Comparative Literature Studies: 2 (50)

Open Access Article

1 - A Study on Mythical Intertextuality in Shamloo's Poetry (Based on Gérard Genette's Theory)
Akram Zafari Batool Fakhr Islam Seyyed Hossein Seyyedi Akbar Shabani

Mythical texts are texts of past which have close relation with Persian poetries. Myths own intertextual nature; because in the texts in different times, verbal and written literature are reviewd contiously.   Intertextuality and comparative mythodology are tw More

Mythical texts are texts of past which have close relation with Persian poetries. Myths own intertextual nature; because in the texts in different times, verbal and written literature are reviewd contiously.   Intertextuality and comparative mythodology are two continuous sciences. Shamloo is one of the famous Iranian poets who was committed to society in Persian literature. Assumption of the present article is that Shamloo was enamored of western culture and Christian texts; thus intertextual discourse (with Gérard Genette's approach) with the texts derived from the mentioned cultures is more applicable in his works. The present research attempts to study not only recognize intertextuality focused on Gérard Genette's writtings but also expresses its application in Shamloo's poetries.  This article's methos is descriptive with comparative approach. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Characterization in "Crossings" Novel by Danielle Steel
Reyhaneh Nami Sharif Abad Reza Ashrafzadeh

Various nations' relationship and knowing their literature have always been a proper field to create cultural and social changes and evolution. The writers who know themselves as part of other people, social and cultural movements, may cause literature's growth and deve More

Various nations' relationship and knowing their literature have always been a proper field to create cultural and social changes and evolution. The writers who know themselves as part of other people, social and cultural movements, may cause literature's growth and development. One of the most important and key elements in story writing is character and characterization undoubtedly which determines form and process of the story. Character in a theatre and novel is the one who should have all psychological and behavioral qualities both verbally and moraly. The present research attempts to study character and characterization in "Crossings" Novel by Danielle Steel; the elements such as protypes, internal and external criterion and etc. Some tables are brought at the end of the research to simplify understanding the characters. The method is librarian and is done through taking notes. Manuscript profile

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3 - Rebellion and Iconoclasm by Baudelaire and Youshij
Mah Nazari

Nima as well as Baudelaire enlighted new color to contemporary poetry by their new look. His poems' structure owns unity. They get distance from romticism norms consciously and unwrap the evils by realistic, symbolic and surrealism images to show social and industrial h More

Nima as well as Baudelaire enlighted new color to contemporary poetry by their new look. His poems' structure owns unity. They get distance from romticism norms consciously and unwrap the evils by realistic, symbolic and surrealism images to show social and industrial human's suffers. The most pivotal characteristic of such poetry – which is based on norm – deviation – is ambiguity and iconoclasm and cloggy rules and traditions; because mechanism era and modern industry breaks all moral, natural, traditional and literal borders. Even the concept of love has been changed form modernism view point. This article – by descriptive – analytical method – intends to express Baudelaire and Nima Youshij's evolution in innovation and growth toward realism. Because no researches has been done to compare Baudelaire and Nima's works.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - A Comparison of Azerbaijan Famous Poets in Mysticism and Theology
Fatemeh Beigom Seyyed Asaei Seyyed Mojtaba Taqavi

Many studies on odes and verses by famous poets of sixth century have been done relating Hafez and Nizami's art of applying figurative meanings in mystical poetries. The present article is on the beginning path of berserks; it offers expressions in usual phrases and sen More

Many studies on odes and verses by famous poets of sixth century have been done relating Hafez and Nizami's art of applying figurative meanings in mystical poetries. The present article is on the beginning path of berserks; it offers expressions in usual phrases and sentences about beloved's real patcher. Khaqani's speaking and versing method is straight. Khaqani and Nizami both were capable to create rhetoric combinations such as Moqan's elder with a pleasant and miraculous accent and play as a light for next generations. Manuscript profile

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5 - Comparative Study of Utipia from Bahar and Heinrich Böll's Viewpoint
Asiyeh Soveini Kamran Pashaei Fakhri Parvaneh Adel Zadeh

Poets and authors as members of the society have always expressed their views about societies' situations. Amongst all Malek o-Sho'Ara Bahār and Heinrich Böll from Iran and Germany had stated their political and social viewpoints in order to criticize the existing More

Poets and authors as members of the society have always expressed their views about societies' situations. Amongst all Malek o-Sho'Ara Bahār and Heinrich Böll from Iran and Germany had stated their political and social viewpoints in order to criticize the existing situation and unwrap their own societies' injustice and lacks. The present research attempts to survey and study the abovementioned subject in Malek o-Sho'Ara Bahār's valuable poetries and Heinrich Böll's stories to express their ideas and views; then it shows that ideal criteria were global for Malek o-Sho'Ara Bahār and Heinrich Böll by focusing utopia's criteria and are known as ideal message for today's human.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Ego's Hadith in Forough Farrokhzad and Nazik al-Malaika's Poetries
Farideh Salamat Nia Saeed Kheir Khah Barzaki Abdolreza Modarres Zadeh

Forough Farrokhzad as an Iranian contemporary poet and Nazik al-Malaika as an Arab contemporary poet who were pioneers of new poetry, handover their responsibility of transfeing important parts of their poteries to ego's hadith. Both female poets who are famous represen More

Forough Farrokhzad as an Iranian contemporary poet and Nazik al-Malaika as an Arab contemporary poet who were pioneers of new poetry, handover their responsibility of transfeing important parts of their poteries to ego's hadith. Both female poets who are famous representative of feminine literature in Iran and Iraq, express the dominant viewpoints of their eras moreover having feminine language and feelings and concerns such as loneliness and solitude, misandry, women's oppress, pesimisticism, social isuues and etc. are remarkable in their poetry. Forough and Nazik al-Malaika have internal discourse in order to express their thoughts, conscious and unconscious and try to make their poetries more effective. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Intertextual Analysis of "nightingale and Ant" by Parvin E'tesami and "Cricket and Ant" by Jean de La Fontaine based on Roland Gérard Barthes' Cultural Semiotics
Fatemeh Zamani Nadereh Zamani

Parvin E'tesami is one of the most successful Iranian poets in applying fable – in her works – in order to express ethical and social learnings. One of E'tesami's radical pre – texts in creating fables and allegories is La Fontaine's fables – Fre More

Parvin E'tesami is one of the most successful Iranian poets in applying fable – in her works – in order to express ethical and social learnings. One of E'tesami's radical pre – texts in creating fables and allegories is La Fontaine's fables – French poet of 17th century. But according to Roland any narration's structure is combined from some cultural semiotics such as hermeneutics, semis, symbolic and referentials. Thses semiotics reflect an artist's individual and social status based on the society's cultural and literal traditions. Thus the present article surveys cultural semiotics in "nightingale and Ant" by Parvin E'tesami and "Cricket and Ant" by Jean de La Fontaine with the assumption that all cultural semiotics would change from one language to another in recreation process. The result is that by Parvin E'tesami has changed psychological features of the characters as well as inter and intra textual references according to her social cultural status. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Conceptual Structure of Nature's Frequecies in Damghani and Molana's Poetries
Shohreh Chalipa Habib Allah Jadid Al Islam Ahmad Reza Kikhai Farzaneh

Knowing frequencies of naturalism in Damghani and Molana's poetries may pave the way for better knowing of conceptual structure of imagery in their poetries. Manouchehri's attractions and creating attraction in describing nature's elements is unique undoubtedly. Shafiei More

Knowing frequencies of naturalism in Damghani and Molana's poetries may pave the way for better knowing of conceptual structure of imagery in their poetries. Manouchehri's attractions and creating attraction in describing nature's elements is unique undoubtedly. Shafiei Kadkani calls him as the gretest poet in Persian literature history in depicting nature's emotional and phenomenal aspect. Molana is also knowledge professional and a combination of worldly and unworldly imagery from nature and its elements can be seen. The keystone of the present research is to compare normal and meaningful elements of nature by Damghani and Molana Manuscript profile

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9 - Methodological Study of "Natayej Al Fitna" by Ibn Habbariyah
Hamila Charang Yaber Dalfi

Methodology is a useful tool to know and recognize a work's literary identity. Level methodology which is one of the modern methodology's types, studies and analyzez text's criteria from word choice and phrase structure and morphological view point. This research intend More

Methodology is a useful tool to know and recognize a work's literary identity. Level methodology which is one of the modern methodology's types, studies and analyzez text's criteria from word choice and phrase structure and morphological view point. This research intends to study Natayej Al Fitna" poetries from methodological point of view and survey the vocal, syntactic, rhetorical level and find the relationship with the poet's theme such as emotions, ideas, dreams and goals. The method of the research is analytical – descriptive and studies lingual and rhetorical levels based on the question: how a successful theme can cause continuance and order in various parts of an educational poem. Manuscript profile

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10 - An Analysis on Satire Fundamentals in Shahram Shafiei and Saeed Hashemi Works Based on Ivan Fonagy's Satire Theory
Mahdokht Pour Khaleqi Chatroudi Alireza Sezavar Maryam Jalali azam A'Estaji

Since the most important characteristic of Shahram Shafiei and Saeed Hashemi works is satire and Ivan Fonagy's satire theory is capable to be studied in literary works, the present article some works by the abovementioned authors are analyzed. Ivan Fonagy owns various i More

Since the most important characteristic of Shahram Shafiei and Saeed Hashemi works is satire and Ivan Fonagy's satire theory is capable to be studied in literary works, the present article some works by the abovementioned authors are analyzed. Ivan Fonagy owns various ideas in children and young field which can be gathered in thirteen components. The results show that Safiei is skilled in creating standard deviation through its variaties. Hashemi also formulates the ambiguiieties in deep structure and surface structure and applies them frequently. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - A Study on Silence Discourse in Molana's Pen – Name based on Shams's Sonnets
zahra irani Malek Mohammad Farrokhzad Reza Heidari Nouri

Based on Jakobson and Michael Ephratt about communication roles between speaker and listener, a meaningful message would transfer through a physical channel. They believe that this communicative pattern is proved in all verbal interactions. When a mystic intends to show More

Based on Jakobson and Michael Ephratt about communication roles between speaker and listener, a meaningful message would transfer through a physical channel. They believe that this communicative pattern is proved in all verbal interactions. When a mystic intends to show a world in which words lose their application, sometimes narrates stories which encourage silence. According to Jakobson's communication pattern we may enjoy silence in communication process and find the joy of peace in six communicational roles. The results of the present research show the application of some silence communicational roles in Molana's words are more frequent. Manuscript profile

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12 - A Comparative Study on Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ and Al-Jāhiz Basri in Introducing Sasanian Empire's Culture and Civilization
Samad Momeni

 Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ is one of the famous translators and scholars in first era of Abbasid caliphate. He is one of the translators who could effect the kings' behaviors and his movement was an opening to form the Shu'ubiyya and translation movement which were responsib More

 Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ is one of the famous translators and scholars in first era of Abbasid caliphate. He is one of the translators who could effect the kings' behaviors and his movement was an opening to form the Shu'ubiyya and translation movement which were responsible for Iran's protection and transferring important achievements to Islamic era. Al-Jāhiz Basri – although was a religious man – attempted to translate Pahlavi's Book in order to remind remarkable ethical and social issues of Sasanian to Abbasids. This research intends to study the various aspects of the mentioned subject by citing valid historical and literal references and based on the descriptive analythical method. The results show that translation of Pahavi scripts by Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ and Al-Jāhiz played an important role in introducing Iranian's traditions such as Norouz, polo game and etc. Manuscript profile

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13 - Comparative Study of the Muʻallaqāt and the Song of Songs (Song of Solomon)
Abdolrasoul Foroutan Sa'adollah Homayouni

The present article studies two literary works comparatively: Muʻallaqāt and the Song of Songs (Song of Solomon). Muʻallaqāt is a combination of seven most famous poets of Arabic literature of Dark Age and Song of Songs is one of the Old Testament Books (Torah) and rela More

The present article studies two literary works comparatively: Muʻallaqāt and the Song of Songs (Song of Solomon). Muʻallaqāt is a combination of seven most famous poets of Arabic literature of Dark Age and Song of Songs is one of the Old Testament Books (Torah) and related to Solomon – The prophet. The mentioned ancient scripts are similar with each other from some concepts viewpoint such as: assimilating the beloved to deer (and her scent), paying attention to beloved's necklace and jewleries, seeking the beloved and etc. which this article compares and analyses them baed on French school. Because this school compares two works of two different times with two different languages in which there had been a relationship between those langueges' people. There is information which proves Arabs – especially in Medina – twere familiar with Holy Book because of Jewish and Christian's residence in peninsula. Manuscript profile

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14 - Sadness and Grief; Common Concepts in Elias Abu Shabaki and Charles Pierre Baudelaire's Poetries
Abdol Ahad Qeibi Faezeh Hazrati

Elias Abu Shabaki – Lebanese poet – and Charles Pierre Baudelaire – French poet – are famous romanticism poets who manifest concepts of romanticism school uniquely in their works. Two poets' poetries are full of common romantic concepts in w More

Elias Abu Shabaki – Lebanese poet – and Charles Pierre Baudelaire – French poet – are famous romanticism poets who manifest concepts of romanticism school uniquely in their works. Two poets' poetries are full of common romantic concepts in which sadness and grief are more frequent and own special state; while both poets were pessimistic because of their lives and societies' situations. «أفاعی الفردوس»  is a work in which Elias Abu Shabaki was completely affected by "The Flowers of Evil" by Charles Pierre Baudelaire in a way that some concepts in Abu Shabaki's poem are translations of Baudelaire's. The present article intends to compare abovementioned poets' from Lebanon and France poetries to express common concepts and prove Baudelaire's effect on Abu Shabaki's poems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - A Study on Important Preaching and Educational Issues in Abū Saʿīd Abū'l-Khair and Molana's Works
Fares Sharifi Mahnaz Bazgir Mansoureh Sabet Zadeh

Since preaching assembly is known as one of the cultural – educational gatherings among Sufis, a preacher spoke with preaching asd advisory subject for the attendants and audiences; the assemble was called meeting. The aim of this paper is to be informed of Sufi's More

Since preaching assembly is known as one of the cultural – educational gatherings among Sufis, a preacher spoke with preaching asd advisory subject for the attendants and audiences; the assemble was called meeting. The aim of this paper is to be informed of Sufi's meetings, their quality and being familiar with the sermon language as well as knowing the subjects in such meetings. The emphasis of the research is on "Abū Saʿīd Abū'l-Khair's manners and speeches", "Molana's seven meetings" and "Manaqeb Al Aarefin". A survey on the general style of the mentioned meetings as well as Molana and Abū Saʿīd Abū'l-Khair's speech content has been done. The abovementioed Sufis are the ones who make great changes and internal evolutions in many people. Manuscript profile

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16 - A Comparison on religious and National Epics' Stylistic Features Based on Shahnameh and Khavaran Nameh
Majid Reza Khazaei Vafa

Hearing the term "epic" mostly evokes the works such as Shahnameh in minds and accepting Khavaran Nameh as a subcategory of literary – epic work is difficult for most of the people; since the main character of such works is real, historic and religious. Epic is on More

Hearing the term "epic" mostly evokes the works such as Shahnameh in minds and accepting Khavaran Nameh as a subcategory of literary – epic work is difficult for most of the people; since the main character of such works is real, historic and religious. Epic is one of the descriptive poetries which is based on description of heroes' glorious acts which can be individual or tribal. Religious epic traces a long path in our country since ancient era. Khavaran Nameh is one of the old religious ones for the Shiites in which the main subject is journey and Imam Ali's fights with Eastern countries accompanied with Malik Al Ashtar. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is the greatest and most valid epic verse. Comparison of national epic and religious one based on Shahnameh and Khavaran Nameh is the main aim of the present research. Manuscript profile

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17 - Elegy in Persian and Arabic Poetries by an Attitude to Ahmed Al-Waeli's Monody from Style and Content Viewpoint
Ahlam Yarali Zadeh Rahim Ansari Poor

Monody in Ahmed Al-Waeli's poetry is entirely remarkable and he could achieve the highest levels of style and content in this field. He knew poem is responsible for messaging and advice and believed that a poet should be messenger and leader. He not only expressed the d More

Monody in Ahmed Al-Waeli's poetry is entirely remarkable and he could achieve the highest levels of style and content in this field. He knew poem is responsible for messaging and advice and believed that a poet should be messenger and leader. He not only expressed the difficulties and challenges in Islamic society, but also invited people to awareness, resistance and fight against colonialism. Shiite's Islamic authenticity and avoiding westernism and disharmony are remarkable characteristic of Al-Waeli's ideas. Applying announcing structures, attention to intellectual and belief issues, current needs and wills of Muslims are other characteristics of his religious poetries. Innovation and invention are clearely observed in his works. Poetry was not an entertainment for Al-Waeli but it was a great responsibility to send message and he liked to be a guide and messenger. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - An Analysis on Interdiscourse conflicts in Hafiz's Poetries
Seyyed Hossein Jafari Saeed Zohrehvand Ali Heidari

One of the subjects which effects and plays a vital role in Hafiz's interpretation and is not paid attention too much is the conflicts in his words and poetries. These conflicts are researchable from two aspects: initially from couplets and single concepts and secondly More

One of the subjects which effects and plays a vital role in Hafiz's interpretation and is not paid attention too much is the conflicts in his words and poetries. These conflicts are researchable from two aspects: initially from couplets and single concepts and secondly from intertextuality point of view. The first group conflicts are the ones which are simple and is seen in many poets' works but the intertextual conflicts are of specific characteristics of Hafiz poetries. There are many intertextual conflicts in Hafiz poetry; some of them are critical – social, verbal and religious – ethical. The present article studies the origins of the mentioned conflicts as well as birth of a special discourse called love discourse which studies ideological conflict with rival. The method is discourse analysis. Manuscript profile

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