Toxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride in Japanese Quails: Evaluation the Effect of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Powder on Performance and Immune Response

محورهای موضوعی : Camel

م. خرمشاهی ¹ (Department of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)
ف. صمدی ² (Department of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1392/12/05 تاریخ پذیرش : 1393/03/25 تاریخ انتشار : 1394/03/11

کلید واژه: Performance, artichoke, immune system, Japanese quail,

چکیده مقاله :

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of artichoke powder on performance and immune function of Japanese quails poisoned with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). One hundred meat type (1-d-old) quails were assigned randomly to 4 treatment groups (n=25). Treatment groups included with the study were: 1) control group (without artichoke supplementation or CCl4 administration, 2) group with artichoke supplementation and without CCl4 administration, 3) group without artichoke supplementation and with CCl4 administration (1 ml/kg of BW) and 4) group with artichoke supplementation and with CCl4 administration (1 mL/kg of BW). CCl4 was administered intraperitoneally on each 3 day for days 29 to 42. During the rearing period (0-42 days of age), quails had free access to feed and water. Performance parameters of daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion were determined on weekly basis. At the end of experimental period (day 42), blood samples were collected and then heterophils and lymphocytes were counted and their ratio (H/L ratio) was calculated.Results did not show any significant effect for artichoke powder and CCl4 on body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Adding Artichoke to the diets at 2% level significantly increased the count of lymphocytes and decreased H/L ratio. Artichoke and CCl4, each alone or both together, did not affect the relative weight of spleen, bursa of fabricius and liver.

چکیده انگلیسی:

این مطالعه به منظور بررسی تأثیر پودر کنگر فرنگی بر عملکرد و فعالیت سیستم ایمنی بلدرچین ژاپنی مسموم شده با تتراکلرید کربن انجام شد. یکصد قطعه بلدرچین تیپ گوشتی (یکروزه) به طور تصادفی به چهار گروه تیماری اختصاص داده شدند (25n=). گروه­های تیماری شامل: 1) گروه کنترل (فاقد کنگر فرنگی و تتراکلرید کربن)، 2) گروه کنگر فرنگی و بدون تتراکلرید کربن، 3) گروه تتراکلرید کربن (1 میلی‌لیتر به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن) و بدون کنگر فرنگی و 4) گروه کنگر فرنگی و تتراکلرید کربن (1 میلی‌لیتر به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن) بودند. تتراکلرید کربن هر سه روز یک بار به صورت درون صفاقی و از روز 29 الی 42 آزمایش اعمال شد. در طول دوره پرورش (0 الی 42 روزگی)، بلدرچین­ها به آب و خوراک دسترسی آزاد داشتند. پارامترهای عملکردی افزایش وزن، خوراک مصرفی و تبدیل خوراک به صورت هفتگی تعیین شدند. در انتهای دوره پرورش (42 روزگی)، برای تعیین تعداد هتروفیل­ها و لمفوسیت­ها و نیز نسبت بین آنها (هتروفیل به لمفوسیت) خون­گیری شد. نتایج، تاثیر معنی­داری از پودر کنگرفرنگی و تتراکلریدکربن بر افزایش وزن بدن، مصرف خوراک و نسبت تبدیل خوراک را نشان نداند. افزودن پودر کنگر فرنگی در سطح 2 درصد، به طور معنی ­داری تعداد لمفوسیت­ها را افزایش و نسبت هتروفیل به لمفوسیت­ها را کاهش داد. کنگر فرنگی و تتراکلرید کربن به صورت جدا و یا با هم، تأثیری بر وزن نسبی طحال، بورس فابریسیوس و کبد نداشتند

منابع و مأخذ:

Abdo M.A., Radwan N.L. and Selim N.A. (2007). The effect of artichoke leaves meal on the utilization of dietary energy for broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 12, 973-982.
Alime A., Goze I., Goze H. and Tepe B. (2009). In vitro antimicrobial and antiviral activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia cedronella boiss. J. Med. Plan. Res. 3, 413-419.
Bampidis V.A., Christodoulou V., Florou-Paneri P., Christaki E., Chatzopoulou P.S., Tsiligianni T. and Spais A.B. (2005). Effect of dietary dried oregano leaves on growth performance, carcase characteristics and serum cholesterol of female early maturing turkeys. Br. Poult. Sci. 46, 595-601.
Boger M., Applemen L.M., Feron V.J., Beens B.B. and Notten W.R. (1987). Effect of the exposure profile on the inhalation toxicity of CCl₄ in male rats. J. Appl. Toxic. 7, 185-192.
Clarke J.O. and Mullin G.E. (2008). A review of complementary and alternative approaches to immunomodulation. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 23, 49-62.
Constantinescue D.G., Platon F. and Pavel M. (1967). Ingredients of the leaves of Romanian acclimatized Cynara scolymus. Die. Parmazie. 22, 176-178.
Cosentino S., Tuberoso C.I.G., Pisano B., Satta M., Mascia V., Arzedi E. and Palmas F. (1999).In vitroantimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian thymus essential oils. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 29, 130-135.
Cross D.E., Acamovic T., Deans S.G. and Medevitt R.M. (2002). The effect of dietry inclusion herbs and their volatile oils on the performance of growing chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 43, 33-35.
Fair J.M., Hansen E.S. and Ricklefs R.E. (1999). Growth, developmental stability and immune response in juvenile Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Proc. Royal. Soc. Lond. 266, 1735-1742.
Fallah R., Kiani A. and Azarfar A. (2013). Effect of artichoke leaves meal and mentha extract (Mentha piperita) on immune cells and blood biochemical parameters of broilers. Global. Vet. 10(1), 99-102.
Germano M.P., Angelo V.D., Sanogo R., Catania S., Alma R. and Pasquale R.D. (2005). Hapatoprotective and antibacterial effect of extracts from Trichilia emetic Vahi (Meliaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 96, 227-232.
Gross W.B. and Siegel H.S. (1983). Evaluation of the heterophil / lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Dis. 27, 972-979.
Guo F.C., Savelkoul H.F.J., Kwakkel R.P., Williams B.A. and Verstegen M.W.A. (2000). Immunoactive, medicinal properties of mushroom and herb polysaccharides and their potential use in chicken diets. Worlds J. Poult. Sci. 59, 427-440.
Hassan I.I., Askar A.A. and El-Shourbagy G.A. (2004). Influence of some medicinal plant on performance, physiological and meat quality traits of broiler chicks. Egyptian Poult. Sci. 24, 247-266.
Hellwege E.M., Czapla S., Jahnke A., Willmitzer L. and Heyer A.G. (2000). Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers synthesize the full spectrum of inulin molecules naturally occurring in globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) roots. J. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 97, 8699-8704.
Hernandez F., Madrid J., Gargia V., Orengo J. and Megias M.D. (2004). Influence of two plant extracts on broiler performance, digestibility and digestive organ size. Poult Sci. 83, 169-174.
Hevener W.P., Routh A. and Almond G.W. (1999). Effects of immune challenge on concentrations of serum insulin-like growth factor-I and growth performance in pigs. Canadian Vete. J. 40, 782-786.
Johnson C. and Banerji A. (2007). Influence of extract isolated from the plant Sesuvium portulacastrum on growth and metabolism in freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita (Rohu). Fish. Technol. 44, 229-234.
Joy J.F. and Haber S.L. (2007). Clinical uses of artichoke leaf extract. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 64, 1906-1909.
Jung B.G., Ko J.H. and Lee B.J. (2010). Dietary supplementation with a probiotic fermented four-herb combination enhances immune activity in broiler chicks and increases survivability against Salmonella gallinarum in experimentally infected broiler chicks. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72, 1565-1573.
Khaligh F., Sadeghi G.h., Karimi A. and Vaziry A. (2011). Evaluation of different medicinal plants blends in diets for broiler chickens. J. Med. Plants. Res. 5, 1971-1977.
Mujumddar A.K., Upadhyay A.S. and Pradhan A.M. (1998). Effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract on CCl₄ induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 60, 363-367.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9^th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Palmes D. and Spiegel H.U. (2004). Animal models of liver regeneration. Biomaterials. 25, 1601-1611.
Pittler M.H., Thompson C.J. and Ernst E. (2005). Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia: a review.Cochrane Library.18, 231-236.
Ponte P. and Rosado C. (2008). Pasture intake improve the performance and meat sensory attributes of free range in broilers. Poult. Sci. 87, 71-79.
Rahimi S., Teymouri Zadeh Z., Karimi Torshizi M.A., Omidbaigi R. and Rokni H. (2011). Effect of the three herbal extracts on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and intestinal selected bacterial population in broiler chickens. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 13, 527-539.
Roth-Maier D.A., Bohmer B.M., Maass N., Damme K. and Paulicks B.R. (2005). Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea on performance of broiler and layers. Arch.Geflugelk. 69, 123-127.
SAS Institute. (2003). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Schranner I., WurdingerM., Klumpp N., Losch U. and Okpanyi S.N. (1989). Beeinflussung der aviären humoralen immunreaktionen durch Infuex undEchinacea angustifolia extrakt. J. Vet. Med. 36, 353-364.
Schutz K., Kammerer D., Carie R. and Schieber A. (2004). Identification and quantification of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus) heads, juice and pomace by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS (n). J. Agric. Food Chem. 30, 4090-4096.
Sonkusale P., Bhandarker A.G., Kurkare N.V., Ravikanth K., Maini S. and Sood D. (2011). Hepatoprotective activity of superliv liquid and repchol in CCl₄ induced FLKS syndrome in broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10, 49-55.
Stoev S.D., Anguelov G.,Ivanov I. and Pavlov D. (2000). Influence of ochratoxin A and an extract of artichoke on the vaccinal immunity and health in broiler chicks. Exp. Toxic. Pathol. 52, 43-55.
Stove S.D., Stefanov M., Denev S., Radic B., Domijan A.M. and Peraica M. (2004). Experimental mycotoxicosis in chickens induced by ochratoxin A and penicillic acid and intervention with natural plant extracts. Vet. Res. Commun. 28, 727-746.
Tajodini M., Samadi F., Hashemi S.R., Hassani S. and Shams-Shargh M. (2014). Effect of different levels of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) powder on the performance and immune response of broiler chickens. Int. J. Agric. Sci. 4(1), 66-73.
Takahashi K.T., Mashiko Y. and Akiba Y. (2000). Effect of dietary concentration of xylitol on growth in male broiler chicks during immunological stress. Poult. Sci. 79, 743-747.
Ulicna O., Greksak M., Vancova O., Zlatos L., Galbavy S. and Bozek P. (2003). Hepatoprotective effect of Roobos tea (Asppalathuslinearis) on CCl₄ induced liver damage in rats. J. Phys. Res. 52, 461-466.
Zulkifli I., Liew P.K., Israf D.A., Omar A.R. and Hair-Bejo M. (2003). Effects of early age feed restriction and heat conditioning on heterophil / lymphocyte ratios, heat shock protein 70 expressions and body temperature of heat-stressed broiler chickens. J. Thermal. Biol. 28, 217-222.