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Open Access Article
1 - An Overview of Sex Selection at Conception in Mammals
جی. کوآمو اس.دی. خارچAlthough the mechanisms under which sex ratio is controlled in nature remain unknown, researchers have attempted to treat sperm in an effort to predetermine the sex of the offspring. The methods of sperm separation that have been repeatedly reported to isolate fractions MoreAlthough the mechanisms under which sex ratio is controlled in nature remain unknown, researchers have attempted to treat sperm in an effort to predetermine the sex of the offspring. The methods of sperm separation that have been repeatedly reported to isolate fractions rich in X- or Y-chromosome bearing sperm are serum albumin gradient swim-up and flow cytometry. However, the ability of the serum albumin gradient method to isolate Y-chromosome rich fractions and alter the sex ratio of offspring is still a subject of controversy. The flow cytometry technology used to separate X- and Y-bearing sperm into live fractions has been improved and publications showed that the procedure for the capacitation of flow cytometry sorted sperm might be successfully applied for fresh sperm in in vitrofertilisation(IVP)programs. In the case of sexing embryos the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a service offered by several embryo transfer practitioners, but it is labor intensive and costly. In addition, biopsied embryos do not survive freezing very well. In the near future, PCR assays for use in the predetermination of the sex of offspring may become available. In combination with in vitro maturation(IVM), in vitro fertilisation(IVP) and embryo transfer techniques, it is very likely that sexed spermatozoa or embryo will be used widely and efficiently in mammals where higher numbers of spermatozoa or embryo are usually required. To be commercially viable, a method of embryo sexing must be highly efficient, simple and cheap. Although many livestock breeders request embryo sexing, it has not found widespreaduse especially in developing countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Influence of Processing of Barley Grain on Characteristics of Digestion, Ruminal Fermentation and Digestible Energy of Diet inLactating Cows
ام.آ. لوپز-سوتو آ. بارراس جی.اف. کالدرون-کرتس آ. پلاسسنسیا جی.دی. یوریآس-استرادا جی.آ. آگویلار-هرناندز بی. سانچز-مندوزا آ. منتلونگو-تریکوئز آر.ام. برمودز-هورتادو آ. استرادا-آنگولو آر.آ. زینA digestion trial using cannulated lactating cows was conducted to evaluate the influence of barley grain processing on characteristics of ruminal fermentation and the site and extent of digestion. The experiment consisted in 4 periods and lasted 84 days. The total mixe MoreA digestion trial using cannulated lactating cows was conducted to evaluate the influence of barley grain processing on characteristics of ruminal fermentation and the site and extent of digestion. The experiment consisted in 4 periods and lasted 84 days. The total mixed rations contained 39.86% of grains and 42.90% of alfalfa hay and the rest of ration was composed mainly by cane molasses, fat, fishmeal and minerals. The barley grains were processed by dry-rolled and steam-flaking with two densities of flake (0.39 and 0.26 kg/L). Dry rolled corn was used as reference to determine energy value of barley grain. Compared to dry rolled barley, steam-flaked barley increased ruminal digestion of organic matter(OM) and starch, and energy of diet, but decreased dry matter intake. Decreasing steam-flaked density of barley from 0.30 to 0.26 kg/L increased ruminal digestion of starch and ruminal propionate and decreased dry matter intake and ruminal nitrogen digestion. Compared to corn, cows fed barley diets shown a greater dietary energy as result of greater total tract OM digestion, greater microbial protein efficiency and lower ruminal acetate and methane production. However, barley treatments had a lower ruminal pH and this was exacerbated as flake density decreased. The energy value of barley was improved (P<0.05) 8% by steam-flaking. However, flaking barley too thinly depress (P<0.05) feed intake. The optimal flake density for barley fed to lactating dairy cattle is around of 0.39 kg/L. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Effects of Supplementing Xylose‐Treated Soybean Meal or Untreated Corn Gluten Meal to Lactating Dairy Cows
M. Jahani-Moghadam E. Mahjoubi H. Amanlou S. MohammadiThis experiment was performed to investigate whether feeding xylose-treated soybean meal (XSBM) or corn gluten meal (CGM) is economically better under field conditions. Ninety-four multiparous early lactating Holstein cows (55±5 days in milk and 2.82±0.41 MoreThis experiment was performed to investigate whether feeding xylose-treated soybean meal (XSBM) or corn gluten meal (CGM) is economically better under field conditions. Ninety-four multiparous early lactating Holstein cows (55±5 days in milk and 2.82±0.41 body condition score) were used in a completely randomized design. Cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: XSBM or CGM as the main rumen undegradable protein source in the diet. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and fat corrected milk (FCM) were not affected by treatments. A tendency was detected for higher FCM: DMI (1.57 vs. 1.47) and income:cost (1.97 vs. 1.83) in CGM treatment. Milk urea nitrogen was greater (15.89 vs. 15.16 mg/dL) in the XSBM group. Plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acid, beta-hydroxy butyric acid and albumin were not different between treatments. The results showed that under field conditions and feed ingredients used in this experiment, using CGM was economically beneficial during early lactation, which is in contrast with traditional beliefs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Effect of Flushed Feeding and Age on Estrus Synchronization and Conception Rate of Holstein × Local Crossbred Cows After Using Analogue GnRH and Prostaglandin F2α Hormone
M. Sydur Rahman M. Kabirul Islam Khan T. BilkisThe study was conducted to know the effect of flushed feeding on estrus synchronization and conception rate of Holstein ÍLocal crossbred cow’s after using the GnRH (fertagyl) and PGF2α hormone. As a representative sample 20 Holstein ÍLocal cros MoreThe study was conducted to know the effect of flushed feeding on estrus synchronization and conception rate of Holstein ÍLocal crossbred cow’s after using the GnRH (fertagyl) and PGF2α hormone. As a representative sample 20 Holstein ÍLocal crossbred cows were chosen from Chittagong Cantonment Military Dairy Farm in Bangladesh and the experimental work was carried out for 60 days. Ten cows were flushed with high energy feed (10.5 mega Joule metabolisable energy/kg feed dry matter) and considered as treated group and 10 cows was allowed for normal feeding. Both the control and treated group cows were injected intramuscularly by the GnRH and PGF2α hormone. After injection of these hormones, 100% cows from both groups showed estrus. Fixed time artificial insemination (AI) was done and the cows were diagnosed in pregnancy after 60 days of AI. It was observed that 20% cows were conceived after AI from control group, but treated group cows showed more conception / pregnancy rate (40%). After using the hormones, age of the cow did not influences for estrus synchronization, but for conception rate it was observed that younger cows showed more than older one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Temporal Changes in Endogenous Estrogens and Expressionof Behaviors Associated with Estrus during the Periovulatory Period in Doublesynch Treated Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
R. Mirmahmoudi B.S. PrakashThe aims of this study were (a) to establish the occurrence, duration and intensity of behavioral estrus symptoms, and (b) to determine the relationship between behavioral estrus symptoms with the total estrogen profiles in cycling Murrah buffaloes (n=10) subjected to D MoreThe aims of this study were (a) to establish the occurrence, duration and intensity of behavioral estrus symptoms, and (b) to determine the relationship between behavioral estrus symptoms with the total estrogen profiles in cycling Murrah buffaloes (n=10) subjected to Doublesynch protocol (0 PGF2α, 2 GnRH, 9 PGF2α and 11 GnRH). After both GnRH injections, estrus and its behavioral signs were detected at hourly intervals using visual observations, transrectal examination of genitalia, and bull parading twice a day for 30 min each. Frequent urination (100%) and excitement (100%) were the best indicators of estrus followed by swollen vulva (90%) and bellowing (85%). The longest duration of estrus signs viz. swollen vulva, was observed up to 8.9 ± 0.5 h and 11.1 ± 0.3 post first and second GnRH administrations, respectively. The mean intervals between the onset of estrus symptoms appearance and ovulation were 13.8 ± 0.9 h and 13.4 ± 1.0 h post first and second GnRH inactions, respectively. The mean total estrogen concentrations at the time of both GnRH injections were above the basal level (8.4±1.9 pg/mL; range 2.9-18.4 and 7.9±1.9 pg/mL; range 2.9-17.6 at the time of the first and second GnRH injections, respectively), temporarily increased post GnRH treatments and then gradually declined to its basal level during ovulation time window. Frequent urination, excitement and swollen vulva appeared to be the most notable estrus symptoms after GnRH injections. Our findings also suggest that the AI can be done at a fixed time (once 20 to 24 h posts second GnRH) in buffaloes treated with Doublesynch protocol. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Immune Responses and some Blood Metabolite Responses of Female Holstein Calves to Dietary Supplementationwith Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
R. Sajjadi A.A. Solati M. Khodaei Motlagh M. Kazemi BonchenariDifferent medicinal plants have been used in animal and poultry nutrition in last decade. It seems that there are some potential to these medicinal plants to replace with common antibiotics. Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a medicinal plant that extensively was us MoreDifferent medicinal plants have been used in animal and poultry nutrition in last decade. It seems that there are some potential to these medicinal plants to replace with common antibiotics. Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a medicinal plant that extensively was used in different studies. In the present study, the effect of dietary addition of licorice root on performance and blood energy indicator concentrations (glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta hydroxyl butyrate (BHB) and immune responses parameters (total immunoglobulin (IG), IgG and IgA) was evaluated on female Holstein calves. The fourteen female Holstein calves with average body weight of 85.5 kg were subjected to two different treatments (seven animals per each treatment) in a completely randomized design. The control treatment was considered as C and supplemented treatment with licorice was considered as L. The study lasted ten weeks. Of which the first week was considered as adaptation period. Feed intake was measured daily and blood sample were collected twice throughout the experiment. The results show that average dry matter intake (DMI) was 1790 and 1860 g/d for treatments C and L, respectively (P>0.05). The NEFA was different significantly between treatments (P<0.05). The IgA concentration was not differed between treatments; however both total Ig and IgG concentrations were positively increased by licorice supplementation treatments (P<0.05). Total Ig concentration was 105.1 and 138.2 mg/dL for treatments C and L, respectively which shows that licorice addition caused to 31% increase in immunity responses compared to control treatment. In conclusion the results show that although licorice supplementation did not affect performance of animal, but it has potential to improve energy status in dairy calves' nutrition and also increased immune response of animal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Differential Adoption of Improved Dairy Husbandry Practices in Hill and Valley Regions of Manipur (India)
A. Shyam Singh K. Singh R. Chakravarty P. ImtiwatiThe study was carried out in the purposively selected Senapati and Thoubal districts of hill and valley regions of Manipur State of India. Two blocks from each of the above selected districts were selected randomly and further from each block four villages were also sel MoreThe study was carried out in the purposively selected Senapati and Thoubal districts of hill and valley regions of Manipur State of India. Two blocks from each of the above selected districts were selected randomly and further from each block four villages were also selected randomly. 30 dairy farmers from each village were selected randomly and thus collected data from 240 respondents through personal interview with the help of pre-tested structural schedule.An adoption index specifically for these regions was developed covering all aspects of improved dairy husbandry practices (IDHPs).The weight age of each practice was decided by the judges rating method. The data thus collected were processed and analyzed by using various statistical tools.It was found that, except the variables family education status, annual income and urban contacts all the twenty variables showed high significant difference (P<0.01) between the two regions. The majority (55.00%) of the respondents in the hill region were in the medium category of adoption of (IDHPs), whereas, most (43.34%) of them in the valley were belonged to high category. The hill sample revealed that age, education, social participation, land holding, subsidiary occupation, milk consumption, type of house, personal cosmopolite, mass media exposure and belief were highly significant (P<0.01) with adoption, whereas for valley sample, variables like subsidiary occupation, milk production, milk consumption, milk sale, annual income, urban contact, communication sources, personal localite, personal cosmopolitan and mass media exposure were significant at P < 0.01. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Influence of Fibrolytic Enzymes on the in vitro Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Different Types of Roughages Treatment
A. MoharreryThe effects of pre-treating different types of roughages with alkali on the efficacy of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes for improving their digestibility were studied in vitroin factorial arrangement 4 × 3 × 5 (enzyme, treatment and roughage types). Two fibroly MoreThe effects of pre-treating different types of roughages with alkali on the efficacy of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes for improving their digestibility were studied in vitroin factorial arrangement 4 × 3 × 5 (enzyme, treatment and roughage types). Two fibrolytic feed enzymes novozyme (N) and celloclast (C) their combination (N+C) were evaluated for their potential to improve in vitrodegradation of different roughages including two straws (wheat straw: WS; barley straw: BS), grass hay (GH), corn stover (CS) and corn cobs (CC) as untreated or alkaline treated (NaOH or urea). The enzyme products were in liquid form and applied at a rate of 1 mg enzyme protein/g DM substrate. Anaerobic buffer medium and strained ruminal fluid were added to the in vitroincubations. Degradabilities of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), cellulose, soluble protein and reducing sugar profiles were determined at the end of the 24 h incubation. Overall NDF degradability of roughages were slightly increased by alkaline treatment (P<0.05) but, the addition of fibrolytic enzymes directly to the ruminal fluid at the application rates could not increase significantly DM or cellulose degradation (P>0.05). Use of fibrolytic enzymes released higher amounts of reducing sugars and lower soluble protein compared to control (P<0.05). Alkali treatment increased (P<0.05) the degradability of DM and fiber degradability. It was higher in NaOH treated forage compared to urea treated forages (P<0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Milk Traits and Their Relationship with Udder Measurements in Awassi Ewes
K.Y. MerkhanCharacteristic of the udder, milk traits and their relationship were investigated in 32 Awassi ewes raised in a commercial flock. Commencing one month after lambing milk yield was recorded at monthly intervals until the ewes were dried. Also, the udder traits were measu MoreCharacteristic of the udder, milk traits and their relationship were investigated in 32 Awassi ewes raised in a commercial flock. Commencing one month after lambing milk yield was recorded at monthly intervals until the ewes were dried. Also, the udder traits were measured, including udder width, udder circumference, udder length, distance between teats and length and diameter of both teats. Results revealed that sex of lambs and stage of lactation affected (P<0.05) test day milk yield. The age of dam had no effect on test day milk yield, but affected (P<0.05) left teat diameter and right teat length. Also, sex of lambs affected (P<0.05) right teat length. As the milk yield increased there was an increase in udder circumference and teat diameter (P<0.05). Milk yield positively correlated with all udder measurements except with udder length and right teat length. Also, positive and high correlation coefficients were observed between udder circumference and udder width (r=0.679), distance between teat (r=0.699) and left teat diameter (r=0.417) as well as between udder width and distance between teats (r=0.732). A positive relationship (P<0.01) among teat measurements (r=0.596-0.908) was observed. According to the results of principal component analysis, udder circumference and right teat length were the best predictors for milk yield in Awassi ewes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Estimation of Economic Values of Productive Traits in Taleshi Sheep of Iran
A. Lavvaf M.B. Zandi A. NoshariIn order to estimate economic values of productive traits (meat, milk and wool) in Taleshi native sheep breed of Iran, records from economic parameters and performance of local Taleshi flocks were used. The economic values of traits were used to select the maximum profi MoreIn order to estimate economic values of productive traits (meat, milk and wool) in Taleshi native sheep breed of Iran, records from economic parameters and performance of local Taleshi flocks were used. The economic values of traits were used to select the maximum profit estimation also to study the sensitivity rate of the model the effects of 20 percent increase / decrease in the price of milk feed and other costs were estimated. Average values of estimated absolute economic values for meat, wool and milk were 1229798.139, 833959.858 and 27174.717 Iranian Rial (IRR)/kg, respectively. Life analysis of economic values showed that these values were changing and sensitive to the variable management and nutrition costs, although they were less affected by the change in total cost of the growing system of Taleshi sheep. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Construction of Effective Livestock Insurance Model in Ukraine
O. AlshanovaThe problem of food security during the last few decades has acquired a global character. Population growth, reduction of farmland suitable for agriculture and ecological factors has led to a sharp increase in food demand. In such conditions, the role of countries which MoreThe problem of food security during the last few decades has acquired a global character. Population growth, reduction of farmland suitable for agriculture and ecological factors has led to a sharp increase in food demand. In such conditions, the role of countries which are able to increase the export of agricultural production in short-term periods is rising. Ukraine has great opportunities for the agricultural production because of favorable climatic conditions and strong human resources. However, the existing potential of the agricultural sector is mainly in the crop, which significantly reduces the competitive strategies of Ukraine in the world market. The absence of effective mechanisms of insurance protection is one of the important factors which hinder the development of livestock in Ukraine. The world experience shows that livestock insurance turned into current state policy supports the agricultural sector. Ukraine’s integration into global agricultural market provides the applying of unified livestock insurance mechanisms which proved their capacity in other countries. At the present stage, the state prefers other forms of entrepreneurship support in livestock-through price regulation, subsidization and the facilitation of access to financial resources. At the same time, Ukrainian companies operating in the agricultural sector need insurance protection.Implementation of livestock insurance’s foreign experience in Ukraine is complicated by the absence of effective agricultural marketplaces and appropriate market infrastructure. The current state of public finances significantly reduces the probability of successful implementation of the system scenarios livestock insurance based on the active use of central funds. Therefore, Ukraine should make an effort to meet demand for insurance products from the side of livestock producers with the minimal use of budget funds. That is why it is necessary for the state to create conditions for the formation and operation of effective model of livestock insurance and providing optimal solving of current tasks of this sector’s development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Effect of Crude Soybean Oil Sediment as a Substitute for Refined Soybean Oil in Broiler Diet
M.E. Hossain G.B. DasFour hundred fifty day old unsexed broiler chicks were used in a 35-day trial at Chittagong veterinary and animal sciences university farm to find out the effect of using crude soybean oil sediment (CSOS) as a substitute for refined soybean oil (RSO) in broiler diet. Th MoreFour hundred fifty day old unsexed broiler chicks were used in a 35-day trial at Chittagong veterinary and animal sciences university farm to find out the effect of using crude soybean oil sediment (CSOS) as a substitute for refined soybean oil (RSO) in broiler diet. The experiment was carried out following completely randomized design. The chicks were randomly distributed in three treatment groups having three replications per treatment. Each replication had 50 birds. The house was divided by wire net into nine compartments to maintain desired replication. Birds were fed three types of diet i.e. diet without CSOS and RSO (T0), diet containing RSO (T1) and diet containing CSOS (T2). All birds had free access to ad libitum feeding. Results indicated that no variations (P<0.05) were observed in weight gain of birds for the 1st and 2nd week except at 3rd, 4th and 5th week irrespective of dietary treatments. At 5th week, average weight gain was maximum (73.7±2.1 g/d) in birds fed diet containing RSO (T1) and minimum (65.6±2.7 g/d) in birds fed diet without CSOS and RSO (T0). Similar to weight gain, average feed intake differed (P<0.01) and the mean values were 55.3 ± 2.1, 50.5 ± 1.9 and 53.4 ± 2.0 g at 2nd week, 92.5 ± 3.1, 83.4 ± 2.3 and 84.4 ± 2.2 g at 3rd week and 116.4 ± 2.3, 114.5 ± 1.9 and 120.4 ± 2.7 g at the 4th week for T0, T1 and T2 treatment groups, respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) differed (P<0.05) only at 5th week and the mean values were 2.03 ± 0.12, 1.80 ± 0.11 and 1.90 ± 0.09 for T0, T1 and T2 treatment groups, respectively. Best feed FCR (1.80±0.11) was found in birds fed diet containing RSO (T1) and comparatively poor FCR (2.03±0.12) was found in birds fed diet without CSOS and RSO (T0). It could therefore be inferred that, RSO may be replaced by CSOS in broiler diet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Two Varieties of Guinea Corn and Millets as Replacement for Maize
E.D. Bulus E.A. Ibe S.T. Yakubu I. Samuel O.J. MakindeThe study was carried out to evaluate the effects of complete replacement of maize with two varieties of guinea corn and two varieties of millets on the growth performance and nutrient retention in broiler chickens. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets for the broil MoreThe study was carried out to evaluate the effects of complete replacement of maize with two varieties of guinea corn and two varieties of millets on the growth performance and nutrient retention in broiler chickens. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets for the broiler starter (23.5% CP; 2800 kcal/ME) and finisher (21.5% CP; 2900 kcal/ME) phases were formulated. Diet 1 consisted on a maize based diet and it served as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were white guinea corn, yellow guinea corn, pearl millet and finger millet based diets, respectively. A total of 225 day old Marshal broiler chickens were randomly assigned to the five experimental diets. Each treatment consisted of 45 birds and 3 replicates of 15 birds each in a completely randomized design. Final body weight (BW) and daily body weight gain (BWG) were higher (P<0.05) in birds fed pearl and finger millet diets at the starter and finisher phases. Pearlmillet based diet recorded the best (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the lowest (P<0.05) feed cost per unit of BWG. Feed intake (FI) at the starter phase was higher in birds fed yellow guinea corn diet than in those fed maize diet. Birds fed white guinea corn diet showed the lowest (P<0.05) BW, BWG, FI and FCR at the finisher phase. To conclude, complete replacement of maize with millets or with yellow guinea corn in broilers diet did not impair FI, BW, FCR and nutrient retention. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Intestinal Morphology and Microbiology of Broiler Chicken Fed Diets Containing Myrtle (Myrtus communis) Essential Oil Supplementation
S. Ghazanfari M. Adib Moradi M. Mahmoodi BardzardiThis experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary myrtle essential oil on small intestinal morphology and microbiology of broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to 5 treatments, 4 replications with a completely r MoreThis experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary myrtle essential oil on small intestinal morphology and microbiology of broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to 5 treatments, 4 replications with a completely randomized design. The diets were supplemented with: no myrtle essential oil (control), each of myrtle essential oil at levels of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg flavophospholipol antibiotic of diet. On day 42 days of age, one bird from each replicate was selected and then slaughtered and the intestinal microflora contents as well as morphology were analyzed. Dietary myrtle essential oil and antibiotic supplementations consistently resulted in significantly longer villus height, lower epithelial thickness and lower goblet cell number of the small intestinal at 42 day of age compared with the control treatment (P<0.05).Also, lower Escherichia coli count and higher Lactobacillus count of the caecum was found by inclusion of myrtle essential oil in the diet (P<0.001). The results of this study suggested that myrtle essential oil may be considered as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter may improve poultry performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Effect of Tomato Waste Meal on Lay Performance, Egg Quality, Lipid Profile and Carotene Content of Eggs in Laying Hens
M. Habanabashaka M. Sengabo I.O. OladunjoyeAn eight week study was conducted to investigate the effect of inclusion of tomato waste meal in layer diets on laying performance, egg quality and lipid profile as a means to reduce feed cost and pollution. Four laying diets containing tomato waste meal (TWM) at four l MoreAn eight week study was conducted to investigate the effect of inclusion of tomato waste meal in layer diets on laying performance, egg quality and lipid profile as a means to reduce feed cost and pollution. Four laying diets containing tomato waste meal (TWM) at four levels of 0, 3, 6 or 9% were assigned randomly to 4 groups of 40 birds divided among four replicates of 10 birds in each dietary treatment in a completely randomized experimental design. Collected on egg production, egg quality, yolk lipid profile and its carotenoid content which were analyzed byanalysis of variance using the general linear model procedure of SAS. Statistical results showed no differences in hen-day production at either 0, 3 or 6% inclusion level (68.30%, 67.80% and 68.10% respectively) but at the 9% (63.45% hen-day production) of inclusion level a significant (P<0.05) decrease was observed. Feed conversion ratio was significantly higher at the 9% inclusion level. Egg weight, Haugh unit and yolk index were not affected by dietary treatments. Yolk colour increased significantly with increasing levels of TWM in the diets. Yolk lipids (including cholesterol) were at the lowest amounts at 6% and 9% inclusion level. Yolk carotenoid content (including lycopene) of the birds that were fed diets containing TWM was significantly increased with increasing dietary content of TWM. It was concluded that up to 6% TWM can be included in layer diets without any adverse effect on egg quality and compromising egg production rate. This inclusion level also showed to be beneficial via enhancing yolk colour score and lycopene concentration and reducing egg yolk cholesterol content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Effects of L-Carnitine and Different Levels of Animal Fat on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, some Blood Parameters and Immune Response in Broiler Chicks
K. Parsaeimehr M. Afrouziyeh S. HoseinzadehThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of L-carnitine and different levels of animal fat on performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broiler chickens. Two hundred one-day old male broiler chicks were allotted to5 treatments in 4 rep MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of L-carnitine and different levels of animal fat on performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broiler chickens. Two hundred one-day old male broiler chicks were allotted to5 treatments in 4 replicates and 10 birds in each replicate. Dietary treatments consisted of: 1) diet with 5% vegetable oil (T1), 2) diet with 5% vegetable oil + 300 mg/kg L-carnitine (T2), 3) diet with 4% animal fat + 300 mg/kg L-carnitine (T3), 4) diet with 5% animal fat + 300 mg/kg L-carnitine (T4) and 5) diet with 6% animal fat + 300 mg/kg L-carnitine (T5). The dietary treatments had not significant effect on body weight gain in days 1-21 (P>0.05). The body weight of chicks fed T4 diet was increased in days 22-42 and whole period of the experiment (P<0.05). The diet with L-carnitine and 5% animal fat had a significant effect on feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). L-carnitine increased both thigh meat (P<0.05) and breast muscle percentages (P<0.01). The diets T3 and T4 reduced abdominal fat percentage (P<0.05). Diet T4 had a significant effect on fabricious bursa weight (P<0.05). The T3 and T5 diets had a significant effect on spleen weight (P<0.05). The diets with L-carnitine had a significant effect on heart weight (P<0.05). The results showed that adding L-carnitine in diet had no significant effect on blood parameters (P>0.05). Adding L-carnitine had a significant effect on Newcastle disease antibody titer at day 32 (P<0.05) but it had no significant effect on Newcastle disease antibody titer at day 42 (P>0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Application of Mathematical Models to Estimate Metabolizable Energy Contents of Energetic Concentrate Feedstuffs for Poultry
M. Sedghi K. Tayebipoor B. Poursina M. Eman Toosi P. Soleimani RoudiA study using 51 wheat, 56 barley and 34 oat grain samples was conducted to investigate the feasibility of predicting the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of these cereals for poultry. Stepwise regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship of MoreA study using 51 wheat, 56 barley and 34 oat grain samples was conducted to investigate the feasibility of predicting the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of these cereals for poultry. Stepwise regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship of AME with starch, ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), soluble sugar (SS), ash and crude protein (CP) (for wheat and barley grain samples) or dry matter (DM), CF, ash and CP (for oat grain samples) as independent variables. According to the stepwise regression analyses, SS, CF and ash for wheat, CF, EE and starch for barley and CF and CP for oat were found to be useful predictors for AME prediction. Also, multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods were developed to find the best models which can estimate the AME content of these cereals. Mean square deviation, Mean square variation and their components were used to evaluate the performance of MLR and ANN models. The results showed that AME of wheat can be predicted by SS, CF and ash. The CF, EE and starch are good independent variables to estimate AME content of barley samples. Also, CF and CP are good predictor parameters for AME prediction in oat samples. In case of model performance, the accuracy of the ANN model was stronger than MLR. Based on these results, it was concluded that the use of chemical composition in combination with the ANN model is a promising method to predict AME of wheat, barley and oat grain samples in poultry nutrition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - The Effect of Powder and Essential Oil of Savory Medicinal Plant Me (Satureja hortensis)on Performance and Antioxidant Status of Broiler Chicks under Heat Stress
S. Montazeri M. Jafari S. KhojastehThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of savory (Satureja hortensis) powder and its essential oil on performance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens under heat stress (34±2 ˚C for 8 hours per day). A total of 336 one-day-ol MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of savory (Satureja hortensis) powder and its essential oil on performance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens under heat stress (34±2 ˚C for 8 hours per day). A total of 336 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross-308) were divided into 6 treatments and 4 replications (14 birds per replicate). Experimental diets were a corn-soybean based diet with no supplement (control), diet containing 200-ppm vitamin E as positive control, diets containing 1 and 2% of savory powder and diets containing 100 and 200 ppm of savory essential oil. Antioxidant status was measured by analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and super oxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver tissue. Results indicated that body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by the experimental treatments. Experimental diets except diet containing 1% savory powder, decreased (P<0.05) MDA concentrations and increased SOD activities (P<0.05) in liver tissue as compared to the control diet. However, there were no significant differences in liver GPX activities between treatments. The results of this study concluded that, supplementation of diet with savory powder and its essential oil improved antioxidant status in broiler chickens reared under heat stress and it can be considered as a replacement for synthetic antioxidant in poultry diet in heat stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Effects of Glutamine Supplementation on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Status in Broilers with Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (PHS)
M. Fathi T. Tanha M. DaneshyarThe present study examined the antioxidant defense of glutamine on plasma and liver antioxidant status in broilers under PHS with respect to changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) and the activities of an MoreThe present study examined the antioxidant defense of glutamine on plasma and liver antioxidant status in broilers under PHS with respect to changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) and the activities of anti peroxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione dependent antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPX)] in the plasma and liver tissue. Sampling of blood and liver tissue were determined at d 21 and 42. At the end of the experiment, 2 chicks from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The heart was removed; the right ventricle was dissected away from the left ventricle and septum, then the ratio of right ventricle weight to total ventricle weight (RV/TV) calculated too. Average BW gain and average feed intake were measured weekly from d 15 and average feed conversion ratio was calculated and reported weekly. The results showed that glutamine supplementation improve average feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). Moreover, in bird with PHS, supplementation of glutamine significantly (P<0.05) reduced the levels of MDA in plasma and liver tissue. A parallel increase glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activates in plasma and liver tissue. But SOD activity in plasma and liver tissue did not affected by glutamine supplementation. Also, glutamine significantly (P<0.05) reduced right ventricle weight to total ventricle weight (RV/TV) and mortality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Determination of Apparent and True Digestibility of Poultry by Product Meal in Broiler Chickens
A. Zarei V. Jaberzadeh B. HemmatiIn order to determination of ileum apparent and true digestibility of two samples of poultry by product meal, an experiment was conducted with a total of 60 day-old broiler chicks, Ross 308 strain. Poultry by-product meal was prepared from two slaughter house in Alborz MoreIn order to determination of ileum apparent and true digestibility of two samples of poultry by product meal, an experiment was conducted with a total of 60 day-old broiler chicks, Ross 308 strain. Poultry by-product meal was prepared from two slaughter house in Alborz province. Samples were sent to laboratory for determination of chemical analysis. The birds received commercial broiler starter and grower diets from day l to 30. On day 30, sixty birds of uniform nearly some body weight (38±4 g) were allocated to twelve groups of five birds each and assigned to twelve cages. There were three dietary treatments, two diets containing two samples of poultry by-product meal (PBPM) and a nitrogen-free diet. Apparent digestibility values of the assay diet, using ileal contents, were calculated using chromic oxide as indigestible marker. True digestibility values were calculated using endogenous output determined by feeding a nitrogen-free diet. In day 42, birds were slaughtered by CO2 and ileum content was collected. Apparent and true digestibility of protein, Ca, P and metabolizable energy were calculated. Result showed there is difference between two samples of PBPM in chemical composition and nutrient digestibility. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) in sample 2 were higher than sample 1 (3665±137.75 vs. 3241±2.85 and 3495±134.45 vs. 3111±1.50, respectively) however these differences were not significant in some cases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The Effects of Different Levels of Grass ClippingWaste on Performance, Egg Traits and Blood Parameters of Laying Hens
A. NobakhtIn this experiment 144 Hy-line (W36) laying hens, 65 to 77 weeks of age were separated into 4 treatments with 3 replicates (12 birds per replicate) in a completely randomized design experiment. The grass clipping wastes incorporated into a complete formulated layer diet MoreIn this experiment 144 Hy-line (W36) laying hens, 65 to 77 weeks of age were separated into 4 treatments with 3 replicates (12 birds per replicate) in a completely randomized design experiment. The grass clipping wastes incorporated into a complete formulated layer diet, consisting on a corn and soybean based diet, were 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5% in 1 to 4 experimental groups. The results showed that using different levels of clipping waste significantly affected the performance, egg traits, blood biochemical parameters and immune cells of laying hens (P<0.05). The highest amounts of egg mass, feed intake, percent of egg production, the best feed conversion ratio, the lowest feed price for per kilogram of egg production and the highest egg yolk color index were obtained when using 3% of clipping waste. Despite this, the highest amounts of egg weight and egg specific gravity, the highest percentages of egg albumin and red blood cells were observed by using 4.5% of clipping waste. The highest level of blood HDL and percent lymphocyte and the lowest ratio of lymphocyte / heterophil were obtained using 1.5% of clipping waste. The overall results indicated that in laying hens, using clipping waste up to 3.0% of diets, significantly improved their performance, egg traits, blood biochemical parameters and immune cells. However, using 4.5% of clipping waste compared with control group, not only did not have any adverse effects on noticed parameters, but also improved them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Evaluation of Two Laying Systems (Floor vs. Cage) on Egg Production, Quality and Safety
V.G. Stanley D. Nelson M.B. DaleyA study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two laying systems (floor versus cage) on egg production, egg quality, and microbial safety. One hundred and eighty 42 wk old laying hens were separated into two groups of 90 hens each, and housed in laying cages and a fl MoreA study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two laying systems (floor versus cage) on egg production, egg quality, and microbial safety. One hundred and eighty 42 wk old laying hens were separated into two groups of 90 hens each, and housed in laying cages and a floor laying system. Eggs from the hens were collected for 2 weeks, and hen-day egg production, egg quality (whole egg, albumen, yolk and shell weights), saleability, and marketability were measured. Total bacteria counts on the egg shell surface were also enumerated at 0, 4 and 8 h after laying. Results indicated that hen-day egg production by hens in the cage system (95%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than production by hens from the floor system (85%), but there was no significant differences in egg weight, albumen, yolk, or shell weights. Hens housed in the cage laying systems produced significantly (P<0.05) more marketable eggs (95%) than hens housed in the floor laying system (89%). Significantly (P<0.05) more unsaleable eggs were also produced by hens in the floor laying system (11%) than in the cage system (4%). Bacteria counts on egg shells from hens of the cage laying system were significantly (P<0.05) lower at 0 and 4 h after laying (4.02 and 5.90 log cfu/mL, respectively) than counts on shells of eggs from the floor laying system (6.58 and 7.25 log cfu/mL, respectively). There was no significant difference in contamination of eggs collected 8 h after laying. Findings indicate hens housed in cages produce more eggs with higher quality and less bacterial contamination than hens house in floors laying systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Relationship between Phenotypic Sexual Characters and Semen Characteristics in Four Strains of Cocks in Northern Nigeria
A.A. Ibrahim N.K. Alade J. Aliyu . A.I MuhammadA study was carried out to evaluate the secondary sexual characteristics of four strains of cocks, comprising of two (2) exotics; Bovan Nera Black (BNB) and Isa Brown (ISB), one (1) improved local strain, Shika Brown (SB) and one (1) unimproved local strain, normal feat MoreA study was carried out to evaluate the secondary sexual characteristics of four strains of cocks, comprising of two (2) exotics; Bovan Nera Black (BNB) and Isa Brown (ISB), one (1) improved local strain, Shika Brown (SB) and one (1) unimproved local strain, normal feathered cock (NFC). A total of 64 birds (16 for each strain) at 36, 38, 40 and 42 weeks were used for the study. The result indicated that shank length, comb length, comb width, wattle length and wattle width were all significantly (P<0.001) affected by strains, with the exotic strains being superior to the local cocks. Age × strain interactions were also found to be significant. Phenotypic correlations between the secondary sexual characters were found to be significantly high and positive. The correlation between the secondary sexual characters and semen characteristics showed that shank length, wattle length and width, comb length and width had a positive correlation with semen volume (r=0.123, 0.335, 0.195 and 0.408 and 0.348 P<0.01), total sperm count (r=0.202, 0.300, 0.188, 0.403 and 0.320 P<0.05) and normal sperm (r=0.175, 0.143, 0.026, 0.155 and 0.065 P<0.05) respectively. Shank length has a positive correlation with sperm motility (0.010) and dead sperm (0.026), but a negative correlation with live spermatozoa. The result of this study shows a considerable similarity among the strains of cocks with respect to secondary sexual traits. Therefore, it may be inferred from this study that length of shank, comb and wattle are good predictors of semen attributes in male chickens. Selecting cocks with larger shank length, comb and wattle size can improve the semen quality and subsequently, results to higher fertility. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Morphometric Traits and Correlation between Body Weight and Body Size Traits in Isa Brown and IlorinEcotype Chickens
T.R. Fayeye J.K. Hagan A.R. ObadareData collected in 2012 on 400 chickens were subjected to two-way analyses of variance to estimatebody weight, morphometric traits as well as the correlationbetween body weight and morphometric traitsin Isa Brown and Ilorin ecotypechickens. The studied morphometric trait MoreData collected in 2012 on 400 chickens were subjected to two-way analyses of variance to estimatebody weight, morphometric traits as well as the correlationbetween body weight and morphometric traitsin Isa Brown and Ilorin ecotypechickens. The studied morphometric traits were comb length, beak length,head length, neck length, body length, wing length, shank length, thigh length, toe length, breast length, and breast breadth. The results showed that genotype, sex and genotype × sex interaction significantly (P<0.05) affect body weight and morphometric trait measurements. Isa Brown chicken had a significantly higher (P<0.05) matured body weight than Ilorin ecotype birds. Isa Brown birdshadhigher (P<0.05) morphometric traitsthan Ilorin ecotype birds except for toe length. Male birdshad higher body weight (P<0.05) and were also higher in most of the morphometric trait measurements than female birds.Interactionsbetween genotype and sex weresignificant (P<0.05) for body weight and morphometric traits,except for breast length and breast breadth. Morphometric traits measured inyoung birds were significantly (P<0.05) correlated with body weight (0.68-0.95) except for wing lengthin Isa Brown and breast length in Ilorin ecotype chicken. Correlations between body weight and morphometric traits in adult Isa Brown birds were higher (0.27-0.95) than correlations between body weight and morphometric traits in Ilorin ecotype chicken (0.02-0.91). A significant negative correlation was obtained between body weight and beak length (-0.72) in Isa Brown and between body weight and wing length (-0.35) in Ilorin ecotype chicken. Morphometric traits measured on male birds were more highly correlated with body weight (0.68-0.95) than in female chickens,except for breast breadth. The present study showed that the two genotypes could be adequately characterised using morphometric indices. The study further revealed that morphometric indices like body length and comb length can be adequately usedto predict body weight of birds in the two genotypes.However, the negative correlation obtained between body weight and wing length in Ilorin ecotype chicken requiresfurther investigation to determine its basis for chicken adaptation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - A Survey on Turkey Rearing in Rural Areas of Kwara State, Nigeria
O.J. Amao K.L. Ayorinde T.R. FayeyeA participatory rural appraisal technique (PRAT) was used to obtain information from 132 randomly selected turkey farmers in two out of four agricultural development zones in Kwara state, Nigeria. Data were obtained on socio-occupational status of farmers, their product MoreA participatory rural appraisal technique (PRAT) was used to obtain information from 132 randomly selected turkey farmers in two out of four agricultural development zones in Kwara state, Nigeria. Data were obtained on socio-occupational status of farmers, their production objectives, experience, flock structure, management practices, marketing and consumption of turkey eggs. The results showed that there was more male turkey farmers (52.27%) than females. The average age of farmers was 52.6 years and was either Christian or Muslim (43.18% vs. 56.82%). Most of the farmers were literate and relied solely on the local breed for their production. The mean flock size was 13 birds per farmer. The observed plumage colours were black, white and lavender. Over 90% of the birds were kept either extensively or in a semi-intensive system using locally available food wastes and grains. The mean mating ratio was 1: 1.66. Birds were selected mainly for body weight, while most of the sale of turkey occurs during Christmas (65.15%). About 79% of farmers consume turkey eggs meant for hatching because of their love for the taste of the eggs or due to the inability of the hen to incubate all eggs at once. Results indicate that turkey production is still at subsistence level characterised by poor breeding, feeding, housing and marketing. Improved turkey production will require a more vigorous public extension services. It also calls for the introduction of improved local or crossbred turkeys with a higher genetic potential. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Effect of Propolis Supplementation on Productive Performance in Local Quail
I.T. Tayeb B.F. SulaimanThis experiment was carried out at the College of Agriculture University of Salahaddin Erbil. To study the effect of water supplementation with propolis on local quail performance, some physiological and immunological characteristics at 42 days old. A total of one thous MoreThis experiment was carried out at the College of Agriculture University of Salahaddin Erbil. To study the effect of water supplementation with propolis on local quail performance, some physiological and immunological characteristics at 42 days old. A total of one thousand fifty (1050) hatched local quail eggs that obtained from the project of Al-Rashedia for Agriculture Researches Center in Mousl governorate, were placed in the hatcheries machine, after 17 days the chicks were hatched. A total of four hundred fifty (450)unsexed day old quail chicks were randomly allocated into five treatment groups. Chicks in each treatment group (90 chicks) were subdivided into three replications (30 chicks for each). The five dietary treatment groups were as follows: T1) control, T2) (100 mg propolis/L water), T3) (200 mg propolis/L water), T4) (300 mg propolis/L water) and T5) (400 mg propolis/L water). Live body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio; mortality percentage and daily egg production were recorded. At the end of the experiment, all chicks were slaughtered and production index (PI), dressing percentage and carcass cuts percentage were measured.The overall data shows the following results: water supplementation with different levels of propolis significantly (P<0.05) increased the live body weight, carcass weight, thigh %, back % and wing % compared to control group, level (3) 300 mg propolis/L water is better treatment for productive performance than other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Lysine Requirements of Female Japanese Quails Base on Performance and Carcass Variables from Twenty-One to Forty-Two Days of Age
I. Hajkhodadadi H. Moravej M. Shivazad H. Ghasemi A. Zareh-ShahnehThe present research was conducted to estimate the dietary lysine (Lys) requirement of growing female quail base on performance and carcass constitutes at 24 to 42 d of age. A dose-response diet mainly based on corn, corn gluten and soybean meal was used. Lys content wa MoreThe present research was conducted to estimate the dietary lysine (Lys) requirement of growing female quail base on performance and carcass constitutes at 24 to 42 d of age. A dose-response diet mainly based on corn, corn gluten and soybean meal was used. Lys content was minimized in dose-response diet (10 g/kg) while assuring the minimum levels of all other essential amino acids in a manner that would meet or exceed recommendation. This experiment was carried out in a complete randomized design arrangement with 6 dietary Lys level; 10.0, 11.5, 13.0, 14.5, 16.0 and 17.5 g/kg, from 21 to 42 d of age. Each treatment was consisted of 5 floor pens as replicate with 50 quail chicks. As a result of this study increasing dietary Lys level, body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved significantly (P<0.05). Feed intake, carcass weight, breast weight and yield, and thigh weight were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary Lys. The thigh yield at 42 d of age were not influenced significantly (P>0.05) by dietary Lys. Our results suggested that Lys requirement is 13.5 and 14.7 g/kg when feed conversion, body weight (BW) gain are considered and is at least 13.6 and 15.0 g/kg when and breast and thigh meat properties are taken into account in female Japanese quails at 21-42 d of age for second order polynomial and quadratic broken-line models respectively. These results indicated that the Lys requirement of 13.0 g/kg (total basis) is not adequate from 21 to 42 d of age for female Japanese quails. Future research, however, should determine lysine needs for immune system functions of quails reared in conventional environments or during an infectious challenge. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Comparative Analysis of the Allele Pool of Thoroughbred Horses in Different Countries
A.V. Shelyov O.V. Melnyk I.O. Suprun V.G. Spyrydonov S.D. Melnychuk V.V. Dzitsiuk B.M. GopkaThe aim of the present study was the conducting of comparative analysis of allele pool of Ukrainian population of Thoroughbred horses and the populations from England, USA, Russia and South Korea using microsatellite loci of DNA on the basis of our own researches and li MoreThe aim of the present study was the conducting of comparative analysis of allele pool of Ukrainian population of Thoroughbred horses and the populations from England, USA, Russia and South Korea using microsatellite loci of DNA on the basis of our own researches and literary sources. Comparative analysis of allele pool of Thoroughbred populations from different countries was conducted using 6 microsatellites loci: AHT04, AHT05, HMS03, HMS06, HMS07 and HTG04, which are recommended by International Society for Animals Genetics (ISAG) for parentage verification and identity testing of horses. The number of observed alleles in Ukrainian population was higher than in other countries. The most similar populations by allele frequencies were English and American populations of Thoroughbred horses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Reduced Skull Sexual Dimorphism in a Local Sheep Breed
P.M. Pares-CasanovaThis study estimated the magnitude of sexual dimorphism in a relict sheep from Catalunya (NE Spain), called Fardasca,using geometric morphometric techniques. For these analyses, a total of 18 skull specimens (2 adult males and 16 females) were studied. Our results sugge MoreThis study estimated the magnitude of sexual dimorphism in a relict sheep from Catalunya (NE Spain), called Fardasca,using geometric morphometric techniques. For these analyses, a total of 18 skull specimens (2 adult males and 16 females) were studied. Our results suggest that the breed is not cranially dimorphic, so sex determination using landmarks described here as criteria is likely to yield poor results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Fear Response in Roosters Orally Exposed to Alcohol: An Alternative Animal Model
F. Pazhoohi S. Shojaee M.M. Ommati F. Saemi A. AkhlaghiEffect of ethanol consumption on fear response in human and conventional animal models (rodents) is controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanol administration on fearfulness in poultry as an alternative animal model.Being a reliable measu MoreEffect of ethanol consumption on fear response in human and conventional animal models (rodents) is controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanol administration on fearfulness in poultry as an alternative animal model.Being a reliable measure in avian species, tonic immobility was used to evaluate the fear response in 60 roosters orally administered with ethanol. Duration of tonic immobility was higher in alcohol-exposed birds compared to the control birds (P<0.05), suggesting that dosing the roosters with ethanol was associated with an increased fear response which makes poultry as a plausible alternative model in behavioral studies. Manuscript profile
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