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Open Access Article
1 - Utilizing Demand Side Policies in Business Ethics
Javad Jassbi Souroush DabaghEthical issues have been extensively discussed in management discipline for around three decades. The ways in which different organizations are expected to determine their policies so that they are ethical, in a broad sense, is disputed in business ethics. In this MoreEthical issues have been extensively discussed in management discipline for around three decades. The ways in which different organizations are expected to determine their policies so that they are ethical, in a broad sense, is disputed in business ethics. In this paper, Rule-Utilitarianistic approach is utilized in order to help the civil society in concretizing ethical standards in organizations. To do so, the significant role of customers is illustrated, as far as supply side’s policies are concerned. In conclusion, in order to concretize supply side’s policies in organizations, some suggestions are put forward. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Phenomenology of cultural barriers to development in Zanjan
Leila Naderloo Robabeh Pourjabali Mahbooe BabaeiThe main purpose of this research is to study, understand and conceptualize the concept of development culture and barriers to development in Zanjan, which in terms of the purpose of applied research and in terms of method, qualitative research with a phenomenological a MoreThe main purpose of this research is to study, understand and conceptualize the concept of development culture and barriers to development in Zanjan, which in terms of the purpose of applied research and in terms of method, qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. The average duration of each interview was 30 to 60 minutes. Klaizi analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the spread of globalization and the advancement of technology and the culture of misuse of development tools such as the Internet, satellite, cyberspace, etc., has shaken the foundation of families, tendency to individualism and negative utilitarianism, as well as the opposition between tradition and modernity, extreme prejudice. Severe prejudice, from alienation and consumerism, the occurrence of cultural changes to cultural development, Lack of social demands, lack of attention to legalism and correct social behavior, failure to realize social, cultural, symbolic, human, economic, political and ... Capital renaissance , Other cultural barriers to development were developed from the results of the study.the Conflict of interest Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Studying Donald Trump's Foreign Policy from the Perspective of the Rational Actor Model
Mahdi Mohammad Nia Masoomeh Papi Rashid RecabianAmong the various decision-making models, the Rational Actor Model, which is based on cost-benefit logic, provides a good framework for better understanding Trump's foreign policy behaviors that can be considered by the country's decision makers.The main premise of the MoreAmong the various decision-making models, the Rational Actor Model, which is based on cost-benefit logic, provides a good framework for better understanding Trump's foreign policy behaviors that can be considered by the country's decision makers.The main premise of the rational model of decision-making is the economically rational human being who tries to choose the most desirable way to achieve the goal by following the cost-benefit logic. The main question of the research is "How can Donald Trump's foreign policy in withdrawing from international agreements and his approach to the issue of international security be analyzed in a theoretical framework?" In response to this question, the hypothesis has been put forward: "Trump's foreign policy behaviors in withdrawing from international agreements and his economy-oriented approach to the issue of international security can be explained based on the rational model of decision-making and profit maximization." In this regard, Trump's “America First” slogan, is a good example of utilitarianism in his foreign policy. This paper applies descriptive-analytical method to explain the American foreign policy from the perspective of the rational actor model. The data collection has been in the form of libraries, scientific journals and the use of reputable Internet sites. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Pragmatism and Politics: A Study and Critical Review of Pragmatism in the Sphere of Government and Politics
Alireza SabzianMosiabadi Shuaib BahmanPragmatism as a philosophical theory and an approach is almost a new viewpoint which became popular in late nineteenth or early twentieth century in the United States. Pragmatism is based on this fact that each theory or doctrine is to be judged on the basis of the resu MorePragmatism as a philosophical theory and an approach is almost a new viewpoint which became popular in late nineteenth or early twentieth century in the United States. Pragmatism is based on this fact that each theory or doctrine is to be judged on the basis of the result which is derived from it. According to pragmatists if an idea leads to an efficient and useful result for man then it should be considered as real and useful. In fact the reality is not something absolute which exist apart and independent from man. Pragmatism like other philosophies has deep connection with politics and political affairs. The present article initially examines the philosophy and approach of pragmatism and then connection of pragmatism with politics in theory and practice is critically discussed. The finding of the article shows that although in certain cases a pragmatic outlook is necessary but it is not sufficient because excessive use of this method leads to certain problems. These problems are: non-adherence to ethics, instrumentalism, lack of attention to political and social ideals and preferring interests to values and principles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Moral criticism of Tohfa book (8th century Hijri) based on the school of moral utilitarianism
Asieh Zabihnia Ahmadreza YalamehaThe present study deals with the moral criticism of the Book of Tohfa (8th century Hijri) based on the school of moral utilitarianism. Tohfa has ten chapters and several allegorical and historical stories mixed with prose and poetry. The author of the book is unknown, b MoreThe present study deals with the moral criticism of the Book of Tohfa (8th century Hijri) based on the school of moral utilitarianism. Tohfa has ten chapters and several allegorical and historical stories mixed with prose and poetry. The author of the book is unknown, but it is likely that its author is Mirza Sharafuddin Fadlullah Ibn Abdullah Qazwini (around 640-740). Tohfa is an educational work in cities politics that can be analyzed based on moral theories. One of these schools is moral utilitarianism. Utilitarianism believes in a normative moral system that considers the originality of pleasure as the criterion of the moral character of an action. From the point of view of this school, values deserve to be preserved and promoted as long as they can be interpreted and translated into the interests of individual well-being and collective pleasure, but the benefit of the individual is always preferred over that of the public. The present study, by using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to answer the question of which type of moral utilitarianism has a high frequency in Tohfa? Findings indicate that the most moral benefit considered in this literary text is the collective benefit and the interests of the public. The author of Tohfa, under the influence of Islamic moral teachings, conveys direct and indirect recommendations to the readers in more than 55 anecdotes and allegories which have religious and educational values in addition to creating literary pleasure for the audience. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Examining the Content of Versified Kalila va Dimna by Qan‘i Tusi Based on Utilitarianism
Asieh Zabihnia EmranKalila va Dimna written by Nasrullah Munshi was rendered into the Persian literature by Qan‘i Tusi in the seventh century AD. It contains 10548 couplets and is composed in poetic meter named bahr-e motaqarib. Kalila va Dimna deals with ethical and moral teachings; MoreKalila va Dimna written by Nasrullah Munshi was rendered into the Persian literature by Qan‘i Tusi in the seventh century AD. It contains 10548 couplets and is composed in poetic meter named bahr-e motaqarib. Kalila va Dimna deals with ethical and moral teachings; hence it could be studied on the basis of moral theories. Utilitarianism is one of these moral schools. The originality of pleasure as the criterion for doing an action is the normative moral system of utilitarianism. Therefore, in this school, values are preserved and advanced as far as they can be interpreted based upon the interests of individual and their collective pleasure. However, the interest of the individual always takes precedence over the collective well-being in this school. With a descriptive and analytical method, the present article tries to answer the question that which of the types of utilitarianism is more frequent in the Persian versified version of Kalila va Dimna by Qan‘i Tusi? According to the existing researches, Kalila va Dimna is composed in the form of rendering moral and ethical teachings. However, its texts mainly insist on the priority of personal interest over the collective interest. It is to the extent that it orders the king to eliminate a subordinate if he would progress in his hierarchical rank. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Investigation & Evaluation of the Impact of Utilitarianism in Murder on the Quality and Amount of Punishment for the Perpetrator
mohamad javanbakht zahra tajarei moazzeneiHomicide, as a general word, is attributed to all illegal killings, including murder and manslaughter, sometimes leading to benefits for the perpetrator. All murders are not intentional; some are unintentional and legal, such as murdering due to legitimate defense or an MoreHomicide, as a general word, is attributed to all illegal killings, including murder and manslaughter, sometimes leading to benefits for the perpetrator. All murders are not intentional; some are unintentional and legal, such as murdering due to legitimate defense or an attack by a crazy person, which are considered justified despite being intentional. It is to be noted that intentional murder is taking the life of another person life with malice. Regarding this crime, the primary victimized person, who loses life as the significant life capital, sometimes creates the grounds for committing the crime. As a result, they are the ones who motivate the murderer. Therefore, creating a favorable situation and conditions for committing a crime by the victim, which creates a dangerous situation for the murderer, and the one who inevitably commits the crime, makes the murder beneficial for the perpetrator. The present study aimed to elaborate the approach of Imamiyah jurisprudence and, accordingly, the criminal law related to the perpetrators of murder based on benefit. The results derived by descriptive-analytical study of related jurisprudence and legal sources indicate that the newly emerging criminological subject has been the focus of thinkers in Imamiyah jurisprudence and criminal law. Perpetrators of such criminal behavior are not considered blameworthy, and a permissive and sometimes reductionist approach is taken toward them. Moreover, this is what has been taken in the subject of criminal law. Manuscript profile
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