سنجش میزان تاب آوری شهرها در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی (مطالعه موردی: شهر بابل)
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای
1 - استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: مخاطرات طبیعی, مدیران محلی, شهر بابل, تاب آوری شهری,
چکیده مقاله :
در حال حاضر به دنبال رشد شهرنشینی و افزایش سوانح طبیعی، بررسی و سنجش تاب آوری سیستم های انسانی و طبیعی در دستیابی به توسعه پایدار از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار است. از این رو هدف از این پژوهش سنجش میزان تاب آوری شهر بابل جهت کاهش خطرپذیری در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی می باشد. روش مورد استفاده در تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی است که برای گردآوری اطلاعات از روش اسنادی و میدانی(پرسش نامه) استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق، شامل کارشناسان و مسئولان نظام مدیریت شهری و دولت محلی شهر بابل می باشد که تعداد 26 نفر با روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند. به منظور سنجش میزان تاب آوری شهری در محدوده مورد مطالعه از اصول دهگانه کمپین ساخت شهرهای تاب آور در غالب 39 متغیر استفاده شد. برای تحلیل داده های تحقیق از آزمون های T یک طرفه و مجموع وزن ها، میانگین رتبه ای و وزن نسبی آن ها استفاده شده است. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده از یافته های پژوهش، مدیران محلی میزان تاب آوری شهر بابل را در اصول دهگانه مورد مطالعه با میانگین 52/2 (پایین تر از 3) کاملاً نامطلوب ارزیابی نمودند. در این راستا، اصل پنجم با میانگین وزنی 3 بالاترین رتبه را در تاب آوری شهر بابل دارد.
Today following urbanization and rise in natural disasters, review and assess the resilience of human and natural systems in achieving sustainable development is of particular importance. The aim of this study was to measure the resiliency of Babylon is to reduce the risk of natural hazards. The method used in cross sectional descriptive study the library method for data collection and survey questionnaire was used. The statistical community, including experts and officials of the municipal administration and local government in the city of Babol is 26 subjects with random sampling were selected. In order to assess the resilience of urban areas studied in the range of ten principles Campaign Making cities resilient in most of the 39 variables were used. To analyze the data from tests of T unilateral and total weight, the mean scores and their relative weights are used. According to the results of research findings, local managers Evaluated Resiliency city of Babol in the ten principles of the study with average 2.52 (less than 3) completely undesirable. In this regard, the fifth principle of the weighted average of the three highest rating in the resilience of Babol.
Brown, A., Dayal, A., & Rumbaitis Del Rio, C. (2012). From practice to theory: Emerging lessons from Asia for building urban climate change resilience. Environment and Urbanization, 24 (2), 531-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/
Coaffee, J. (2010). Protecting vulnerable cities: the UK’s resilience response to defending everyday urban infrastructure. International Affairs, 86 (4), 939 - 954.
Coghlan, A., & Norman, S. (2004). Trans-Tasman collaboration setting the new recovery agenda, Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 19(4).
Colten, C., E., Kates, R.W., Laska, S.B. (2008). Community resilience: lessons from New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina; CARRI Research Report 3, Community and Regional Resilience Initiative, 50(5), 36-47.
Desouza, K. C., & Flanery, T. H. (2013). Designing, planning, and managing resilientcities: A conceptual framework. Cities. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.06.003
Farzad Behtash, M., Kinejad, M. A., Pyrbabayy, M.T, & Askari, A. (2013). Evaluate and analyze the dimensions of resilience metropolis of Tabriz. Journal of Fine Arts, 18 (3), 33-42. (In Persian)
Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T., Rockstrom, J. (2010). Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and Ecology and Society 15(4): 20. [online] URL: htllll'www.ccologyandsocicty.org/voll5!iss4/art20/
Gaillard, J.C. (2007). Resilience of traditional societies in facing natural hazards Disaster. Prevention and Management, 16 (4), 522 - 544.
Giroux, J., & Herzog, M. (2015). Urban Resilience: considering technical and social infrastructures in complex human environments. Center for Security Studies (CSS), TH Zurich, 2015, from www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/SKI-Focus-Report-11.pdf
Matyas, D., & Pelling, M. (2014). Positioning resilience for 2015: The role ofresistance, incremental adjustment and transformation in disaster riskmanagement policy. Disasters, 39 (I), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12107
Mitchell, T., & Harris, K. (2012). Resilience: a risk management approach. Background note, ODI.
Muller J., Reiter J., & Weilad U. (2011). Assessment of urban vulnerability towards floods using an indicator-based approach – a case study for Santiago de Chile, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst, Sci., 11, 2107-2123, 2011 , from www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/11/2107/2011/
Newell, J. P., & Cousins, J. J. (2015). The boundaries of urban metabolism: Towards apolitical-industrial ecology. Progress in Human Geography, 39 (6), 702-728. http://dx.doi.org/ 10. 1177/0309132514558442.
Olazabal, M., Chelleri, L., & Waters J.J. (2012). Why urban resilience? In: Chelleri, Lorenzo & Olazabal, Marta (ed). (2012). Multidisciplinary perspectives on urban resilience: a workshop report. Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao.
Rezaei, M.R.B. (2013). Assessment of economic and institutional resilience of urban communities against natural disasters, Case Study: Earthquake in Tehran neighborhoods. Journal of Disaster Management, 3, 27-38. (In Persian)
Rezaei, M. R., Rafieian, M., & Hosseini, S. M. (2014). Assessment and evaluation of the social fabric of urban resilience against earthquakes (Case Study: Tehran neighborhoods). The study of human geography, 47 (4), 609-623. (In Persian)
Romero-Lankao, P., & Gnatz, D. M. (2013). Exploring urban transformations in LatinAmerica. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5 (3-4), 358-367. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1016/j.cosust.2013.07.008
Rose, A. (2004). Defining and Measuring Economic Resilience to Disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management, 13 (4), 307-314.
Salehi, I., Aghababaei, M. T., Sarmadi, H., & Behtash, M. R. (2015). The amount of resiliency environment using network model of causality. Journal of Ecology, 37 (59), 99-112.
Shim Heon J., & Kim Il., Ch. (2015). Measuring Resilience to Natural Hazards: Towards ustainable Hazard Mitigation. Sustainability2015, 7, 14153-14185; from www. Mdpi. Com/journal/sustainability
Silva J.D. (2014). City Resilience Framework Ove Arup & Partners International Limited 2014, from https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/.../City-Resilience-Framework
Suarez M., Baggethun E.G., Benayas J., & Tilbury U. (2016). Towards an Urban Resilience Index: A Case Study in 50 Spanish Cities, Sustainability 2016, 8, 774, doi: 10. 3390/su 8080774, from www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Tilio, L. Murgante, B., Di Trani, F., Vona, M., Masi, A. (2011). Resilient City and Seismic Risk: A Spatial Multi criteria Approach, ICCSA; Part I; Springer-Verlag; Berlin; Heidelberg; 410-422.
Twigg, J. (2007). Characteristics of Adisaster-Resilient Community a Guidance note. Version 1 (for Field Testing) August 2007, for the DFID.
UNISDR. (2012). How to make cities more resilient a handbook for local government leaders, April 2012, from www.unisdr.org/files/26462_handbookfinalonlineversion.pdf
_||_Brown, A., Dayal, A., & Rumbaitis Del Rio, C. (2012). From practice to theory: Emerging lessons from Asia for building urban climate change resilience. Environment and Urbanization, 24 (2), 531-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/
Coaffee, J. (2010). Protecting vulnerable cities: the UK’s resilience response to defending everyday urban infrastructure. International Affairs, 86 (4), 939 - 954.
Coghlan, A., & Norman, S. (2004). Trans-Tasman collaboration setting the new recovery agenda, Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 19(4).
Colten, C., E., Kates, R.W., Laska, S.B. (2008). Community resilience: lessons from New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina; CARRI Research Report 3, Community and Regional Resilience Initiative, 50(5), 36-47.
Desouza, K. C., & Flanery, T. H. (2013). Designing, planning, and managing resilientcities: A conceptual framework. Cities. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.06.003
Farzad Behtash, M., Kinejad, M. A., Pyrbabayy, M.T, & Askari, A. (2013). Evaluate and analyze the dimensions of resilience metropolis of Tabriz. Journal of Fine Arts, 18 (3), 33-42. (In Persian)
Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T., Rockstrom, J. (2010). Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and Ecology and Society 15(4): 20. [online] URL: htllll'www.ccologyandsocicty.org/voll5!iss4/art20/
Gaillard, J.C. (2007). Resilience of traditional societies in facing natural hazards Disaster. Prevention and Management, 16 (4), 522 - 544.
Giroux, J., & Herzog, M. (2015). Urban Resilience: considering technical and social infrastructures in complex human environments. Center for Security Studies (CSS), TH Zurich, 2015, from www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/SKI-Focus-Report-11.pdf
Matyas, D., & Pelling, M. (2014). Positioning resilience for 2015: The role ofresistance, incremental adjustment and transformation in disaster riskmanagement policy. Disasters, 39 (I), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12107
Mitchell, T., & Harris, K. (2012). Resilience: a risk management approach. Background note, ODI.
Muller J., Reiter J., & Weilad U. (2011). Assessment of urban vulnerability towards floods using an indicator-based approach – a case study for Santiago de Chile, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst, Sci., 11, 2107-2123, 2011 , from www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/11/2107/2011/
Newell, J. P., & Cousins, J. J. (2015). The boundaries of urban metabolism: Towards apolitical-industrial ecology. Progress in Human Geography, 39 (6), 702-728. http://dx.doi.org/ 10. 1177/0309132514558442.
Olazabal, M., Chelleri, L., & Waters J.J. (2012). Why urban resilience? In: Chelleri, Lorenzo & Olazabal, Marta (ed). (2012). Multidisciplinary perspectives on urban resilience: a workshop report. Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao.
Rezaei, M.R.B. (2013). Assessment of economic and institutional resilience of urban communities against natural disasters, Case Study: Earthquake in Tehran neighborhoods. Journal of Disaster Management, 3, 27-38. (In Persian)
Rezaei, M. R., Rafieian, M., & Hosseini, S. M. (2014). Assessment and evaluation of the social fabric of urban resilience against earthquakes (Case Study: Tehran neighborhoods). The study of human geography, 47 (4), 609-623. (In Persian)
Romero-Lankao, P., & Gnatz, D. M. (2013). Exploring urban transformations in LatinAmerica. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5 (3-4), 358-367. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1016/j.cosust.2013.07.008
Rose, A. (2004). Defining and Measuring Economic Resilience to Disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management, 13 (4), 307-314.
Salehi, I., Aghababaei, M. T., Sarmadi, H., & Behtash, M. R. (2015). The amount of resiliency environment using network model of causality. Journal of Ecology, 37 (59), 99-112.
Shim Heon J., & Kim Il., Ch. (2015). Measuring Resilience to Natural Hazards: Towards ustainable Hazard Mitigation. Sustainability2015, 7, 14153-14185; from www. Mdpi. Com/journal/sustainability
Silva J.D. (2014). City Resilience Framework Ove Arup & Partners International Limited 2014, from https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/.../City-Resilience-Framework
Suarez M., Baggethun E.G., Benayas J., & Tilbury U. (2016). Towards an Urban Resilience Index: A Case Study in 50 Spanish Cities, Sustainability 2016, 8, 774, doi: 10. 3390/su 8080774, from www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Tilio, L. Murgante, B., Di Trani, F., Vona, M., Masi, A. (2011). Resilient City and Seismic Risk: A Spatial Multi criteria Approach, ICCSA; Part I; Springer-Verlag; Berlin; Heidelberg; 410-422.
Twigg, J. (2007). Characteristics of Adisaster-Resilient Community a Guidance note. Version 1 (for Field Testing) August 2007, for the DFID.
UNISDR. (2012). How to make cities more resilient a handbook for local government leaders, April 2012, from www.unisdr.org/files/26462_handbookfinalonlineversion.pdf
