water table

Open Access Article

1 - The Survey of Drought Effects on Hamadan Planes Under Ground Water Resources Using Multivariate Statatistics and GIS Analysis
حسین Mohammadi A.A Shamsipoor

Water Resources management require knowledge, applied methods and suitable policyin wet and drought periods.Climatic and Hydrological variables of running waters as independent variablehave been considered for determining Relationship with planes water table (dependentv More

Water Resources management require knowledge, applied methods and suitable policyin wet and drought periods.Climatic and Hydrological variables of running waters as independent variablehave been considered for determining Relationship with planes water table (dependentvariable) in Hamadan planes water ground Resources for drought effect in monthlyscale during 1983-1999 years. The study method has been concentrated on multipleregression because of representing suitable result. As a result climatic and hydrologicabnormal effects show 42 percent water table deficits planes relationship betweenclimatic independents variables with decreasing severity. It was used GIS spatialability analytical for water table critical deficits assessment. It has been regionalizedthe water table deficits intensity planes, hence Bahar plane has the most deficitsintensity but the surrounding planes contact with heights have the most less amount. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Evaluation of the effect of cropping pattern on groundwater resources of Mehranplain using the system dynamics approach under scenarios of energy price changes
Ebrahim Darvishi Abdolrahim Hooshmand Hamza ali alizadeh zahra Izadpanah

cropping pattern changes and increasing energy tariffs helps groundwater resources management. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of crop pattern on groundwater level in Mehranplain using the system dynamics approach under different scenarios of energ More

cropping pattern changes and increasing energy tariffs helps groundwater resources management. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of crop pattern on groundwater level in Mehranplain using the system dynamics approach under different scenarios of energy price changes. To develop the model, a conceptual framwok was designed and the dynamic hypotheses were formulated. The calibration and validation of the model were performed for a period of 8 and 6 years, respectively, and the model simulated in a 25-year period until 1420 in nine scenarios. The results showed that changing the crop pattern from alfalfa to conola with increasing 100 percent in energy tariff would have the most positive impact on aquifer is equivalent to an increase of about 55 million cubic meters of aquifer water volume, and an increase of about 8 meters in the groundwater level. Also changing the crop pattern from alfalfa to corn with increasing 50 percent in energy tariff lead to groundwater level stability. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Investigating and Temporal Monitoring of GRI Index on the Fluctuations of Groundwater Table (Case Study: Zanjan Plain)
Ebrahim Yousefi Mobarhan Samira zandifar

10.30495/wsrcj.2023.72140.11361

Background and Aim: Due to the occurrence of drought periods and increased exploitation of the plain, alongside of the agriculture expansion and the rise in groundwater extraction, the level of the groundwater table in the Zanjan plain has decreased, which has resulted More

Background and Aim: Due to the occurrence of drought periods and increased exploitation of the plain, alongside of the agriculture expansion and the rise in groundwater extraction, the level of the groundwater table in the Zanjan plain has decreased, which has resulted in a fall in the level of the groundwater table and a decrease in the efficiency of the wells. The purpose of this research is to investigate and Zoning of Temporal and Spatial of the depth, level and changes of the level of groundwater table of Zanjan plain, trends of depletion and annual changes and temporal monitoring of the drought (GRI) of groundwater resource of Zanjan plain based on the representative hydrograph.Method: In order to carry out this research, the statistics of 69 observation wells are analyzed during 3 time periods (2001-2008, 2008-2013 and 2013-2018). At first, statistical data is collected and after importing the data into the Geographical Information System (GIS), maps of iso-depth, iso-level and zoning changes of the groundwater table are prepared with the interpolation method. The plain hydrograph has been prepared to investigate the long-term changes and fluctuations of groundwater table, as well as to detect the periods of rise and fall of the water level, during the statistical period for the Zanjan plain. Long-term changes and fluctuations of groundwater table are also drawn in the Excel. The phenomenon of drought in the long term causes the reduction of water resources through the drying up of surface and underground streams. For this purpose, the GRI index has been used to temporal monitoring of drought of groundwater resources in Zanjan plain.Results: The results obtain from the maps of the iso-loss show that the highest level of groundwater in the first time period (2013-2018) in the northern part of the plain is 12.4 m, in the second time period (2008-2013) in the southern part and the eastern part of the plain has dropped by 9.4 m and in the third period (2001-2008) in the northwestern parts, it has dropped by 14.5 m. The hydrographs of the groundwater table illustrate that during the period of 20 years, the depletion of the Zanjan plain table is 12.9 m, which means that the water level has depleted by 0.65 m annually on average. This actually indicates the negative changes in the groundwater level in the studied area. The results of the changes in the volume of the Zanjan plain demonstrate that the volume deficit of the Zanjan plain is 705.8 MCM. Also, temporal monitoring of the drought in groundwater resources of the Zanjan plain with the GRI index shows a very descending trend towards drought during the twenty-year period.Conclusion: Groundwater is the main source of agricultural needs, especially in arid and semi-arid areas; therefore, having a sustainable agriculture requires careful management and planning on how to use these resources, which itself requires sufficient knowledge about the spatial changes of the groundwater level in a certain period. In the present research, the investigation of the depletion of the groundwater table, especially in the piezometers of the northern and side parts of the Zanjan plain, shows that this water disaster (groundwater level depletion of about 13 m) is mainly due to the improper management of water resources and the increase in the issuance of permits for deep and semi-deep wells with 61% growth in the last two decades. The negative balance of the plain is so severe that even the good rains of the last few years have not been able to stop the process of lowering the groundwater table. It is recommended to prevent the continuation of the Zanjan plain volume decrease, to manage and control the exploitation of the wells and to prevent any over-exploitation, as well as to use the implementation and development of plain projects to supply the shortage of water resources and feed the plain. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Application of time-series modeling to predict subsurface drainage discharge and water table depth
Shafie Vazirpour Farhad Mirzaei Asl Shirkohi Hamed Ebrahimian Hamed Rafiee

Stochastic characteristics of the drainage phenomena led to the application of random variables and time series modeling in predicting the performance of these phenomena. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of time-series models in predicting the perf More

Stochastic characteristics of the drainage phenomena led to the application of random variables and time series modeling in predicting the performance of these phenomena. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of time-series models in predicting the performance of a subsurface drainage system. Behshahr Ran subsurface drainage system, which its drains are activated via rainfall, was considered as the study area. In this study, Drainmod model was calibrated for the study area. Then, variables of drainage discharge and water table depth were simulated via the calibrated Drainmod model. This information was used to evaluate the performance of various time-series models. The results showed that the ARMAX model with exogenous variables including daily value, precipitation during the previous days and average desired variables in the last two days was efficient in estimating water table depth and drainage discharge. Mean absolute error for predicting both variables was about 8%. Comparison between the selected times series models and the calibrated Drainmod model results indicated the application of time-series models in predicting the performance of the subsurface drainage system was satisfactory. The coefficients of determination were 0.51 and 0.74 for drainage discharge and water table depth, respectively. The root mean squared error for these variables were 0.01 cm/day and 8.6 cm, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Simulating unsteady soil evaporation under variable water content based on Campbell's two-parameter retension model
Raziyeh Aghajani Mehdi Homaee Mohammad Bybordi

Large areas in Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions and imposed to serious water shortage. In such areas, not only the available water resources are restricted, but the climatic conditions that are influencing evaporation acting more intensively. The obje More

Large areas in Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions and imposed to serious water shortage. In such areas, not only the available water resources are restricted, but the climatic conditions that are influencing evaporation acting more intensively. The objective of this study was to estimate evaporation from bare soil at presence and absence of impervious layer, water table and free drainage. The amount of evaporation is also estimated using the parametric model proposed by Zarei et al., (2009) based on Campbell’s retention model. For this purpose, some PVC constructed lysimeters were filled with soil samples and packed carefully. The amount of evaporation was measured three times a day by weighting the lysimeters. The proposed model of Zarei et al.,(2009) based on Campbell’s retention model was further verified against the collected experimental data to estimate evaporation from water table drawdown. Model verification indicated that the maximum (98.8) and minimum (84.8) efficiencies belong to 150 and 75 centimeters of water table depths, respectively. The results, with slightly underestimation, indicated a reasonable agreement between the measured and model output data. The small underestimation between measured and predicted values can be attributed to moisture loss as vapor, soil shrinkage and errors in digital scale measurements. The predicted instantaneous evaporation values provided better agreement with the experimental data as the water table depths were increased. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Potential of Soil Liquefaction Assessment in Chalus and Nowshahr Region during an Earthquake using Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) Method
Narges Afsari samid alizadeh

     Liquefaction is one of the most common ground deformation effects of earthquakes often a major cause of damage and destruction to buildings and infrastructures. The area on the study (Chalus and Nowshahr region) is located on the coastal strip o More

     Liquefaction is one of the most common ground deformation effects of earthquakes often a major cause of damage and destruction to buildings and infrastructures. The area on the study (Chalus and Nowshahr region) is located on the coastal strip of Caspian Sea, on the loose alluvial material which has been hit by numerous earthquakes throughout history. In this study, the shear wave velocity (Vs) method has been used with five experimental relationships to evaluate the soil liquefaction potential of Chalus and Nowshahr region under the assumption of non-cementation and cementation conditions. Due to the distribution of boreholes evaluated in the sediment section of the area which is less than 10,000 years old, solutions with non-cemented conditions are acceptable. Analyses have shown that among 46 borehole loops, 35 boreholes are prone to liquefaction, which most of them are located in the region of Nowshahr. Considering the values of the liquefaction potential index obtained, based on the shear wave velocity method, in non-cementation conditions, 8.7% of  area is  PL = 0, 15.2%, in the range of  5> PL> 0, 41.3% in the range of 15> PL> 5 and 34.8% in the range of 15< PL. Due to the fact that the surface depth is an important parameter in soil lubricity, and the high level of the station, considering the high potential of seismicity of the area as well, the likelihood of liquefaction increases. Manuscript profile

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