Can We Reduce Salinity Effects by the Application of Humic Acid on Native Turfgrasses in order to Attain Sustainable Landscape?
محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان زینتی
Elham Saeedi Pooya
1
(PhD. Student of Ornamental Plant, Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
Ali Tehranifar
2
(Professor, Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
Mohammadsadeqe sadeqi
3
(Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.)
Navid Vahdati Mashhadian
4
(Msc. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran)
کلید واژه: Quality, Uniformity, Color, texture, Turf,
چکیده مقاله :
Soil salinity is one of the most important problems in dry and semi-dry climate areas of the world. So, we investigated the effects of humic acid on visual quality and quantity parameters of native turfgrasses in compared to commercial one under salinity stress to explore can we reduce salinity effects by humic acid or not? So, an experiment was arranged in factorial experiment based on randomized complete design with three replications. The first factor was three grasses consist of two native accessions of Lolium perenne ҅Chadeganʼ and ҅Yarandʼ and its commercial variety, the second factor was four concentrations of humic acid (HA) (0, 5, 10, 15 g kg-1) and the third factor consisted of three levels of salinity (0, 150, 300 mM). Results of analysis of variance indicated that the interaction effects of cultivar × HA was significant in all traits (P<0.01) except uniformity and height. The treatment of cultivar × salinity significantly affected color, texture, smoothness, uniformity and RWC (P<0.01) and total quality (P<0.05). Treatment of HA × salinity had not significant influence on smoothness and uniformity but other traits were significantly influenced at 5% probability level and RWC at 1% level. Triple interaction effect was significant on texture, quality after clipping, uniformity and RWC (P<0.01) and height (P<0.05). Application of HA could decreased salinity effect on darkness, texture and increased quality after clipping and relative water content of leaves under salinity stress. Also, increasing of severity of salinity had reduction effect on plant height and total quality even with HA application. In conclusion, plants grow on soils which contain adequate humic acids (HA) are less subject to stress condition, are healthier because of having higher relative water content in contrast salinity condition.
شوری خاک یکی از مهم‌ترین مشکلات در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک جهان است. بنابراین به بررسی اثرات اسید هیومیک بر یک-سری صفات کمی و کیفی چمن های بومی در مقایسه با رقم تجاری، تحت شرایط شوری پرداخته شد تا بررسی شود ایا میتوان اثرات شوری را با هیومیک اسید تعدیل کرد یا خیر؟ بنابراین ازمایشی در قالب فاکتوریل با طرح پایه کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور اول، سه نوع چمن که دو توده بومی لولیوم پرنه چادگان و یارند در مقابل رقم تجاری آن قرار گرفت. فاکتور دوم چهار غلظت اسید هیومیک (15، 10، 5، 0 gr/kg خاک) و فاکتور سوم سه سطح شوری (0، 150 ، 300 میلی مولار) بود. نتایج آنالیز واریانس بیان میکند که اثر متقابل رقم در اسید هیومیک بر روی تمام صفات در سطح یک درصد معنی دار شد به جز صفات یکنواختی و ارتفاع. همچنین تیمار رقم در شوری اثر معنا داری بر روی رنگ، نرمی، یکنواختی و محتوی نسبی رطوبت برگ در سطح یک درصد و کیفیت کل در سطح 5 درصد، گذاشت. تیمار اسید هیومیک و شوری نیز بر نرمی و یکنواختی تاثیر معنا داری نداشته اما بر سایر صفات در سطح احتمال 5 درصد و بر محتوی نسبی رطوبت برگ در سطح یک درصد معنا دار شد. اثر متقابل سه گانه تیمارها هم بر روی بافت، کیفیت پس از سرزنی، یکنواختی و محتوی نسبی رطوبت برگ در سطح یک درصد و بر ارتفاع در سطح 5 درصد معنا دار شد. کاربرد اسید هیومیک توانست اثر شوری را بر تیرگی رنگ چمن و بافت کاهش دهد و از طرفی نیز باعث افزایش کیفیت پس از سرزنی و محتوی نسبی رطوبت برگ در شرایط شوری شد. همچنین افزایش شدت شوری اثر کاهنده ای بر روی ارتفاع و کیفیت کل حتی با کاربرد اسید هیومیک داشت. به عنوان نتیجه گیری کلی، رشد گیاه در خاکهای حاوی اسید هیومیک کافی، کمتر تحت تاثیر شرایط استرس‌زا قرار میگیرد که میتواند بدلیل داشتن محتوی رطوبت نسبی بالا برخلاف شرایط شوری است.
Aamlid, T.S. and Hanslin, H.M. 2009. Evaluation of organic fertilizers and biostimulants on sand-based golf greens and football pitches under Scandinavian climate conditions. International Turfgrass Society, Research Journal, 11: 919-931.
Akhzari, D. and Dehghani Bidgoli, R. 2013. Effect of drought and salinity stresses on growth of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides Stapf). World Applied Sciences Journal, 24 (3): 390-394.
Alem, C., Labhilili, M., Brahmi, K., Jlibene, M., Nasrallah, N. and Maltouf, A.F. 2002. Hydrous and photosynthetic adaptations of common and durum wheat to saline stress. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 325: 1097-1109.
Alshammary, S.F., Qian, Y.L. and Wallner, S.J. 2004. Growth response of four turfgrass species to salinity. Agricultural Water Management, 66: 97-111.
Beard, J.B. 1973. Turf grass: Science and culture. In: Vargas, JM. Jr. and Turgeon, A.J. The principles of blending Kentucky bluegrass cultivars for disease resistance. Proceedings of the Third International Turfgrass Research Conference. ASA CSSA and SSSA Madison Wis.
Berndt, W.L. 2007. Salinity affects quality parameters of ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum. HortScience, 42(2): 417–420.
Bormann, F.H., Balmori, D. and Geballe, G.T. 2001. Redesigning the American lawn: A search for environmental harmony. In: Simmons, M., Bertelsen, M., Windhager, S. and Zafian, H. The performance of native and non-native turfgrass monocultures and native turfgrass polycultures: An ecological approach to sustainable lawns. Ecological Engineering, 37: 1095-1103.
Bunderson, L.D., Johnson, P.G., Kopp, K.L. and Dyke, A.V. 2009. Tools for evaluating native grasses as low maintenance turf. Technology and Product Reports, 19(3): 626-632.
Chen, Y. and Aviad, T. 1990. Effects of humic substances on plant growth. In: Saruhan, V., Vuran, V.A. and Babat, S. The effect of different humic acid fertilization on yield and yield components performances of common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Scientific Research and Essays, 6(3): 663-669.
de Pascale, S. and Barbieri, G. 1997. Effect of soil salinity and top removal on growth and yield of broadbean as green vegetable. In: Gulser, F., Sonmez, F. and Boysan, S. Effects of calcium nitrate and humic acid on pepper seedling growth under saline condition. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31(5): 873-876.
Garling, D.C. and Boehm, M.J. 2001. Temporal effects of compost and fertilizer applications on nitrogen fertility of golf course turfgrass. Agronomy, 93: 548-555.
Hameed, M., Naz, N., Ahmad, M.S.A., Islam, U.D. and Atif Riaz, A. 2008. Morphological adaptations of some grasses from the salt range, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(4): 1571-1578.
Khaled, H. and Fawy, H. 2011. Effect of different levels of humic acids on the nutrient content, plant growth, and soil properties under conditions of salinity. Soil and Water Research, 6(1): 21–29.
Khalegi, E. and Ramin, A.A. 2005. The effects of salinity on growth and development index of Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea and Cynodon dactylon. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 3: 57-67.
Lauchli, A. and Epstein, E. 1990. Plant response to salinity and sodic conditions. In: Tanji, K.K. (Ed). Agricultural salinity assement and management. American Society of Civil Engineers, Manual and Report Engineering Practice, 71: 113-137.
Li, R., Shi, F. and Fukuda, K. 2010. Interactive effects of salt and alkali stresses on seed germination, germination recovery, and seedling growth of a halophyte Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae). South African Journal of Botany, 76: 380–387.
Liu, C. and Cooper, R. 2000. Humic substance influence creeping bentgrass growth. Golf Course Management Research, (October 2000): 49-53.
Liu, C., Cooper, R.J. and Bowman, D.C. 1998. Humic acid application affects photosynthesis, root development, and nutrient content of creeping bentgrass. HortScience, 33(6): 1023-1025.
Mahmoudi, M., Samavat, S., Mostafavi, M., Khalighi, A. and Cherati, A. 2013. The effects of humic acid and proline on nutrient uptake of Actindia deliciosa cv. Hayward under salinity. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 4 (5): 1021-1025.
Mansour, M.M.F. and Salama, K.H.A. 1996. Comparative responses to salinity in wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerance. 1-Seedling growth and mineral relations. Egyptian Journal of Physiology, 20: 1- 15.
Mintenko, A. and Smith, R. 2001. Native grasses vary in salinity tolerance. Golf Course Mgt. 69: 55–59. In: Wang, S.H. and Zhang, Qi. Evaluation of salinity tolerance of prairie junegrass, a potential low-maintenance turfgrass species. HortScience, 46(7): 1038–1043.
Mladenova, Y.I. 1990. Influence of salt stress on primary metabolism of Zea mays L. seedlings of model genotypes. Plant and Soil, 123: 217-222.
Munshaw, G.C., Zhange, X. and Ervin, E.H. 2004. Effect of salinity on bermudagrass cold hardiness. HortScience, 39 (2): 420-423.
Muscolo, A., Sidari, M., Francioso, O., Tugnoli, V. and Nardi, S. 2007. The auxin-like activity of humic substances is related to membrane interactions in carrot cell cultures. In: Ouni, Y., Ghnaya, T., Montemurro, F., Abdelly, Ch. and Lakhdar, A. The role of humic substances in mitigating the harmful effects of soil salinity and improve plant productivity. International Journal of Plant Production, 8 (3): 353- 374.
Ouni, Y., Ghnaya, T., Montemurro, F., Abdelly, Ch. and Lakhdar, A. 2014. The role of humic substances in mitigating the harmful effects of soil salinity and improve plant productivity. International Journal of Plant Production, 8 (3): 353-374.
Pessarakli, M. 2011. Saltgrass, a high salt and drought tolerant species for sustainable agriculture in desert regions. International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments, 1(1): 55-64.
Pessarakli, M. and Kopec, D.M. 2008. Comparing growth responses of selected cool-season turf grasses under salinity and drought stresses. Turf grass, Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary, 55-60.
Pfaff, S., Gonter, M.A. and Maura, C. 2002. Florida native seed production manual. Brooksville, Fl; USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Material Center.
Piccolo, A., Nardi, S. and Concheri, G. 1992. Structural characteristics of humic substances as regulated to nitrate uptake and growth regulation in plant systems. In: Zhang, X. Influence of plant growth regulators on turfgrass growth, antioxidant status, and drought tolerance. PhD thesis. Blacksburg, Virginia.
Saeedi Pooya‚ E., Tehranifar‚ A., Shoor, M., Selahvarzi, Y. and Ansari, H. 2013. The use of native turf mixtures to approach sustainable lawn in urban landscape. Journal of Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 12: 532-536.
Saini, R. S., Sharma, K. D., Dhankhar O. P. and Kaushik, R.A. 2001. Laboratory manual of analytical techniques in horticulture. Agrobios, India, 134 pp.
Salehi, H. and Khosh-Khui, M. 2004. Turf monoculture cool-cool and cool-warm season seed mixture establishment and growth responses. Horticulture Science, 39(7): 1732-1735.
Schmidt, R.E. 1990. Employment of biostimulants and iron for enhancement of turfgrass growth and development. Proceeding of 30th Virginia Turfgrass Conference. Richmond, Virginia. In: Zhang, X. Influence of plant growth regulators on turfgrass growth, antioxidant status, and drought tolerance. PhD Thesis. Blacksburg, Virginia.
Simmons, M., Bertelsen, M., Windhager, S. and Zafian, H. 2011. The performance of native and non-native turf grass monocultures and native turf grass polycultures: An ecological approach to sustainable lawns. Ecological Engineering, 37: 1095-1103.
Walworth, J., Kopec, D., Pond, A. and Gilbert, J. 2009. Turfgrass systems for saline irrigation water. Turfgrass, Landscape and Urban, (P-157): 47-56.
Wang, S.H. and Zhang, Qi. 2011. Evaluation of salinity tolerance of prairie junegrass, a potential low-maintenance turfgrass species. HortScience, 46(7): 1038–1043.
Zhang, X. 1997. Influence of plant growth regulators on turfgrass growth, antioxidant status, and drought tolerance. PhD Thesis. Blacksburg, Virginia.
Zhang, X., Ervin, E.H. and Schmidt. R.E. 2003. Physiology effects of liquid application of a seaweed extract and a humic acid on creeping bentgrass. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 128(4): 492- 496.
Zhang, J.J., Wang, L.B. and Li, C.L. 2010. Humic characteristics after maize residues degradation in soil amended with different copper concentrations. In: Abbas, T., Ahmad, S., Ashraf, M., Shahid, M.A., Yasin, M., Balal, R.M., Pervez, M.A. and Abbas, S. Effect of humic and application at different growth stages of kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) on the basis of physio-biochemical and reproductive responses. Academia Journal of Biotechnology, 1(1): 014-020.
