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Open Access Article
1 - Position Study of skeletal factors in social interactions of residential neighborhoods
Amir Saeid Mahmoodi Majid MansourpourSocial interaction is one of the issues considered as the most important distresses in planning the residential neighborhoods, and many of the qualities and values of a neighborhood can be found in the interaction centered neighborhoods. Population increase, social and MoreSocial interaction is one of the issues considered as the most important distresses in planning the residential neighborhoods, and many of the qualities and values of a neighborhood can be found in the interaction centered neighborhoods. Population increase, social and cultural diversities and non-pursuing of past traditional models of neighborhoods in planning and designing approves such types of researches on social interactions. Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify the position of constitutional factors along with all other effective components on the social interaction. The hypothesis of this research has been established on the base that constitutional factors are one of the most important effective components in interaction centered residential neighborhoods. Considering this discussion, the inhabitants of residential neighborhoods can be encouraged for interaction and discussion in the architectural planning/designing. Therefore, the most important questions of this research are as follows: i) Which components have the most effect on the models of social interactions of residential neighborhoods’ inhabitants and to what extent are the skeletal components effective on this theme? 2) Which types of attributes do the architecture of interaction-centered residential neighborhoods have? And whether by developing changes in the constitution, steps could be forwarded in the direction of facilitating the emergence of these social relations? The study case zone is the Kharratan neighborhood of Dezful town. Questionnaire tool was selected to collect the data. Two questionnaires have been employed to investigate the under study variables in this research: 1-social interaction questionnaire 2- 12 folded questionnaire for neighborhood quality. The rating of this questionnaire was of 5 degree Likert scale and the viewpoints of 344 people were assessed from the residents of residential neighborhoods to collect the research data. The collected data were analyzed using the 16th version of SPSS software in the next stage. The research findings indicates that in Kharratan neighborhood, the components of trust feeling, values and joint activities, access and readability/legibility, relation to the past, attraction and spatial facilities, climatic comfort, human scale along with the identification and belonging feeling in addition to security had more correlation coefficient with the social interactions of the residents. The trust feelings as well as the joint social activities are discussed in developing the social interactions of a neighborhood. These 10 components can be classified in four general groups of social, identification, comfort, and structural-constitutional. As these components have significant relation with each other, the qualitative value of each group and as a result, the local social interactions can be promoted considering the architectural and constitutional factors. In addition, the results of research emphasize on the important and basic role of constitutional factors in developing the interaction-centered neighborhood and introduce the social structure of neighborhood comprised of 4 dimensions of comfort, identification, social systems, and constitution. These four dimensions together are influenced by each other. It is suggested, therefore, that the urban planners/designers and architectures of today should pay special attention to identification-constitutional and comfort-constitutional communications in addition to constitutional-social system to plan society centered spaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Globalization & Regionalism in Contemporary Architecture: Interaction or Mutuality
Qader Bayzidi Iraj Etesam Farah Habib Seyed Mostafa Mokhtabad AmreiA complicated, multilateral and unavoidable process, globalization semiconsciously covers growing temporal and spatial integration, dissemination of knowledge, ­ability to understand the others, strengthening intercultural interactions and integration of universal a MoreA complicated, multilateral and unavoidable process, globalization semiconsciously covers growing temporal and spatial integration, dissemination of knowledge, ­ability to understand the others, strengthening intercultural interactions and integration of universal and local affairs, and consequently, introduces further development into social arena in the postmodern era. On one hand, formation of a global village and growing mutual effects in the world of architecture have led to concerns over domination of universalism and homogeneity, losing the soul of the place and creating faults in local identities. On the other, regionalism in architecture centers on preserving special characteristics of space and showing dissimilarities, and prioritizes special regional identity over universal characteristics. Definition of regionalism covers a wide spectrum due to its diversity and the course of events in different approaches to this theory, but generally, it is claimed that ecological features, climate conditions, social and cultural conditions and local customs are among important features of regionalism. Regionalism is an approach to coordinating the influence of global civilization with special local features. In another words, since man is an heir and creator of global culture as well as possessing a regional culture, he has to quiver knowledge of the interaction between both of them. Supporters of such theory believe that architecture has to reflect the features of the self and be independent of an emotional view point of region, tradition and history. The present paper attempts to investigate the relationship between globalization and current regional based approaches in the field of contemporary architecture. The research method is descriptive-analytical by using content analysis technique. Economic arena, on one hand, faces universal and global supply of multinational companies, and deals with local demand, on the other. This emphasizes the need for designing products in line with special regional circumstances in order to attract consumers and establish a global-regional interaction. In politics, there is an alignment theory of globalization and regionalism that based on which regionalism moderates globalization and both enjoy a mutual relationship. In culture, contemporary world covers both universalization and homogeneity and localization and heterogeny. Globalization provides a bed for universalization of local culture and localization of global culture. Local cultural systems enjoy a complex relationship with global culture to have its privileges. The results show that on one hand, the multilateral nature of globalization indicates that it enjoys an alignment of homogenous and heterogeneous approaches in such a way that it recognizes variety, pluralism and heterogenic and prepares the ground for special cultural and architectural identities and values. On the other, having shifted from nativist approaches and emphasis on physical interpretations and stylistic, structural and aesthetic issues towards modern approaches and social, cultural issues, ecosystem and interpersonal relationships, regionalism aims at modifying traditional prejudiced thoughts, strengthening an interactional approach and creating variety as well as enjoying universal privileges (critical regionalism, interactional regionalism and bioregionalism). Therefore, there proves to be a mutual relationship between these phenomena. The coexistence between technology and cultural identity (place) in architecture leads to the formation of a type of hybrid architecture enjoying universal privileges and regional indices (global- local). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Multilevel governance of the metropolitan region: applying new regionalism approach (Case study: metropolitan region of Mashhad)
Mozaffar Sarrafi naser nejatiThe roots of many problems that cities nowadays face are the outside of their realm. In fact, different studies on cities and their suburbs in the entire world indicates that cooperation between central city and their suburbs are absolutely necessary to address these re MoreThe roots of many problems that cities nowadays face are the outside of their realm. In fact, different studies on cities and their suburbs in the entire world indicates that cooperation between central city and their suburbs are absolutely necessary to address these regional problems such as urban sprawl, unemployment, devastation of agriculture and open spaces, social injustice, and environmental injustice. Mashhad metropolitan is not an exception in this paradigm and faces with many and various problems such as urban sprawl, devastation of agriculture and open spaces which are originated at a higher level in the metropolitan region of Mashhad. The metropolitan region of Mashhad consists of four different and separate counties; Mashhad, Fariman, Chenaran and lastly Binalud. The regional management in metropolitan region of Mashhad is not well integrated and thus, manifested in the chaotic and somehow win-lose competitions within the aforementioned regions. New regionalism approach has the capability to reduce the rivalries and establishing collaborative milieu. For applying new regionalism, it is needed to apply multilevel governance approach in the regional scale. This article aims to study regional management system based on the new regionalism approach to address the problems of metropolitan region in Mashhad. Thus, firstly, the shortcomings of new regionalism and regional management methods are analyzed. After that, current regional management system of metropolitan region of Mashhad is carefully studied. Therefore, the best regional management method for covering the shortcomings in the metropolitan region of Mashhad is deliberated. Research review method is used and explained in the literature review of new regionalism and regional management. Also, in studying regional management system of metropolitan region of Mashhad, descriptive-analytical research method is used. The research method is based on analyzing secondary data and formal related documents about Mashhad’s spatial management system. In addition, the academic sources with regards to regional management and new regionalism have been reviewed neatly and carefully to provide the necessary theoretical framework for the problems. New Regionalism is an approach which recognizes certain regions that are capable of cooperation and integration among their intra-regional institutions in pursue of political, socio-economic, cultural, and environmental synergies. The best way for applying new regionalism is through governance. In fact governance is complement of new regionalism. New regionalism should be implemented step by step and carefully to ease the resistance to change as well as to give it sufficient time for tailoring the most appropriate institutional arrangement. Also, the most efficient way for cooperation between regional actors is multilevel governance which mostly is based on subsidiarity. Research findings suggests that multilevel governance system with the participation of all regional actors based on subsidiarity can be an effective regional management system of metropolitan region of Mashhad. For the metropolitan region of Mashhad two-level governance is recommended: the first level is in the territory of metropolitan region with participation of state, public and private sector and civil society. The second level is in the territory of the formerly introduced and aforementioned counties (Mashhad, Fariman, Chenaran and Binalud). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Assessing the effective components on improving the quality of architectural space in the Public Libraries (case study: Central Library of Hamadan)
Mohsen Faizi S.Bagher Hosseini Vahid Majidi Javad AhmadiArchitectural space, organizes the human life. Assessing and prioritizing the effective criteria in designing architectural space could be also effective on designer’s decision to improve the qualitative elements of space and provide the necessary physical utiliti MoreArchitectural space, organizes the human life. Assessing and prioritizing the effective criteria in designing architectural space could be also effective on designer’s decision to improve the qualitative elements of space and provide the necessary physical utilities for its inhabitants or potential users. The public libraries by responding to cultural capitation, and as major sources of public education are promoting public knowledge and playing an important role in attracting maximum number of people. In each architectural space, physical elements have been considered as main factors to shape the space. Space is one of the elements in architectural design which is considered continuously in both theory and profession. People perceive the architecture by space and recognize it by form and these two parts of architecture have inherent relationship with each other and therefor enrichment of space comes from the composition of physical elements. In other words, the Interconnectedness between essence of space and physical elements have been recognized as main parts of architectural process. Quality is a sophis ticated subject in architecture which in different situations gets disparate definitions. Quality is one of the accepted ideal of analysis and perceiving architectural projects. Quality of subject indicates the transcendence, similarity or inferior of subject in comparison with other subjects. Perceiving the superior or inferior quality of subjects could be accomplished by a subjective or objective process. Improving the quality of architectural space could have a major effect on sense of user and it could influence the user's satisfaction during the exis tence of a certain space. There are lots of s trategies to obtain high qualities in spaces such as increasing flexibility, multifunctioning the space, introducing active and passive spaces in architecture, promoting transparency, porosity, fluidity, and drawing connections between indoor and outdoor spaces.The main purpose of this s tudy is to find the criteria that promotes the quality of architectural space in libraries. This analysis-descriptive research has been done with a quantitative approach, by using factor analysis and SPSS20 software for balancing and reduction of measures in order to gain a desirable design in connection with the supply of user’s satisfaction of architectural space. In this research, forming out questionnaires for the case s tudy was necessary to achieve the aforementioned purposes. The population who participated in this research consisted of selected Hamadan library users, including men and women in the age range of 18-35 years old, who were observed carefully in a period of 4 months. According to s tatis tical methods, sample size was 226 and the type of sample selecting method was random sampling. With this arrangement, special physical specifications of central library of Hamadan as an exis ting and viable sample of cultural space in a city scale has been analyzed, and the results of this research have revealed that among 10 factors in improvement of special qualities in libraries, attention to view and vegetarian covering, interior lighting and the proportion in design are the mos t important factors that should be the main priorities for interventions, in order to supply the desirable s tudy room. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Evaluation of middle scale urban form in accordance with transect as a theory and approach
Mehran Alalhesabi Mostafa Behzadfar Elnaz AmirhodaeiIn different periods, urban form as substantial dimension of urban design has been core issue involving all urban designers with different approaches. The literature reviewing indicates that urban form can be treated with various approaches under positive or normative p MoreIn different periods, urban form as substantial dimension of urban design has been core issue involving all urban designers with different approaches. The literature reviewing indicates that urban form can be treated with various approaches under positive or normative point of view. According to the issues involved in urban measurement, different point of views lead to explore three interrelated aspects of urban s tudy- the Measurement, Evaluation, and Representation of urban form. In addition there is a need to adopt a strategic approach in dealing with urban issues. Therefore, the paper considering with normative point of view put emphasis on urban form evaluation.In recent years, mos t recent innovation of new urbanism so called “transect” has been a very common theory and approach in urban design and planning specifically in America and Europe, although it is being used in a limited way in the Middle East. The transect approach described in this paper is based on a publication known as the Lexicon, a multi-authored compendium of New Urbanis t definitions and codes. Urban design and planning seek to create an immersive environment. This type of environment can be created by specifying and arranging the elements which comprise that environment in a way that is true to locational character which seems to be intrinsic to the place. To be immersive in urban environments is identified with their level and intensity of urban character. There is no scrutiny of how urban form has been created in accordance with transect theory and transect approach is characterized while much more research has been done on transect theoretical framework. Therefore the paper presents an overview of transect as theory and approach, exploring how urban form can be evaluated in accordance with transect.In this regard, transect indices are identified by using three-s teps research methodology that is characterized in determination of “dimensions”, “components” and “indices”. Principles of transect are categorized in “substantial” and “procedural” dimensions. This research uses “ecology” as a basic discipline for interpretation of “components”. In other words, “ecology” has been a reliable criterion to extract indices. In this regard, basic concepts of ecology conceptualizing transect are recognized—“ecosys tem”, “community”, “diversity”, “succession”, and “coevolution”. Afterwards, critical issues and concepts that have to be redefined in order to interpret of “components” and “indices” are determined by comparative comparison between transect and ecology as basic discipline. In addition, it’s done to redefine basic concepts in macro level – scale and context – in transect in according to what they are meaning in ecology. Therefore, transect indices are extracted from these basic concepts as “components”. They are as follows: “juxtaposition”, “locational sequence”, “suitability between urban elements types and urban character of environment” that has been defined by “number of types been found” and “population of elements with specific type”, “suitability between urban elements compared to each other”, “diversity of transect zone types”, “diversity of urban elements types”, “climax”, “transition”, and “coevolution of urban elements”. Eventually the paper present a framework in order to quantify these indices according to relative abundance formula.Keywords: Urban Form Evaluation, New Urbanism, Transect, Principle of Ecology, Urban Character (Urban Intensity) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Optimization of Geometry of Architectures to Achieve the Thermal Function with ThermoAcoustic Effect
Zahra Sokhandan Sorkhabi Farshad Nasrollahi Abbas GhaffariIn this paper, geometries of architecture have been identified which convert maximum sound and oscillation energies to thermal energy without any kind of absorbers to minimize mount of noise in spaces through the geometry of space with absorbing the maximum sound energi MoreIn this paper, geometries of architecture have been identified which convert maximum sound and oscillation energies to thermal energy without any kind of absorbers to minimize mount of noise in spaces through the geometry of space with absorbing the maximum sound energies. Research has been done with COMSOL5.2 software and simulation method. The argument of this research has been done through the logical reasoning and with test developing in selective software and has been documented and resulted. In process of research, sound with 8000 HZ frequency that simulated a human speech, has been played in spaces with diverse form (changes in form of walls, ceilings) and same materials and has been calculated the mount of intensity, pressure and sound pressure level. Then mount of sound absorbing and converting to thermal energy has been simulated in spaces with applying the absorbing rate of air and results has been documented from temperature change dependence to geometry of spaces. It is so important that the walls, ceilings and floors were adiabatic and insulate completely from inside. In Simulation processes, air has been used as a material that is filled inside of simulated forms and there has been not any kind of other materials. By obtaining numerical results, the most suitable geometries are identified for producing heat through the sound oscillations and minimizing the noise. As a result, it was found that geometry of building make potential for Acoustic and thermal comfort from sound energy without any kind of absorbing materials inside of rooms. Heating changes simulated in two kind of geometries: pure volume and composite volume. Composite volumes have been choosing through the result of pure volume. Between pure volumes, Cylinder produced maximum temperature through the sound energies. Considering cylinder as a regular polygon with infinity corners and sides and making corners in composite volumes, heating changes oscillated due to corners between sides. Corners with angel about to 90 degree produce more heat compared with other corners. A plurality of corners with 90 degree and equal sides adjacent to angle in geometry of architectural spaces change the mount of temperature in increasing ways. Corners with obtuse angles cause higher temperature and corners with acute angles produce lower temperature. The highest temperature happens in geometries with 90 degree angles. Number of corners with obtuse and acute angles did not follow the definitive rules to produce heating or cooling in this study. The Best position for making consecutive corners in plans with right corners is the upper third of the height of Architectural spaces that produce high temperature. In compact geometries, the heat generated due to sound energies and oscillations are more than geometries with stretching in one direction. A Cube produces more heat than rectangle with same amount of height and volume. Composite of Cylinder and cube volumes in walls by maintaining the corners with 90 degree angles, lead to increasing the temperature. Filleted angles in walls of cubes and rectangles, with radius of ¼ of side of cube and more, make temperature increasing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Cognitive Perspective and Linguistic Metaphors in Iran’s Contemporary Architecture
Ali Mohammadi Ali AsgharzadehPerspective is not necessarily a representive instrument of drawing, but it is emerged our comprehensive and cognitive-linguistic framework. In fact perspective creation in art is interweaved with our linguistic view toward our surrounding environment. Perspective is a MorePerspective is not necessarily a representive instrument of drawing, but it is emerged our comprehensive and cognitive-linguistic framework. In fact perspective creation in art is interweaved with our linguistic view toward our surrounding environment. Perspective is a schema to transform the concepts and make metaphors as the linguistic aspect because it metaphorically demonstrates our prediction and conception towards the time and the reference frames toward place, whenever our frames of reference would be changed in language, our perspectives would be changed in art. Three linguistics reference frames (absolute, relative and intrinsic) have been used and matched with three human positions toward horizon line (below, same level and upper horizon line) to create a model. This model expanded to review philosophy and architecture in three periods (Tradition, Renaissance and Information age) Emphasizing on the subject or subjectivism could turn the modern epistemology in philosophy in renaissance period. This movement which determined the configuration of knowledge in an exact place and prediction of events in an exact time, recreated perspective in painting and architecture. As this movement is wholly organized on human point of view, it is called relative perspective. In tradition era, which ontological and holistic cognition govern on thought, perception of space and ordering of events have achieved not only by human point of view but also by their inherent placement. In Iranian perspective, architect or painter do not see objects in human view. Instead, imagine him or herself in infinite position or everywhere and each scene or event is placed simultaneously beside each other based of its inherent value therefore when objects go father they become wider, contrary to western perspective in painting and architecture which objects become smaller when they go farther. Because of this comprehensive point of view, this perspective is called intrinsic perspective. Human mind has sunk in simultaneous information in the electronic revolution and its affected virtualization, which simultaneity is replaced with the sequentiality, smoothness and two dimensional spaces are replaced with three dimensional spaces. In this age, we have multi surfaces of consciousness and multi perspectives that occur simultaneously. As we have multi layers of consciousness based of multi point of view of different observers, our perspective is nonlinear relative perspective. An analogy between imaginative and paradoxical spaces have been done in Iranian miniature and cyber space in network world based on our cognitive linguistic achievements. In order to illustrate our analogy, the perspective of two different case studies have been compared: Auditorium of Seattle library (Designed by Rem Koolhaas) and central pavilion of Kashan Fin Garden. At the end, the comparative table and analogical model achieved that help to explain the structure of the perspective for Iran contemporary architecture in the virtual era. As a conclusion, there is a double pattern, intrinsic-relative perspective, in which interface with two different scales: On the one hand, hyper realization when someone zoom on objects and on the other hand, simultaneous imagination when someone go far of the events. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Explaining the impact of paradigm on changes in form in contemporary architecture
Ghazal SafdarianNowadays, the position of form in architecture is much more criticized due to a plurality of votes in the regard. The position of form in architecture with different definitions in different eras is the result of the ways of thought and worldview dominating on that inte MoreNowadays, the position of form in architecture is much more criticized due to a plurality of votes in the regard. The position of form in architecture with different definitions in different eras is the result of the ways of thought and worldview dominating on that intellectual period in which architectural form as the outermost layer is always one of its manifestations. What to be addressed here, is the trend of contemporary intellectual currents influencing the architectural form to be crystallized in particular forms in different periods. According to mentioned notes, in this paper, with the use of text content analysis, it is attempted to analyze the architectural paradigms mainly after the Industrial Revolution in Europe and then to criticize its impact on form in respect to its architectural theories. Finally, the highlighted form features in each period are categorized and specified. Architectural changes over time demonstrate differences in working of creators’ thought, somehow influencing or being influenced by the dominant paradigms of that period. Changes that are increased according to today’s pluralistic world so that we shortly observe, major changes which might be unavoidable in all aspects of society and in the architecture of that time. Form in architecture in respect to its special features in communicating with the surroundings has always undergone fundamental changes considered much at a time, becoming a sort of thinking language and later becoming a cover in displaying totality of architecture. In general, form can be observed as the result of objective ideas affected by a series of factors requiring different senses in any style. Form as one of the most influential indicators shaping architecture framework reflects the worldview defining the dominant thought in that period. It is obvious that there is a close relationship between form and paradigm. Architectural form is always shaped and becomes meaningful under the influence of its dominant paradigm. In addition, other factors such as human mind and imagination also create a wide range of arenas in architecture and art with the aid of technology that each requires a body architecture inspired by the spirit of its time. Form along with the texture, shape and color is among the indicators that influence the definition of body architecture, which has always been much discussed as far as the form-oriented architecture and performance-oriented architecture are among the common concepts in contemporary architecture, considered as a challenge among architects. The Performance-oriented architecture that was founded with the emergence of modern architecture with regarded efficiency and performance as a principle in architecture and offer a new definition of form in architecture that was simplicity and removing the ornaments. The Form-oriented view that was based on the principle of putting form over architecture was mainly promoted by thinkers such as Aldo Rossi, emphasizing form and form complexities as the abstract language of architecture. Generally we observe forming combined views considering the importance of both views in architecture. Emphasis on the concept of form beauties is meaningful along with the proper performance. Manuscript profile
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