Effect of Stocking Density and Methionine Levels on Growth Performance and Immunity of Broiler Chicks
محورهای موضوعی : Camel
1 - Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
کلید واژه: Performance, Broiler, immunity, methionine,
چکیده مقاله :
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density and incremental methionine levels on performance, immune response, carcass traits, and digestive organs of broiler chicks. A total of 390 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to six dietary treatments and five replicates base on 3 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets included three levels of stocking density (12, 16 and 18 birds/m2) and two levels of methionine (100 and 120% requirement recommended for Ross 308) applied during 42 days of experiment. The results showed that 18 birds density decreased body weight and weight gain, feed intake and increased feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) in overall rearing period. The 120% methionine level tended to increase body weight at 42 day of age. Stocking density significantly (P<0.05) affected the relative weight of proventriculus, pancreas, gizzard and duodenum. The jejunum relative weight and ileum length of chicks received 120% methionine level significantly increased. Antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), Influenza and Newcastle viruses, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and lymphoid organs except spleen were not affected by dietary treatments (P<0.05). As a conclusion, broiler performance of chicks adversely affected by stocking density and methionine levels had no considerable effect on their performance.
آزمایش حاضر به منظور بررسی اثر تراکم گله و سطوح افزایشی متیونین بر عملکرد، پاسخ ایمنی، ویژگی‌های لاشه و اندام‌های گوارشی جوجه‌های گوشتی انجام شد. در این آزمایش 390 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یکروزه (راس 308) به صورت کاملاً تصادفی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل 2 × 3 با 6 تیمار و 5 تکرار اختصاص یافتند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: 3 سطح تراکم گله (12، 16 و 18 جوجه در مترمربع) و 2 سطح متیونین (100 و 120 درصد توصیه شده برای سویه راس 308) در 42 روز آزمایش استفاده شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تراکم 18 در کل دوره پرورش وزن بدن، افزایش وزن بدن و مصرف خوراک را کاهش و ضریب تبدیل غذایی را افزایش داد (05/0>P). در سن 42 روزگی در سطح 120 درصد متیونین وزن بدن تمایل به افزایش داشت. تراکم گله به طور معنی‌داری وزن نسبی پیش معده، پانکراس، سنگدان و دئودنوم را تحت تأثیر قرار داد (05/0>P). جوجه‌هایی که سطح 120 درصد متیونین دریافت کردند، وزن نسبی ژژنوم و طول ایلئوم آنها به طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت (05/0>P). تیتر آنتی‌بادی علیه سلول‌های قرمز خون گوسفند (SRBC)، ویروس‌های نیوکاسل و آنفلوانزا، نسبت هتروفیل به لنفوسیت و ارگان‌های لنفوئیدی به جز طحال تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفتند (05/0>P). در مجموع، تراکم جیره اثر منفی بر عملکرد جوجه‌های گوشتی داشت و سطوح متیونین اثر قابل توجهی بر عملکرد آنها نداشت.
Ahmed M.E. and Abbas T.E. (2011). Effects of dietary levels of methionine on broiler performance and carcass characteristics. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10, 147-151.
Attia Y.A., Hassan R.A., Shehatta M.H. and El-Hady Salwa A. (2005). Growth, carcass quality and serum constituents of slow growing chicks as affected by betain addition to diets containing 2 different levels of methionine. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 4, 856-865.
Bouyeh M. (2012). Effect of excess lysine and methionine on immune system and performance of broilers. Ann. Biol. Res. 3(7), 3218-3224.
Chen C., Sander J.E. and Dale N.M. (2003). The effect of dietary lysine deficiency on the immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination in chickens. Avian Dis. 47, 1346-1351.
Cravener T.L., Roush W.B. and Mashaly M.M. (1992). Broiler production under varing population densities. Poult. Sci. 71, 427-433.
Dozier W.A., Thaxton J.P., Branton S.L., Morgan G.W., Miles D.M., Rouh W.B., Lott B.D. and Vizzier-Thaxton Y. (2005). Stocking density effects on growth performance and processing yield of heavy broilers. Poultry Sci. 84, 1332-1338.
Dozier W.A., Thaxton J.P., Parswell J.L., Olanrewaju H.A., Branton S.L. and Roush W.B. (2006). Stocking density effects on male broilers grown to 1.8 kilograms of body weight. Poult. Sci. 85, 344-351.
Feddes J.J.R., Emmanuel E.J. and Zuidhof M.J. (2002). Broiler performance, body weight variance, feed and water intake, and carcass quality at different stocking densities. Poult. Sci. 81, 774-779.
Fidan E.D. and Nazligul A. (2013). Cage position and density effect on some welfare criteria in Denizli chicken. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 93(6), 645-648.
Havenstein G.B., Ferket P.R. and Qureshi M.A. (2003). Growth, livability, and feed conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poult. Sci. 82, 1500-1508.
Heckert R.A., Estevez I., Russek-Cohen E. and Pettit-Riley R. (2002). Effects of density and perch availability on the immune status of broilers. Poult. Sci. 81, 451-457.
Hesabi A., Nasiri H. and Birjandi M. (2006). Effect of supplemental methionine and lysine on performance and carcass yield characteristics in broiler chicks. Pp. 734-736 in Proc. 8th Conf. Eur. Poult., Verona, Italy.
Kestin S.C., Knowles T.G., Tinch A.E. and Gregory N.G. (1992). Prevalence of leg weakness in broiler chickens and relationship with genotype. Vet. Rec. 131, 190-194.
Konashi S., Takahashi K. and Akiba Y. (2000). Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on immunological variables in broiler chickens. British J. Nutr. 83, 449-456.
Kwak H., Austic R.E. and Dietert R.R. (1999). Influence of dietary arginine concentration on lymphoid organ growth in chickens. Poult. Sci. 78, 1536-1541.
Lara L.J. and Rostagno M.H. (2013). Impact of heat stress on poultry production. Animals. 3, 356-369.
Martrenchar A., Morisse J.P., Hounnic D. and Cotte J.P. (1997). Influence of stocking density on some behavioral, physiological and productivity traits of broilers. Vet. Res. 28, 473-480.
Mehmet Kenan T. (2008). The effect of stocking density on stress reaction in broiler chickens during summer. Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 32(1), 31-36.
Muniz E.C., Fascina V.B., Pires P.P., Carrijo A.S. and Guimaraes E.B. (2006). Histomorphology of bursa of fabricius: Effects of stock densities on commercial broilers. Brazilian J. Poult. Sci. 8(4), 217-220.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
OjanoDirain C.P. and Waldroup P.W. (2002). Evaluation of lysine methionine and threonine needs of broilers three to six week of age under moderate temperature stress. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 1(1), 16-21.
Onbasilar E.E., Poyraz O., Erden E. and Ozturk H. (2008). Influence of lighting periods and stocking densitites on performance, carcass characteristics and some stress parameters in broilers. Arch. Geflugelkd. 72(5), 193-200.
Palizdar M.H., Pourelmi M.R., Mohammadian Tabrizi H.R. and Sepehr Z. (2016). The impact of acidifier in the diet of broiler chickens grown in high stocking densities on growth performance, immune system and blood metabolites. J. Anim. Prod. 18(1), 95-106.
Pillai P.B., Fanatico A.C., Beers K.W., Blair M.E. and Emmert J.L. (2006). Homocysteine remethylation in young broilers fed varying levels of methionine, choline and betaine. Poult. Sci. 85, 90-95.
Proudfoot F.G., Hulan H.W. and Mc Rae K.B. (1982). The effect of crumbled and pelleted feed on the incidence of sudden death syndrome among male chicken broilers. Poult. Sci. 61, 1766-1768.
Rostagno H.S., Pupa J.M.R. and Pack M. (1995). Diet formulation for broilers based on total versus digestible amino acid. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 4, 293-299.
SAS Institute. (2008). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.2. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Shanawany M.M. (1988). Broiler performance under high stocking densities. British Poult. Sci. 29, 43-52.
Swan B.K. and Johri T.S. (2000). Effect of supplemental methionine, choline and their combinations on the performance and immune responses of broiler. British Poult. Sci. 41, 83-88.
Thaxton J.P., Dozier III W.A., Branton S.L., Morgan G.W., Miles D.W., Roush W.B., Lott B.D. and Vizzer-Thaxton Y. (2006). Stocking density and physiological adaptive responses of broilers. Poult. Sci. 85, 819-824.
Thomas D.G., Ravindran V., Thomas D.V., Camden B.J., Cottam Y.H., Morel P.C.H. and Cook C.J. (2004). Influence of stocking density on the performance, carcass characteristics and selected welfare indicators of broiler chickens. New Zealand Vet. J. 52, 76-81.
Tsiagbe V.K., Cook M.E., Harper A.E. and Surele M.L. (1987). Enhanced immune responses in broiler chicks fed methionine-supplemented diets. Poult. Sci. 66, 1147-1154.
Velmurugu R., Donald V.T., David G.T. and Patrick C.H.M. (2006). Performance and welfare of broilers as affected by stocking density and zinc bacitracin supplementation. J. Anim. Sci. 77, 110-116.
Wegmann T.G. and Smithies O. (1966). A simple hemagglutination system requiring small amounts of red blood cells and antibodies. Transfusion. 6, 67-73.
Zhang L.B. and Guo Y.M. (2008). Effects of liquid DL-hydroxy-methyl thiobutanic acid on growth performance and immune responses in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 87, 1370-1376.
