Sources of Betaine as Methyl Group Donors in Broiler Diets
محورهای موضوعی : Camelر. پریرا 1 , جی.ف.م. منتن 2 , ف.آ. لنگو 3 , م.ب. لیما 4 , ل.و. فریتاس 5 , کا.سی. زاواریز 6
1 - Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
2 - Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
3 - Research and Development, Btech, Valinhos/SP, Brazil
4 - Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
5 - Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
6 - Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
کلید واژه: broiler chickens, carcass traits, breast yield, methyl groups,
چکیده مقاله :
Betaine is donor of methyl groups and can partially replace methionine in diets for this purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate three sources of betaine in partial substitution of methionine supplement in broiler diets. The Cobb-500 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized experimental design with 5 treatments and 7 replicates of 49 birds each. The positive control treatment consisted of standard level of digestible methionine, the negative control was the digestible methionine reduced by 17% and the other three treatments consisted of the negative control diet supplemented with natural betaine (95%) or hydrochloride betaine (72%), HCl 1 and HCl 2 that had the same composition, and were obtained from two different manufacturers. The performance was evaluated from 7 to 21 days, 7 to 35 days and 7 to 43 days. At 43 days, the carcass and carcass parts (breast, thigh+drumstick, liver and abdominal fat) were determined and an economic analysis of each diet was performed. The performance results of the negative control were similar to the other treatments; however, there was a reduction in breast meat yield of birds fed the negative control compared to positive control and betaine HCl 2. The birds from the negative control had the lowest breast meat yield and the highest thigh + drumstick yield. The chickens fed betaine HCl 2 had greater amount of breast in the carcass (42.85 vs. 41.17%) and the cost of production of breast was reduced (US$1.941 vs. US$ 2.042) compared to the negative control. There was not difference between treatments in carcass yield, percentage of liver and abdominal fat. There was a tendency to higher abdominal fat deposition in carcass in animals fed with the negative control. As a conclusion, the inclusion of betaine in the diets of chickens containing restricted levels of methionine is economically feasible, reducing the cost of breast meat production.
بتائین دهنده گروههای متیل بوده و به همین دلیل میتواند جایگزین بخشی از متیونین در جیرهها گردد. هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی سه منبع بتائین جهت جایگزینی بخشی از مکمل متیونین در جیرههای جوجههای گوشتی بوده است. 500 جوجه گوشتی کاب در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تیمار و 7 تکرار (هرکدام شامل 49 پرنده) مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. تیمار شاهد مثبت شامل سطح استانداردی از متیونی قابل هضم بوده و در شاهد منفی 17 درصد از متیونین قابل هضم جایگزین گردیده و سایر تیمارها نیز شامل سطح متیونین جیره شاهد منفی همراه با بتائین طبیعی (95 درصد) یا هیدروکلرید بتائین (72 درصد) بوده، HCl 1 و HCl 2 که ترکیبی مشابه داشته و از دو کارخانه مختلف تهیه شده بودند. عملکرد از 7 تا 21 روزگی، 7 تا 35 روزگی و 7 تا 43 روزگی ارزیابی گردید. در 43 روزگی، لاشه و بخشهای لاشه (شامل: سینه، ران و مچپا، کبد و چربی بطنی) جدا گردیده و آنالیز اقتصادی هر جیره انجام شد. نتایج عملکرد شاهد منفی مشابه سایر تیمارها بود. ولی گوشت سینه تولیدی در پرندگان تغذیه شده با شاهد منفی در مقایسه با شاهد مثبت و بتائین HCl 2 کاهش یافت. پرندگان حاصل از شاهد منفی کمترین تولید گوشت را داشته و بیشترین تولید ران و مچپا را نشان دادند. جوجههای تغذیه شده با بتائین HCl 2 سینه بزرگتری در لاشه داشته (85/42 در مقایسه با 17/41 درصد) و هزینه تولید سینه در آنها در مقایسه با شاهد منفی کاهش داشت (941/1 دلار در برابر 042/2 دلار). تفاوتی بین تیمارها در تولید لاشه، درصد کبد و چربی بطنی دیده نشد. در پرندگانی که با جیره شاهد منفی تغذیه شدند، تمایل به ذخیره چربی بطنی در لاشه بیشتر بود. به عنوان یک نتیجه کلی، در نظر گرفتن بتائین در جیرههای گوشتی حاوی سطوح محدود متیونین از نظر اقتصادی به صرفهتر بوده و هزینه تولید گوشت سینه را کاهش میدهد.
Alirezaei M., Jelodar G., Niknam P., Ghayemi Z. And Nazifi S. (2011). Betaine prevents ethanol-induced oxidative stress and reduces total homocysteine in the rat cerebellum. J. Physiol. Biochem. 67, 605-612.
Amerah A.M. and Ravindran V. (2015). Effect of coccidia challenge and natural betaine supplementation on performance, nutrient utilization, and intestinal lesion scores of broiler chickens fed suboptimal level of dietary methionine. Poult. Sci. 94, 673-680.
Barbosa N.A.A. (2009). Avaliação de aditivos em dietas de frangos de corte. MS Thesis. Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil.
Chen J., Wang M., Kong Y., Ma H. and Zou S. (2011). Comparison of the novel compounds creatine and pyruvateon lipid and protein metabolism in broiler chickens. Animal. 5, 1082-1089.
Coma J., Carrion D. and Zimmerman D.R. (1995). Use of plasma urea nitrogen as a rapid response criterion to determine the lysine requirement of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 472-481.
Conde-Aguilera J., Cobo-Ortega C., Tesseraud S., Lessire M., Mercier Y. and Van Milgen J. (2013). Changes in body composition in broilers by a sulfur amino acid deficiency during growth. Poult. Sci. 92, 1266-1275.
De Ridder J.J.M. and Van Dam K. (1975). Control of choline oxidation by rat-liver mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 408, 112-122.
Eklund M., Bauer E., Wamatu J. and Mosenthin R. (2005). Potential nutritional and physiological functions of betaine in livestock. Nutr. Res. Rev. 18, 31-48.
Farrokhyan P., Bouyeh M., Lartey F. and Seidavi A.R. (2014). The effects of dietary L-carnitine and gemfibrozil on performance, carcass characteristics, cholesterol and triglycerides in broiler chicks. Avian Biol. Res. 7, 160-166.
Hamidi H., Jahanian R. and Pourreza J. (2010). Effect of dietary betaine on performance, immunocompetence and gut contents osmolarity of broilers challenged with a mixed coccidial infection. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 5, 193-201.
He S., Zhao S., Dai S., Liu D. and Bokhari S.G. (2015). Effects of dietary betaine on growth performance, fat deposition and serum lipids in broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. Anim. Sci. J. 86, 897-903.
Kettunen H., Tiihonen K., Peuranen S., Saarinen M.T. and Remus J.C. (2001). Dietary betaine accumulates in the liver and intestinal tissue and stabilizes the intestinal epithelial structure in healthy and coccidia-infected broiler chicks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 130, 759-769.
Leclercq B. (1998). Specific effects of lysine on broiler production: comparison with threonine and valine. Poult. Sci. 77, 118-123.
Leng Z., Fu Q., Yang X., Ding L., Wen C. and Zhou Y. (2016). Increased fatty ß-oxidation as a possible mechanism for fat-reducing effect of betaine in broilers. Anim. Sci. J. 87, 1005-1010.
Lever M. and Slow M. (2010). The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism. Clin. Biochem. 43, 732-744.
Metzler-Zebeli B.U., Eklund M. and Mosenthin R. (2009). Impact of osmoregulatory and methyl donor functions of betaine on intestinal health and performance in poultry. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 65, 419-441.
Pereira P.W.Z., Menten J.F.M., Racanicci A.M., Traldi A.B., Silva C.S. and Rizzo P.V. (2010). Avaliação de complexo enzimático e betaína natural em rações para frangos de corte criados em aviário comercial. R. Bras. Zootec. 39, 2230-2236.
Ratriyanto A., Mosenthin R., Bauer E. and Eklund M. (2009). Metabolic, osmoregulatory and nutritional functions of betaine in monogastric animals. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 22, 1461-1476.
Rostagno H.S., Teixeira A., Donzele J.L., Gomes P.C., De Oliveira R.F.M., Lopes D.C., Ferreira A.J.P. and Toledo Barreto S.L. (2005). Brazilian tables for poultry and swine: Composition of feedstuffs and nutritional requirements. MS Thesis. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Santana M.H.M., Costa F.G.P., Ludke J.V. and Figueiredo Júnior J.P. (2014). Interações nutricionais entre aminoácidos sulfurosos, colina e betaína para aves. Arch. Zootec. 63, 69-83.
SAS Institute. (2006). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Steve-Garcia A.E. and Mack S. (2000). The effect of DL-methionine and betaine on growth performance and carcass characteristics in broilers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 87, 85-93.
Sun H., Yang W.R., Yang Z.B., Wang Y., Jiang S.Z. and Zhang G.G. (2008). Effects of betaine supplementation to methionine deficient diet on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. J. 3, 78-84.
Waldroup P.W., Motl M.A., Yan F. and Fritts C.A. (2006). Effects of betaine and choline on response to methionine supplementation to broiler diets formulated to industry standards. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15, 58-71.
Wallis I.R. (1999). Dietary supplements of methionine increase breast meat yield and decrease abdominal fat in growing broiler chickens. Australasian J. Exp. Agric. 39, 131-141.
Zhan X.A., Li J.X., Xu Z.R. and Zhao R.Q. (2006). Effects of methionine and betaine supplementation on growth performance, carcass composition and metabolism of lipids in male broilers. Br. Poult. Sc. 47, 576-580.
