List of Articles humanitarian intervention

• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  1 - Unilateral Humanitarian Interventions and International Law
  علیرضا Mohammad Khani
  Nato’s claim that the intervention must be motivated byhumanitarian reasons, and its unilateral intervention in Kosovoelevated the most controversial questions. The international reactionto this action has been mixed. This paper seeks to engage with thecurrent deb More

  Nato’s claim that the intervention must be motivated byhumanitarian reasons, and its unilateral intervention in Kosovoelevated the most controversial questions. The international reactionto this action has been mixed. This paper seeks to engage with thecurrent debate over the legitimacy of humanitarian interventionby focusing on the legal and moral challenge posed by unilateralaction in the society of states. The author investigates if the UNauthorization is a crucial condition for the legitimacy of humanitarianinterventions, and if so, what is the proper relationship between theSecurity Council and the General Assembly? The first part of thepaper briefly considers how the problem of unilateral action is treatedin the disciplines of international law and international relations. Therest of the paper identifies three alternative interpretations of thelegality and morality of Nato’s unilateral action in Kosovo: First, theintervention was illegal and a fundamental threat to the principlesof international order; Second, it fails the test of legality but shouldbe morally approved. Finally, it represents a landmark case in thedevelopment of a new rule of customary international law permittingunilateral humanitarian interventions. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  2 - The study of the formation and functioning of the “Response to Protect Doctrine” in International Law
  Mohammadreza hakakzadeh Arezoo Bozorg doagoo
  10.22034/sej.2019.668960
  The growing proliferation of UN-oriented international organizations and their role in shaping human life has led the international community to witness new horizons in international law, one of the most important doctrines presented in The new horizons of international More

  The growing proliferation of UN-oriented international organizations and their role in shaping human life has led the international community to witness new horizons in international law, one of the most important doctrines presented in The new horizons of international law are the doctrine of the responsibility of support, a doctrine that has become a special place in the development of a universal normality today in the theoretical discussions of international law thinkers, which, given the importance of the subject in this The paper, while addressing the fundamentals and features of the doctrine of responsibility for support Opponents point of view and understand the meaning of it, the doctrine of responsibility to protect the fundamental question of how to operate Square has been achieved? Research findings suggest that although the doctrine has already been cited in crises such as the Darfur crisis, Libya, and even Tsunami Haiti and today in Syria, however, political restrictions are, in fact, the subject of the intervention of great powers and recourse to this doctrine to interfere with the pretext of human rights in other countries and undermine the principle of independence and sovereignty and regional instability. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  3 - The Role of Prevention in The "Responsibility to Protect" Doctrine with emphasis on the Primary Responsibility of States
  Karim Mohammadi Hibatullah Nejandi Manesh Soudeh Shamlou
  Numerous deadly conflicts and human tragedies occur in the authority domain of national sovereignty. The doctrine of "responsibility to protect" (R2P) has primarily entrusted governments with the responsibility of preventing human crises by implementing some basic (stru More

  Numerous deadly conflicts and human tragedies occur in the authority domain of national sovereignty. The doctrine of "responsibility to protect" (R2P) has primarily entrusted governments with the responsibility of preventing human crises by implementing some basic (structural) measures, which, if carried out, will essentially prevent crises from happening or prevent their recurrence through a series of long-term structural adjustments. Many human crises stem from undue discrimination, poverty, and social, political, and economic inequality. A question rises here: what are the paramount fundamental preventive measures for which the government is responsible? The research findings show that the most important preventive measures to be taken by governments for good governance include respecting human rights, promoting social and economic development, promoting a sense of solidarity among ethnic groups, preventing environmental destruction, and boosting power regarding public security. Preventing conflicts and human disasters is not a mere local or national issue. Success in prevention generally requires solid support from the international community. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  4 - The roots of the Iraq geopolitical crisis and the persistence of anti-geopolitical resistance
  zohre heidari beni ezatollah ezati mohammadreza hafeznia haydar lotfi
  10.30495/pir.2019.664727
  After founding of a new Iraq in the post-World War I age, geopolitical crises have been the main indicator of political dynamics in the country, which has been featured in the Kurdish anti-geopolitical process over the past decades. In this regard, the aim of this resea More

  After founding of a new Iraq in the post-World War I age, geopolitical crises have been the main indicator of political dynamics in the country, which has been featured in the Kurdish anti-geopolitical process over the past decades. In this regard, the aim of this research is answering this fundamental question that, what are the roots of geopolitical crises in Iraq and in particular, anti-geopolitical Kurds, and what factors have contributed to the continuation of this crisis? The findings of this study show that the geopolitics imposed by the great winners of the World War I, especially Britain, in shaping the post-World War I regional order, led to the formation and continuation of the geopolitical crisis in Iraq, and in particular the Kurdish anti-geopolitical resistance. On the other hand, the humanitarian intervention of the Security Council, and in particular the issuance of Security Council resolution 688, and ultimately the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, have led to the opening of the geopolitical blockade and the strengthening of the anti-geopolitical Kurdish resistance in Iraq. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection is library and internet resources. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  5 - The Impact of Globalization of Human Rights on the Principle of non-intervention: with Emphasis on Syrian Crisis
  Leila Raisi Dazki Mohammad Kaffash Nayyeri
  Abstract:  Globalization as a process that highly affects human interactions and relationship and have attracted special attention among people’s public opinion, governments and international organizations, in a way that the role and place of human being and More

  Abstract:  Globalization as a process that highly affects human interactions and relationship and have attracted special attention among people’s public opinion, governments and international organizations, in a way that the role and place of human being and the rights that he is entitled to, have become very important; such that we are witnessing the globalization of human rights has become jus cogens. On this basis globalization of human rights has led to adjustment of the principle of sovereignty and non-interference. As a result the grounds have been prepared for military intervention in the internal affairs of the countries on the pretext of humanitarian intervention and the responsibility about the breach of individual human rights. In this regard it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of desirability and legitimacy of humanitarian intervention in Syria taking into consideration the crisis in this country and the ensuing events that are considered as violation of human rights. An understanding which shows the real truth behind the intervention in Syria and violation of her sovereignty under the pretext of humanitarian intervention is not under the impact of global developments of human rights and the globalization process which supports human rights and object the breach of them but it is all done with political motives and the justification behind it is the violation of human rights. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  6 - Promoting the Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in the Context of International Relations Theory (with Emphasis on English School)
  Seyyed Abdolali Qvam Rahman Najafi Sayyar
  The concept of "humanitarian intervention" indicates superiority of the progressive principle of "justice" on the countries classical sovereignty. According to this concept, in the event of grave human rights crimes by tyrannical states, their sovereignty is undermined, More

  The concept of "humanitarian intervention" indicates superiority of the progressive principle of "justice" on the countries classical sovereignty. According to this concept, in the event of grave human rights crimes by tyrannical states, their sovereignty is undermined, and under the circumstances, interference in their internal affairs applied. Accordingly, the occurrence of widespread human rights crimes during the Cold War in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, Somalia and etc., humanitarian interventions put in its agenda to prevention of genocide, torture and rape of human rights and. In this regard, various theorists of international relations theoretical were effort to understand the emergence of these interventions. Theorists using different theories such as realism, constructivism, liberalism, and have tried to explain the concept of this phenomenon. In this regard, the present paper Tries to analyzes the humanitarian intervention and it promotion to "responsibility to protect" in the context of pluralism and solidarism English School and trends of solidarism and pluralism English School Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  7 - The Change in the Definition of the Principle of "Non-intervention" in International Law
  Dydokht Sadeghi-Haghighi
    Abstract The principle of “non-intervention" in internal affairs of countries is one of the fundamental principles of international law upon which, the countries are prohibited to intervene in the internal affairs of each other. Respecting this princip More

    Abstract The principle of “non-intervention" in internal affairs of countries is one of the fundamental principles of international law upon which, the countries are prohibited to intervene in the internal affairs of each other. Respecting this principle would result in the sovereignty and independence of the countries and also maintains international peace and security. The constituents of UN Charter attempted to prevent the governments from interfering in each other's affairs based on the principle of the "non-use of force". Assigning responsibility for maintaining international peace and security to the Security Council provided the permanent members of the council means to intervene in the internal affairs of countries in special cases. During the Cold War, the international community tried to obey the "non-intervention" principle to some extent. After the Soviet Union’s collapse, the Security Council, with a broad interpretation of the concept of "peace and international security", considered "internal peace" and "international peace" associated. Thus, it felt responsible for the events such as human rights violation and humanitarian disasters happening inside the field of duty and responsibility of states and territories and also, attempted to take action by military intervention in the countries that violate human rights. As a result of these, the principle of "non-intervention" was somehow weakened. After the event of Sept-11, the Security Council felt responsible to confront international terrorism and prevent the spreading of the mass destructive weapons. Moreover, as an international legislative center, by conducting rules and guidelines, it entered the territorial affaires of the countries. Furthermore, the United States, by referring to strategy of "preventive self-defense", announced that they are no more pledged to the terms of non- use of force in the UN Charter and in the condition of mistreat to its security, the United States will take action by itself. The result of new  American approach and the military intervention in countries like Iraq and Afghanistan reduced the credibility of the Security Council and it also hurt the principle of "non-intervention". Recently, with the introduction of human rights principles as rules of "jus covens", the governments not only have to maintain, but also are obliged to end their violations. The government’s primary duty is to support their people.  If a government cannot or is not willing to protect its own nationals or victim populations in the territory that has the possession of, the principle of “international responsibility for protection" will replace the principle of "non-intervention". Based on this theory, all governments will accept the responsibility to support the oppressed people based on the Charter of the UN.   Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  8 - International Responsibility to Protect and Sovereignty of States
  Didukht Sadeghi
  Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the emergence of the doctrine of "international responsibility to protect" in the climate of human rights extension and decline of the national states sovereignty. The "responsibility to protect" is an evolving concept that shoes More

  Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the emergence of the doctrine of "international responsibility to protect" in the climate of human rights extension and decline of the national states sovereignty. The "responsibility to protect" is an evolving concept that shoes the duties of the governments to provide a legal ethical for humanitarian intervention. The increase of internal wars in 1990's the violation of human rights and the dilemma of implication of humanitarian intervention clearly showed the necessity of the foundation of "responsibility to protect". This doctrine is implication of new thinking on sovereignty, which says sovereignty is not "privilege" but is a "Responsibility". So sovereignty as "control" changed to sovereignty as "Responsibility". Upon This new idea governors should to world community about behavior to their peoples. The "Responsibility to protect" has had two important the effect in international relation, first it became clear that the sovereignty of national states is no more also lute and could be declined. Secondly, the individual rights has become seriously under observation of international community.     Manuscript profile