• List of Articles abortion

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Compulsive Geniture or Voluntary Departure “A review or the, consequences of criminalization and decriminalization on abortion”
        Reza Mohajerin
        This article examines various aspects of abortion from a criminological perspective. Theseaspects are distinguished from each other on basis of their nature and sources for its betterunderstanding and convenient studying.Although according to Islamic Criminal law aborti More
        This article examines various aspects of abortion from a criminological perspective. Theseaspects are distinguished from each other on basis of their nature and sources for its betterunderstanding and convenient studying.Although according to Islamic Criminal law abortion is a violent crime and thereforeoffenders are imposed severe punishment, the necessity of taking a different approach to ourlaw is unavoidable. Because of direction of applying protective policies to them in conformationwith International standards on the one hand, and vulnerabilities to violent behaviors andincrease of next crimes on the other hand, decriminalization from abortion is a must.Hence, criminalization of abortion is the basis of creating further crimes and decriminalizationof abortion will prevent further crimes Manuscript profile
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        2 - The situation of abortion in the current society and the need for preventive measures
        Esmat Savadi Nafiseh Fayazbakhsh Zahra Hosseinabadi
        Illegal abortion in Iran is one of the most important social harms, but unfortunately, due to its hidden occurrence, accurate statistics are not available, and this issue has caused the lack of attention of the relevant authorities in related planning. This issue, which More
        Illegal abortion in Iran is one of the most important social harms, but unfortunately, due to its hidden occurrence, accurate statistics are not available, and this issue has caused the lack of attention of the relevant authorities in related planning. This issue, which is one of the major threats to the physical and mental health of the individual, family and community, has grown exponentially over the past ten years. Has studied the jurisprudential and legal aspects of abortion on the one hand and also analyzed the current situation of the country on the other hand and while preparing statistical information, analyzed and examined the very serious damage of this problem on the physical and mental body of society (including: hidden deaths, depression , Suicide, etc.) and considers the need to review the existing laws on abortion and preventive measures, including: implementation of laws related to hijab and chastity and facilitating youth marriage to solve this great social problem. Manuscript profile
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        3 - Genomic identification of Campylobacter fetus and Leptospira introgans in aborted sheep fetuses in the selected provinces of Iran by PCR
        Kabiri, F., Mahzounieh, M., Ebrahimi Kahrizsangi, A., Mokhtari, A. .
        Abortion causes significant economic losses to the livestock investment of a country and reduces fertility and production. Infectious agents are responsible a part of the sheep abortions and often, they are contagious and zoonosis, so they are also considered in terms o More
        Abortion causes significant economic losses to the livestock investment of a country and reduces fertility and production. Infectious agents are responsible a part of the sheep abortions and often, they are contagious and zoonosis, so they are also considered in terms of public health. Campylobacter fetus and Leptospira introgans are some of the infectious agents of ovine abortion worldwide and economic and hygienic losses resulting from them are significant. Due to the importance of Campylobacterial and leptospiral sheep abortions, in this study 98 samples from abomasal contents of aborted sheep fetuses in Isfahan, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari and Khorasan Razavi provinces were investigated for Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus and Leptospira introgans by PCR. Results showed that the infection with Campylobacter fetus in the samples studied was 4.9% and any samples weren’t found to be infected with Leptospira. The results of this study showed that campylobacter fetus might be involved in the incidence of a part of sheep abortions.  According to different diagnostic methods of the Leptospira, it seems that any diagnostic procedure has some weaknesses and using only a test is one can’t certainly report that the presence of this agent is negative. Therefore, it is recommended to several methods to be used simultaneously in order to compare the results of several methods and achieve accurate diagnosis. Manuscript profile
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        4 - Buddhism and the Problem of Abortion
        Alireza Shojai
        Over two thousand years ago, Buddhist embryology made it very clear that a separate, independent human life begins at the moment of conception. In contrast to the situation in western countries, there has been relatively little serious discussion of abortion as a religi More
        Over two thousand years ago, Buddhist embryology made it very clear that a separate, independent human life begins at the moment of conception. In contrast to the situation in western countries, there has been relatively little serious discussion of abortion as a religious and ethical issue in Buddhist countries. Leaders of the Buddhist sangha have said very little indeed on the issue. The Buddhist teachings have made it clear that unskillful acts, like abortion, always have negative consequences for the agent. As we have seen, Buddhists understand the fetus to be a human being; therefore, abortion obviously should be covered under the first precept, namely “to abstain from taking life”. But some contemporary Buddhist thinkers and scholars of Buddhism in the West and a much smaller number in the East are beginning to address bioethical issues according to modern embryological research. They argue that although all abortions are condemned by Buddhists as the taking of human life, as the pregnancy progresses, there is some controversy about whether or not, from the Buddhist Point of view, a late term abortion is a more unskillful act than one performed early on in the pregnancy. Finally, Buddhists, unlike feminists, understand the fetus to be a person. Manuscript profile
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        5 - Emergency willful murder from the perspective of Fiqh and the law
        Ashraf Abdolmaleki Ahmad Moradkhani
        Emergency means misery, and poverty. Whenever one find himself in pressure and pinch that force him to commit a crime to protect his at risk life or property or those of others, while no one is forcing him to commit the unlawful act, he is considered distressed or in em More
        Emergency means misery, and poverty. Whenever one find himself in pressure and pinch that force him to commit a crime to protect his at risk life or property or those of others, while no one is forcing him to commit the unlawful act, he is considered distressed or in emergency. There are similar concepts to emergency that should be differentiated. The present paper attempted at studying all the issues related to the nature, principles, reasons, and conditions of emergency as well as stating whether the issue of emergency is a right or a warrant. Committing murder in emergency situation is not specifically dealt with among jurists; however, some jurists have discussed this issue beside other legal issues. There is no rule or procedural law in this regard in Iran’s penal code. However, many lawyers do not accept emergency a license for murder as they do not accept reluctance a license for murder. Relying on the principle of "Lataqiyah fedema", most jurists do not accept emergency a license for murder. According to this principle, killing another person is inadmissible, because the reason for the obligation of reservation is preserving lives. Therefore, saving a life is more important than doing an obligatory action or prohibited action. The present study aimed at stating the views of jurists and lawyers with a comparative perspective regarding emergency willful murder; finally, it will come to the conclusion that emergency is not a license to kill someone both from the view point of lawyers and the jurists. Manuscript profile
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        6 - An analysis & new point of view for the word nemesis in 622 article of the penal law established at 1392
        Seyed Ali Rabbani Mousaviyan Roghayeh Nasiri
        Abortion is said to be either deliberate or self-embryo extinction before being able to live outside the womb. One of the kinds of abortions is the intentional abortion of the fetus. There is a dispute between the Islamic jurists and the lawyers about the punishment of More
        Abortion is said to be either deliberate or self-embryo extinction before being able to live outside the womb. One of the kinds of abortions is the intentional abortion of the fetus. There is a dispute between the Islamic jurists and the lawyers about the punishment of this type of abortion. The famous jurisprudents consider it punishable as  Qisas , as the Islamic Penal Code of 1370 has also stated on this basis. In the New Penal Code of 1392, this term  is ambiguous. In this research, it has been tried to reveal this ambiguity with an analytical review of the word qisas in Article 622 and to explain the correct view. Meanwhile, in the introduction, there is a brief glance at the laws of other countries on the issue of abortion and, while providing statistical information on this, will clarify the position of Iran's laws in discussing abortion with the laws of other countries. Findings of the research suggest that  like many countries , Iranian domestic laws, considering the impact of religion and human aspects, , except in certain cases, do not allow this practice, and also shows that the purpose of the term "qisas" according to the evidence Legal evidence and jurisprudential principles.  Contrary to the famous point of view,  there  should be  Qisas against the full fetus whose soul has been blown in, not  one against the mother, as the famous  Islamic jurisprudents  point out this view. Manuscript profile
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        7 - A Jurisprudential-Judicial Study of Abortion Because of Rape Relying on Sunni and Shi'ite Perspectives
        Fariba Hekmat Mahmud GhayoomZadeh Abbas Ali Heidari
        The purpose of the present study is to conduct jurisprudential-judicial research about abortion because of rape relying on Sunni and Shi'ite perspectives. The method of research is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that there is a big difference between a woma More
        The purpose of the present study is to conduct jurisprudential-judicial research about abortion because of rape relying on Sunni and Shi'ite perspectives. The method of research is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that there is a big difference between a woman who becomes pregnant as a result of rape and other women who have become pregnant with full freedom so Sunni and Shi'ite jurists and Islamic law regard no ban for abortion in case of rape and it is permissible, especially before the embryo's soul is formed. Based on jurisprudential regulations, negation of difficulty and distress, and convenience of religion, a woman should be allowed to get an abortion to remove the difficulty and sever agony out of rape as well as the shame of having a baby as a result of that while she has had no free will in this regard. Manuscript profile
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        8 - Determination of drug resistance of Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated from women's vaginal fluid has a history of abortion in Urmia
        vahid tanhaei mahsa eghbalkhah kohnehshahri
        Aim and Background: Lactobacilli are the most well-known natural vaginal flora that helps keep the vaginal acidic environment in the presence of hydrogen peroxide enzymes. Lactobacillus destroys pathogenic bacteria in the vagina through the production of hydrogen peroxi More
        Aim and Background: Lactobacilli are the most well-known natural vaginal flora that helps keep the vaginal acidic environment in the presence of hydrogen peroxide enzymes. Lactobacillus destroys pathogenic bacteria in the vagina through the production of hydrogen peroxide. Materials and Methods: Among the patients referring to the medical centers of Urmia, 250 women with abortion history who were between 25 and 30 years of age were selected based on a questionnaire and a clinical examination and a sample was taken from them. 250 samples were taken from the vaginal area using sterile swabs and the presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus was confirmed by whiff test and biochemical tests. Then, the drug resistance and sensitivity of Lactobacillus acidophilus to 9 antibiotics cotrimoxazole, vancomycin, ceftazidime, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, ampicillin, piperacillin and colistin were studied. Results and Conclusion: from 250 samples, 238 samples (95.2%) had bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus and in 12 samples (4.8%) bacteria were not observed. All abortion patients are sensitive to cotrimoxazole, piperacillin, and clostin antibiotics. Also, all samples were resistant to the antibiotics vancomycin, imipenem, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin Manuscript profile
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        9 - The Right to Abortion for Women from the Islamic Ethics Point of View
        Seyed Abdullah Mirkhandan
        The purpose of the current research was to investigate the right to abortion for women in Islamic ethics. The research universe included all written texts and references of Islamic ethics. The research sample subsumed the subjects related to abortion right for women in More
        The purpose of the current research was to investigate the right to abortion for women in Islamic ethics. The research universe included all written texts and references of Islamic ethics. The research sample subsumed the subjects related to abortion right for women in Islamic ethics texts. The research method was descriptive-analytical. The data was analyzed via content analysis procedure. The results showed that there were two main arguments about voluntary abortion among non-Muslim thinkers. One argument was the mother's ownership of her own body for abortion, and the other was the fetus's individual identity. According to the perspective of Islamic ethics regarding abortion, it was found that the argument that the mother owns her own body for abortion would be correct to some extent; This meant that the mother could have an abortion if she might be harmed in some cases. Also, the criterion of fetus's individual identity would be generally accepted from the Islamic ethics point of view and in this context, the Holy Law put forward a basis that would be the final words and in fact, a proof of narration and devotion. From this point of view, a fetus before four months would be not considered a living creature. This view regarding the individual identity of the fetus could be called Islamic fetus's individual identity, which would be different from what scientists of experimental sciences discussed. According to Islamic teachings, willing and voluntary abortion that leads to the death of the fetus would be not legitimate unless the mother's life would be in danger or the spirit had not been blown into the fetus and its existence had an unusual and considerable harm to the mother. Manuscript profile
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        10 - The association study of rs3024998 and rs3025000 polymorphisms in VEGF gene with the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss
        shohreh zare karizi reza Mirfakhraie
        Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the occurrence of two or more consecutive pregnancy loss prior to 20th week of gestation. There are several leading causes of RPL including uterine anatomical defects, genetic factors, infectious, immunological, environmental More
        Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the occurrence of two or more consecutive pregnancy loss prior to 20th week of gestation. There are several leading causes of RPL including uterine anatomical defects, genetic factors, infectious, immunological, environmental and blood dyscariasis. However, despite in a large number of cases no causes have been identified, therefore are introduced as idiopathic. Gene polymorphisms may effect on the incidence of abortion. One of these genes is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Present study was aimed to investigate the association of VEGF gene polymorphisms with recurrent spontaneous abortion of the fetus. We conducted a case–control study of 200 women: 100 patients with at least two unexplained consecutive pregnancy losses and 100 healthy controls with at least one live birth and no history of pregnancy loss. Patients with recurrent pregnancy losses due to anatomic, hormonal, chromosomal, infectious, autoimmune, or thrombotic causes were excluded from the study group. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Rs3024998 and rs699947 polymorphisms of VEGF gene were studied using PCR-RFLP technique. Respectively, MaeI and BglII restriction enzymes were used for digestion. Digestion products were visualized by polyacrylamide gel (12%PAGE) electrophoresis. Distribution analysis for homozygous and heterozygous genotypes in the two studied groups was performed by using SPSS ver.18.Genetic differences between case and control groups were calculated by using the chi-square test. Significant difference (P<0.05) was identified between the frequency of allelic status of rs3024998 and rs3025000in two studied groups. Manuscript profile
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        11 - A Comparative Study of Abortion in the Penal System of Iran and Sweden
        hamid morovati saeed mansori ahmad shams
        The issue of fertility has always been debated in every civilized human society and has had consequences, one of which is abortion. The question is what is the criminal status of abortion in Iran and Sweden? The research hypothesis is that the legislator of the Islamic More
        The issue of fertility has always been debated in every civilized human society and has had consequences, one of which is abortion. The question is what is the criminal status of abortion in Iran and Sweden? The research hypothesis is that the legislator of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Sweden considers the human fetus to be a human being with a respectable and protective personality who, like other human beings, has rights such as the right to life and health. Using the method of documentary and library study, the present article seeks to compare the legal system of Iran and Sweden in the field of abortion and the aim is to finally understand the quantitative and qualitative differences between the criminal laws of the two countries. The results show that abortion is a crime in Iranian and Swedish law and the offender must be punished. Manuscript profile
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        12 - The condition of fetus inheritance in Iranian law, Imamate jurisprudence and other Islamic religions
        babak dojheydarlo seyyd bager seyyedi bonabi
        Abstract:An unborn baby still deserves to have rights and a personality. Some right such as; the right to inheritance, the right to survive, and other financial rights which are granted or endorsed for fetus, are fundamental rights. One of the main conditions for determ More
        Abstract:An unborn baby still deserves to have rights and a personality. Some right such as; the right to inheritance, the right to survive, and other financial rights which are granted or endorsed for fetus, are fundamental rights. One of the main conditions for determining the share of an embryo's inheritance is that the embryo was created before the death of the fetus. The next basic condition is being born alive of fetus, even if he/she dies immediately after birth. But when it is doubtful in which the baby was dead or alive, and there is no reason to prove it, the baby cannot inherit anything. There are differences in opinions between the jurisprudents of Islam, both the Imams and the jurists of fives Islamic religious. Some of them believe in the inheritance right of the fetus after death and some believe that living is the main condition of his/her inheritance. Also in abortion, it is accepted retribution and compensation for the killer, jurisprudents still discussing the inheritance and its extent. With the development of science and technology, new situations such as embryo development in the laboratory, artificial insemination, surrogacy, etc. are also among the most controversial issues among jurists and Lawyers. Manuscript profile
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        13 - Jurisprudential Investigation of Abortion in Iran's Legal System and its Legal Loopholes
        Ashraf Nayebzade
        Nowadays, abortion is one of the most challenging issues in the field of women's and family rights which can be considered as a consequence of various developments. Additionally, it is closely related to human and women's freedom rights, the interests of governments, an More
        Nowadays, abortion is one of the most challenging issues in the field of women's and family rights which can be considered as a consequence of various developments. Additionally, it is closely related to human and women's freedom rights, the interests of governments, and the society. The contemporary legal approach consists of two completely opposite aspects of criminalization and decriminalization. In Iran's legal system, which is based on Imami jurisprudence, abortion is forbidden and criminalized, except in some cases.  Abortion has been rising due to different reasons. First, because of the ambiguity of the law and related legal loopholes secondly, due to the disagreement of Shia jurists on the permissibility/non-permissibility of abortion before and after the blast of the soul. Threrefore, the issue needs further revision and investigation. In this article, applying the analytical descriptive method and emphasizing the importance of population growth and preventing negative population rate, the author tried to examine the nature of abortion and the causes and conditions of its permissibility or prohibition in Iran's jurisprudence and legal system, and investigate the necessity of its reviewing, and confirm the complementary actions related to abortion laws. Manuscript profile
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        14 - Percepts of Family and Man's Disobedience in Imam Reza's Al-Tasfir Masanad Book
        Ahmad Moradkhani
        In Imam Reza's Ketabol Tafsir Masand, it is indicated in exegetical traditions related to the family subjects such as marriage customs, marriage regulations, abortion, alimony, man's disobedience. Disobedience means disagreement or controversy of two spouses that may ca More
        In Imam Reza's Ketabol Tafsir Masand, it is indicated in exegetical traditions related to the family subjects such as marriage customs, marriage regulations, abortion, alimony, man's disobedience. Disobedience means disagreement or controversy of two spouses that may cause abandonment of obligation or merely devoid of affection and good companionship. Man's disobedience which mentioned in Sure Al-Nisa, Verse 128 and exegetical traditions states that if the man commits this disobedience his wife can compromise with him in all or part of her rights. This action is permissible, and her husband has to respect this compromise too. It should be mentioned that dowry, alimony and the right of oath are regarded as the rights not rules and accordingly can be compromised by the wife. Manuscript profile
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        15 - Analyzing Islamic Jurists' Viewpoints About Abortion, Concerning Health of Mother and Fetus
        nasrin Fatahi mohammad mousavi moghadam maryam khademi
        Abortion is a major social problem in the present time. If pregnancy is life-threatening for mother or fetus, can abortion be allowed? Sunni Islamic jurisprudents have different opinions about abortion before breathing spirit, but all of them believe that it is normally More
        Abortion is a major social problem in the present time. If pregnancy is life-threatening for mother or fetus, can abortion be allowed? Sunni Islamic jurisprudents have different opinions about abortion before breathing spirit, but all of them believe that it is normally unlawful after breathing the spirit. Imamiyeh Islamic jurisprudents believe that abortion without any reason is unlawful both before and after breathing the spirit. Most Islamic jurisprudents allow abortion before as well as after breathing the spirit if pregnancy is life-threatening for mother. If the fetus is malformed and its maintenance causes distress and constriction, some of the Sunni and Imamiyeh Islamic jurisprudents allow its abortion only before breathing the spirit. Manuscript profile
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        16 - Interference Rule in Therapeutic Abortion
        Jalodin Ghiasi Zahra Habibi
        Therapeutic abortion is a kind of termination of pregnancy that has medical application. Although act to abort is considered forbidden in the most of the legal systems, but in some cases, exceptionally it is allowed one case in which the abortion is allowed is interfere More
        Therapeutic abortion is a kind of termination of pregnancy that has medical application. Although act to abort is considered forbidden in the most of the legal systems, but in some cases, exceptionally it is allowed one case in which the abortion is allowed is interference rule. According to this rule, due to abnormality of embryo and keeping mother&#39s health, the abortion is possible before insufflations of spirit and based on single article of Therapeutic Abortion, but in accordance with the single article, after insufflations of spirit, abortion is impossible. Therefore, by virtue of note of Art. 718 of Islamic Penal Code approved in 2013, in order to keep mother&#39s health, the abortion is allowed even after insufflations of spirit. The jurists prescribe abortion before insufflations of spirit for therapeutic cases. Some of jurists believe that even after insufflations of spirit in the embryo, if it would be proved that existing of embryo threaten mother&#39s health, abortion of such embryo is allowed It looks that the jurists who don’t believe in abortion after insufflations of spirit, if state their reasoning based on interference rule- most important – important, then they change their idea. In the other word, intellectually we can diagnose that due to reduce more damage, the theory of abortion even after insufflations of spirit shall be empowered and identified and executed Manuscript profile
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        17 - Analysis and critique of the rule of abortion
        Abdullah bahmanpouri
        The realm of transactions is the realm of the rule of the will, and individuals willingly trade or dissolve it. One of the important cases in which the effect of the rule of will is ignored in the expression of jurists and jurists is the invocation of the rule of the ab More
        The realm of transactions is the realm of the rule of the will, and individuals willingly trade or dissolve it. One of the important cases in which the effect of the rule of will is ignored in the expression of jurists and jurists is the invocation of the rule of the abrogated invalid. According to this rule, if a religion or right is revoked, it is not possible to restore it. The basis of this view is the confusion of the credit world governing transactions with the world of truth and the analogy of the abolition of religion with the decay of material and physical bodies. This rule has been invoked in cases such as refusal to refer to agreements, refusal to return the revoked religion to liability. Some have said that restoration of the extinct is not possible at all, some have said that restoration of the extinct is not possible and restoration like that is possible, and finally some believe that the restoration of the aborted person is possible. This descriptive-analytical method, while rejecting the arguments and arguments of those who hold this view, explains the proposal to amend this rule with regard to arguments such as the principle of the rule of will and the purity of the authority from the truth. Manuscript profile
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        18 - Feasibility Study of Laboratory Abortion in Criminal Law of Iran
        Jamal Beigi
        In vitro fertilization is one of the emerging issues in medical science, which is called laboratory embryo. In terms of the commonality of the in vitro embryo with the normal embryo, in addition to the obvious difference between the two, there are several legal question More
        In vitro fertilization is one of the emerging issues in medical science, which is called laboratory embryo. In terms of the commonality of the in vitro embryo with the normal embryo, in addition to the obvious difference between the two, there are several legal questions about the rights and rulings of the in vitro embryo, including the rule of abortion in vitro fertilization. Until after the soul is breathed into it; That the life of a laboratory fetus, like the life of a natural fetus, has criminal protection and that abortion is a crime and requires the conviction of the perpetrator, the same punishment as a natural abortion; Therefore, the present article, with the aim of explaining the legal challenges and legal vacuum of criminalizing laboratory abortion in Iranian criminal law, by examining the reasons for the existing views, examines laboratory embryos with natural embryos in terms of criminal protection of the right to life and The possibility of criminalizing laboratory abortion is achieved.  Manuscript profile
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        19 - The determination of prevalence of Neospora caninum in cow's milk in Yazd Province by Nested-PCR assay in summer 2021
        mohsen jafarian nasir rafati
        Neosporosis is the main cause of abortion in cattle in Iran and other parts of the world, which is caused by a parasitic protozoan Neospora caninum . The economic effects of Neosporosis are reduced milk and meat production in cattle. Transmission of N.caninum is possibl More
        Neosporosis is the main cause of abortion in cattle in Iran and other parts of the world, which is caused by a parasitic protozoan Neospora caninum . The economic effects of Neosporosis are reduced milk and meat production in cattle. Transmission of N.caninum is possible through vertical and horizontal routes. Some studies have been conducted on the importance of vertical transmission during infancy, through colostrum and milk. Most studies in Iran to investigate the incidence of N.caninum in cattle are based on the search for anti-parasitic antibodies in the blood serum and limited studies have been performed on milk. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of N.caninum genome in raw cow milk using PCR method to evaluate the vertical transmission of this parasite. In this study, 300 samples of raw cow's milk were collected from traditional farms in Yazd province. The results of this study showed that 54 cases (18%) of 300 samples of cow milk were infected with N.caninum genome. The findings of the present study indicate a high presence of N.caninum infection and showed that infected cow's milk plays an important role in the transmission of Neosporosis in newborn calves. Based on these findings, control and eradication programs, including vaccination, are necessary to prevent and reduce the economic losses of this protozoan infection in cattle. Manuscript profile
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        20 - Induced Termination of Pregnancy in Domestic Farm Animals
        G.N. Purohit C. Shekher P. Kumar K. Solanki
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        21 - The comparison between molecular and bacteriological detection for identification of abortion agents caused by Brucella and Salmonella in sheep in Shahrekord town
        Ali Sharifzadeh Abbas Doosti Mohsen Gaafarian
        Background and Objective: Brucella spp and Salmonella abortus ovis are important causes of ovine abortion around the world. Both Bacteria can be serologically diagnosed, but many factors may cause false positive and negative results. Direct methods based on bacteriologi More
        Background and Objective: Brucella spp and Salmonella abortus ovis are important causes of ovine abortion around the world. Both Bacteria can be serologically diagnosed, but many factors may cause false positive and negative results. Direct methods based on bacteriological isolation are usual, but they are difficult, time consuming and dangerous. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been successfully described for the detection of Brucella spp. and Salmonella abortus ovis. Material and Methods: The detection of these agents in aborted ovine fetuses by multiplex PCR is described. The mPCR was applied to 38 fetal stomach contents. 5(13.1%) samples collected from ovine fetus were Brucella spp. Results: 19 (50%) samples collected were salmonella abortus ovis. 10 (26.3%) samples collected were negative and 4 (10.6%) samples collected were Brucella spp. and  Salmonella abortus ovis .in Bacteriological examination 5(13.1%)samples collected from ovine fetus were Brucella spp. 9(23.7%)samples collected were salmonella abortus ovis and 24 (63.2%) samples collected were negative. Conclusion: Simplicity and the possibility of detection of both bactera in a single tube reaction support the use of the mPCR in the routine diagnosis. Manuscript profile
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        22 - Effect of Copper Oxychloride and Volck® Mineral Oil on Blooming Time, Frost Resistance and Yield in Almond cv. “Mamaei”
        R. Babadaei Samani M. Honarvar A.R. Javid
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        23 - The Relationship between the Mobility of Sperm on Pregnancy Results by Intrauterine Insemination
        Elnaz Lak Fatemeh Shahmolaghamsari Kamran Nasirzadeh Mahshid Elahi
        Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is the first line of infertile couple treatment for its inexpensive and non-invasive. There is a wide range of indications like infertility with male causes, cervical-associated causes, and unknown causes for intrauterine sperm injection. More
        Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is the first line of infertile couple treatment for its inexpensive and non-invasive. There is a wide range of indications like infertility with male causes, cervical-associated causes, and unknown causes for intrauterine sperm injection. Meanwhile, the main parameters of sperm such as count, mobility, and morphology of sperm play a key role in the success of this method. One of the significant problems in the quality of sperm is the reduced mobility of sperms. Based on the WHO, the mobility under 50%, concentration over 20 million, and morphology over 4% are considered as Astenoaspermia.  This study was conducted on the effectiveness of mobility on the outcome of pregnancy with IUI among the infertile couples referring to Jahad Daneshgahi infertility center. A number of 215 samples were divided in three groups of mobility over 70% (normospermia), mobility between 50% and 70% (normospermia) and mobility under 50% (astenoaspermia). The sperms were prepared with SU. The studies indicated that on sperm mobility after preparing had significant increase in all groups. Ovarian stimulations were performed based on the international protocol and the prepared suspension sperm was injected slowly into the uterus with Catheter. The results of pregnancy in term of pregnancy rates, abortion rates, and birth rates were evaluated and analyzed statistically. The results indicated that mobility has no contribution in the significant increase of pregnancy outcomes due to intrauterine insemination. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Prevalence of BVD in bovine aborted fetuses of dairy cattle herds by RT� PCR in Tehran province
        آریا Badii, فرهاد Mousakhani, علی Zolfaghari, محسن Zafari, , M Malekan
        Bovine viral diarrhea disease virus (BVDV) from flaviviridae family and pestiviruses can cause reproductive complications including abortion, stillbirth, infertility, congenital defects and many other economic losses. Becauseof diffcult clinical diagnosis, many laborator More
        Bovine viral diarrhea disease virus (BVDV) from flaviviridae family and pestiviruses can cause reproductive complications including abortion, stillbirth, infertility, congenital defects and many other economic losses. Becauseof diffcult clinical diagnosis, many laboratory methods including reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) can be used to exact diagnosis.In this study, 251 samples of aborted fetuses were referred from industrial dairy farms of Tehran province andevaluated in a reference laboratory during one year. samples tested were tissues, including liver, kidney, spleenand heart were the fetus.Based on the results, the estimated prevalence of abortion due to BVD in Tehran province was 25.2% and basedon the season, respectively, spring 33.3%, summer 18%, atom 34.2%, winter 23.7%.In order to reduce the prevalence of BVD abortions the following points should be noted: identifcation and elimination PIs, vaccination, application of bio-security principles and etc Manuscript profile
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        25 - Prevalence of Leptospira spp. In bovine aborted fetuses of dairy cattle herds by PCR in Tehran province
        آریا Badii فرهاد Mousakhani محمد Malekan محسن Zafari
        Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that can cause heavy economic losses through complications including abortion, stillbirth, infertility, reduced milk production, etc. In this study, 251 referred samples of aborted fetuses inindustrial dairy herds of Tehran province e More
        Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that can cause heavy economic losses through complications including abortion, stillbirth, infertility, reduced milk production, etc. In this study, 251 referred samples of aborted fetuses inindustrial dairy herds of Tehran province evaluated in MABNA laboratory during one year. Tested samples included a homogenous tissue mixture of fatal heart, kidney, liver and spleen. For DNA extraction, the ProteinaseK Method was used. Then polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to recognize Leptospira Spp. by using specifc 16s rRNA gene primers. Samples with 331bp band in electrophoresis gel were considered positive.Prevalence of leptospiral abortion in average was 12.8 % in Tehran province during a year and based on season,respectively, the amount in spring was 15%, summer 9.08 %, autumn 10 % and winter 19.2 %. Based on theseresults, it was most prevalent in spring and winter that is probably due to higher environmental humidity, hydrophilic nature of leptospira and more bacterial activities. Generally according to the prevalence of 12.8 %, the majorcause of abortion in Tehran province in industrial dairy herds is leptospiral infection so that any activities in orderto eradicate and control the disease is essential. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        26 - Pathological Findings in Aborted Fetuses of Dairy Herds of Tehran
        فریبرز Moayer, اورنگ Ataee, F. Mosakhani, A. Bahonar
        Abortion and fetal loss are the most important problems in industrial dairy cattle, which causing a lot of economiclosses to dairy herds. Abortion causes are classifed into two major classes. Infectious and non-infectious classes,Bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal a More
        Abortion and fetal loss are the most important problems in industrial dairy cattle, which causing a lot of economiclosses to dairy herds. Abortion causes are classifed into two major classes. Infectious and non-infectious classes,Bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal agents are in infectious causes of abortion and nutritional factors, chemicals,drugs, poisons, are in non-infectious class, poisonous plants and hormonal factors are in non-infectious causes ofabortion. Many infectious agents cause changes in fetus and placenta which some of them are specifc and someare shared with other agents. Many aborted fetuses can be detected by careful review of pathological fndingsand can be solved in order to be tried in the herd. Pathological changes in aborted fetuses can be investigatedby macroscopic and microscopic survey. On the basis of existing studies, some of the pathological lesions arecompletely specifc and can be detected by microscopic observation. To determine the causes of abortion inTehran province dairy herds and their macroscopic and microscopic lesions, 200 aborted fetuses were collectedin four consecutive seasons. After necropsy, the macroscopic lesions in their various organs were observed andtissue samples obtained from the brain, cerebellum, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, lung and skeletal muscle werefxed in neutral buffered 10% formalin, routinely embedded in paraffn and stained with H&E. The results ofthis study showed that most abortions in dairy herds of the west region of Tehran province are due to 4 diseases:Neosporosis, BVD, Leptospirosis and IBR. On the basis of these results, each one had its specifc histopathologicalcharacteristics which can be used for the purpose of diagnosis. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        27 - Pathogenicity and Spontaneous Abortion caused by Listeria monocytogenes: a brief report
        Manoosh Zandehdel Samaneh Kazemi Amirreza  Hajati Ziabari
        Listeria monocytogenes, as one of the foodborne pathogens, is a causative agent of listeriosis. Listeria is ubiquitous in the environment and can produce biofilms in the food production environment and thus contaminate ready-to-eat (RTE) products, which are typically co More
        Listeria monocytogenes, as one of the foodborne pathogens, is a causative agent of listeriosis. Listeria is ubiquitous in the environment and can produce biofilms in the food production environment and thus contaminate ready-to-eat (RTE) products, which are typically consumed raw or without further processing. L. monocytogenes is an adaptable environmental bacterium. One of the most important characteristics of L. monocytogenes is its cold tolerance and resistance to high salt concentrations and low pH. On the other hand, this bacterium is an important pathogen in pregnant women, neonates, elderly individuals, immunocompromised individuals and patients with cancer. Spontaneous abortion is the loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy, when occurring naturally without any surgical or phar¬maceutical intervention. Based on previous studies, it appears that L. monocytogenes incidence is high among pregnant women. It can be concluded that, pregnant women and their health care providers should be informed about listeriosis during pregnancy. Manuscript profile