driver, J. and Kuniyuki, A. 1984. In vitro propagation of Paradox walnut rootstock. HortScience, 19 (4): 507-509.
Erwin, J. 2009. Cacti: Studies on introducing a new group of ornamental plants. Acta Horticulturae, 813: 359-364.
Estarda-Luna, A.A., López-Peralta, C. and Cárdenas-Soriano, E. 2002. In vitro micrografting and the histology of graft union formation of selected species of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia spp.). Scientia Horticulturae, 92: 317-27.
Ezan, J., Hadavi, E. and Miri, S.M. 2016. Improving the bud take rate in conventional patch budding of Persian walnut by applying a paste of the DKW semi-solid medium enriched with plant growth regulators. Acta Horticulturae, 1109: 133-136.
Farsi, M., Fatahi Moghadam, M.R., Zamanim Z. and Hassani, D. 2018. Effects of scion cultivar, rootstock age and hormonal treatment on minigrafting of Persian walnut. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 5 (2): 185-197.
Jeong, M.I., Chao, C.H. and Lee, J.M. 2004. Production and breeding of cacti for grafting in Korea. Chronica Horticultural, 44 (3): 7-10.
Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, F.T., Geneve, R.L. and Wilson, S.B. 2020. Plant propagation: Principles and practices. Pearson, USA.
Hunt, D. 2016. CITES cactaceae checklist. Royal Botanic Gardens, UK.
Hurst, J. 2016. Development of grafting protocols for salt-tolerant cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica). M.Sc Thesis of Plant Science, California State University.
Köse, C. and Güleryüz, M. 2006. Effects of auxins and cytokinins on graft union of grapevine (Vitisvinifera). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 34 (2): 145-150.
Lee, J.M. and Oda, M. 2003. Grafting of herbaceous vegetable and ornamental crops. p. 61-124. In: J. Janick (ed.), Horticultural Reviews, vol. 28. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Miri, S.M. and Roughani, A. 2018. Factors affecting tissue culture success in ornamental crops, I. Medium composition. 2nd International and 3rd National Congress on Flower and Ornamental Plants, Mahallat, Iran, 23-25 October.
Melnyk, C.W. 2017. Plant grafting: Insights into tissue regeneration. Regeneration (Oxford, England), 4(1): 3-14.
Melnyk, C.W. and Meyerowitz, E.M. 2015. Plant grafting. Current Biology, 25 (5): R183-R188.
Panea, T., Ungur, I., Panea, I., Varga, N.V. and Mihaiescu, T.C. 1998. The stimulation of callus formation of graft vines cuttings with Romanian bioregulator Calovit. Acta Horticulturae, 463: 185-190.
Pérez-Molphe-Balch, E., Santos-Díaz, M.D.S., Ramírez-Malagón, R. and Ochoa-Alejo, N. 2015. Tissue culture of ornamental cacti. Scientia Agricola, 72 (6): 540-561.
Pilbeam, J. 1995. Gymnocalycium: A collector’s guide. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Rahimi, M., Vedadi, C., Naserian, B., Majd, F., Miri, S.M., Rahmani, E. and Neahan, N. 2012. Studies of different sucrose, BAP and 2,4-D concentration on shoot tip grafting responses in tangerine. 3rd Iranian Agricultural Biotechnology Conference, Mashhad, Iran, 3-5 September.
Sharma, A. and Zheng, B. 2019. Molecular responses during plant grafting and its regulation by auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. Biomolecules, 9 (9): 397. doi: 10.3390/biom9090397.
Shimomura, T. and Fujihara, N. 1976. Histological observations on graft union formation in cactus. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 44 (4): 402-408.
Wang, Y.Q. 2011. Plant grafting and its application in biological research. Chinese Science Bulletin, 56: 3511-3517.
